麦棉多作套种循环农业模式的发展演变与效应分析

麦棉多作套种循环农业模式是从麦棉多熟种植制度发展而来。本文采用实地调查、文献搜集和定位试验相结合的方法,总结了麦（小麦）棉（棉花）多作套种循环农业模式的发展演变进程以及典型模式和关键技术,分析了其生态、经济效应。结果表明,麦棉多作套种循环农业模式,可以利用生态位原理,发挥不同作物的优势和边际效应,在不降低棉花和小麦产量的基础上,增加土地收益和生产效率,同时具有保护地温、节水保墒、提高光能利用效率的功效。因此,构建麦棉多作套种循环模式,能够实现棉田生物多样性、维持棉田生态系统平衡、提高土地和资源利用效率,具有较高的生态经济价值和应用前景。     

Prevention and Controlling Effect of Intercropping on Pests and Diseases and Its Risk Control in Cotton Fields

Cotton is one of the major field crops which are seriously threatened by pests and diseases. In recent years, the ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping has become to be an interesting approach. Intercropping possibly increases the population of natural enemies and finally reduces the population density of pests as a result of changes in ecological structure and environmental conditions of farmland. Intercropping thus has been considered an important alternative in controlling pests and diseases. However, cotton field intercropping also has some limitations in controlling pests and diseases. Unreasonable intercropping system has many risks such as increasing labor input, increasing the difficulty of pests’ control, and aggravating pests and diseases. In this paper, the effects and the underlying mechanisms of cotton intercropping on cotton pests and diseases were reviewed. The possible risks and countermeasures used for ecological control of intercropping were also put forward, and the future and application of ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping were prospected.     

Effects of Cotton/Sesame Intercropping Patterns on Crop Growth and Yield

[Objective] Intercropping as an intensive planting method, could increase the utilization ratio of land and resources. The study aimed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of cotton/sesame intercropping, and then find out the best planting pattern of cotton/sesame intercropping. [Method] Equidistant row monocropping cotton (Tc₁), wide narrow row monocropping cotton (Tc₂) and monocropping sesame (Ts) were used as control. We designed three intercropping patterns as follows: 1-1 pattern (cotton row spacing was 80 cm, one row of sesame was planted in the two row spacing), 2-1 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, one row of sesame was planted in the wide row spacing), and 2-2 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, two rows of sesame were planted in the wide row spacing). The effects of different intercropping patterns on cotton/sesame yield, yield components, leaf area index dynamic change and dry matter accumulation were investigated. The land equivalent ratio was used as an index to assess the land use efficiency. [Result] The results showed that cotton/sesame yield were significantiy affected by different intercropping patterns. However, the seed cotton yield decreased only slightly in 2-1 intercropping pattern. Two years average showed that, the seed cotton yield, plant height, boll number of per plant and boll weight in 1-1 pattern were reduced by 17.3%, 7.9%, 19.7% and 7.9% compared with Tc₁, respectively. In the treatment of 2-2 model, which reduced by 16.4%, 5.81%, 14.8% and 6.2% in comparison with Tc_2. But in the intercropping systems, the mixed yield and comprehensive economic benefit of cotton and sesame were higher than those of cotton and sesame monoculture. The leaf area index of the group and the total amount of dry matter accumulation in unit area increased significantly under cotton/sesame intercropping systems. The land equivalent ratios in 2015 and 2016 were from 1 to 1.24 and 0.91 to 1.16, respectively. [Conclusion] Under different cotton/sesame intercropping systems, the mixed yield and total economic benefit were higher than that of monocropping cotton or sesame. The 2-1 cotton/sesame intercropping pattern occupied the most optimal production performance and easy to cultivate, which was the practicable intercropping patterns in sustainable development.     

Evaluation of Intercropping Cassava/Corn/Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Northeast Brazil

Cassava, corn and drybeans were tested under sole cropping and under all possible intercropping combinations in Paraiba State, Northeast Brazil. The crops were planted with and without fertilizer (N, P, K), which generated fourteen cropping systems. Yields of beans were not affected by either intercropping systems or fertilization. Yields of corn and cassava were affected by intercropping systems, fertilizer, and cropping systems fertilizer interaction. LER values were significantly different among cropping systems but were not affected by fertilization. This indicates that the advantage of intercropping was not improved by the addition of nutrients.     

棉花天鹰椒间作施肥的效应研究

以单作棉田为对照,重点探讨了棉椒间作施肥的效应。结果表明,棉椒间作既维持了较高的棉花产量水平,又显著提高了棉田的经济效益和水分利用率,且对该地区现有可支撑水资源有明显适应性。750.0 kg/hm2K2SO4复合肥间作棉田的经济效益和水分利用率更加稳定且较高,施肥主要是进一步提高间作棉田的经济效益和水分利用率。     

Integrated crop and livestock systems in Western Europe and South America: A review

For many years, we have seen an increasing specialization of agricultural systems and territories, with a clear separation between territories with very high animal densities and those devoted to the growing of annual crops. This development is explained by market and sector economic logic and has been reinforced by the availability of low-cost inputs and animal housing systems based on direct grazing not requiring straw. It has, however, also involved negative environmental impacts and, in some cases, the impoverishment of soil fertility, a loss of biodiversity, and excesses of N and P, leading to eutrophication and hot spots of ammonia emission in livestock-breeding territories. Having recapped the mechanisms behind the specialization of systems and territories, we examined the extent to which the development of innovative mixed-farming systems that reconnect livestock and crop production on various territorial scales (farm, district, region) can reduce the negative impacts of agriculture on the environment, produce valuable ecosystem services and achieve acceptable economic efficiency for farming enterprises. Examples from temperate regions will be used to show that mixed-farming systems increase the possibilities of better recycling of nutrients within systems, limiting recourse to the purchase of increasingly expensive inputs and safeguarding the biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems.     

Exploring integrated crop–livestock systems in different ecoregions of the United States

Large-scale, energy-intensive, specialized production systems have dominated agricultural production in the United States for the past half-century. Although highly productive and economically successful, there is increasing concern with unintended negative environmental impacts of current agricultural systems. Production systems integrating crops and livestock have potential for providing additional ecosystem services from agriculture by capturing positive ecological interactions and avoiding negative environmental outcomes, while sustaining profitability. A diversity of ecologically sound integrated crop-livestock systems have been and can be employed in different ecoregions: sod-based crop rotations, grazing cover crops in cash-crop rotations, crop residue grazing, sod intercropping, dual-purpose cereal crops, and agroforestry/silvopasture. Improved technologies in conservation tillage, weed control, fertilization, fencing, and planting, as well as improved plant genetics offer opportunities to facilitate successful adoption of integrated systems. This paper explores the use and potential of integrated crop-livestock systems in achieving environmental stewardship and maintaining profitability under a diversity of ecological conditions in the United States.     

根钻和图像法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性研究

【目的】研究田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性。【方法】结合田间根钻取样,分别用图像法(DT-SCAN图像软件分析法)和直尺法(常规人工直尺测量法)测量根长密度,通过2002―2013年试验获得的3423对根长密度数据分析图像法的精确性,使用根均方差描述图像法测定值(模拟值)与直尺法测定值(观测值)之间的一致性。【结果】2种方法测定根长密度的相关性较好,图像法的精确性较高。对可能影响图像法精确性的因素分析表明:(1)在不同种植模式下图像法的精确性表现为小麦单种模式棉花单种模式麦棉套种模式;(2)随着土壤深度增加,图像法的精确性增加;(3)在麦棉套种模式下图像法的精确性从麦幅到棉幅逐渐提高,在小麦单种模式下行上大于行间,在棉花单种模式下行上小于行间;(4)在棉花开花前图像法的精确性表现为棉花单种模式大于麦棉套种模式,在棉花开花后表现为棉花单种模式小于麦棉套种模式。【结论】田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套(单)种作物根长密度的精确性较高,该方法成本低、测定速度快,能更好地扫描并分析计算棉花的细小侧根,具有较强的先进性和较高的可靠性。     

棉花花生间作复合系统的照度、生长发育与生产力效应

摘 要：洞庭湖平原是我国的高产棉区之一,随着杂交棉的推广,种植密度大幅降低,为农作物多熟复种提供了条件。本研究运用作物生态位差异等原理,选择3个花生品种即湘花120（繁茂度高、中早熟、大果）、四粒红（繁茂度中、特早熟、中果）、湘农小花生（繁茂度低、早熟、小果）,与长江流域的主要杂交棉品种湘杂棉2号进行间种,探讨了棉地间作花生的可行性。结果表明：1）间作棉花的相对照度、生长势、产量（3.4%～5.7%）均有所降低,而间作花生的相对照度提高,产量主要因为间作田花生基本苗减少而降低;2）不同花生品种对间作棉花的影响主要与繁茂度有关,以湘花120＞四粒红＞湘农小花生,而不同花生品种受棉花的影响主要与熟期有关,以湘花120＞湘农小花生＞四粒红;3）虽然间作棉花略有减产,但全田整体效益大幅增长,其中比花生单作增长35.9%～107.6%,比棉花单作增长31.6%～52.9%。因此,棉田间作花生在经济上不仅可行,而且大有可为。其中湘花120与棉花间作的整体效益最高。     

苎麻间套作的应用研究进展

苎麻是具中国特色的经济作物之一,是中国重要的出口产品。由于受国际市场环境的影响,苎麻产业日益萧条,与其他作物的间套作越来越受到关注和重视。笔者阐述了国内外有关间套作种植方式的研究进展,简要介绍了苎麻以及其副产品的应用价值,分析了苎麻间套作的生理生化效应、经济效益、生态效益（防治病虫害、修复土壤重金属污染等）,提出苎麻间套作应注意的关键问题并初步探讨了解决方案,以期为苎麻间套作的推广提供理论依据。     

南疆枣树￣棉花间作对土壤微生物区系及代谢熵的影响

通过大田试验和实验室测定,研究南疆枣树-棉花间作对土壤微生物性状的影响。在阿克苏地区阿瓦提县巴格托拉克乡采集枣树￣棉花间作、纯枣林及单作棉田土样,测定比较细菌、放线菌和真菌三大类群微生物及氮素生理群菌群数量、微生物代谢熵的变化特征。结果表明,不同种植模式土壤微生物数量分布有明显差异。枣树￣棉花间作土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌和微生物总数总体呈现出显著低于单作棉田,降低幅度最大的位点在西侧冠下区(W80);较纯枣林增加,增加幅度最大的是东侧冠下区(E80)。枣树-棉花间作系统比单作棉田土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌数量有较大提高,反硝化细菌数量明显下降,氨化细菌、反硝化细菌相比纯枣林均为增加。间作系统内在枣树行的东、西两侧冠下区与近冠区及L1(0~20 cm)、L2(20~40 cm)及L3(40~60 cm)各层次土壤中的微生物数量都呈现出较大差异,具有明显的水平和垂直方向空间变异性。不同种植模式下土壤微生物代谢熵(q CO2)依次为纯枣林枣树￣棉花间作单作棉花。不同种植模式下土壤微生物Shannon多样性、均匀度指数与微生物数量具有相似的变化特性。相关性分析表明,有机碳、全氮、碱解氮含量及p H与微生物多样性呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与代谢熵则呈极显著负相关。研究结果证明,微生物群落多样性及代谢熵对间作种植模式响应灵敏,反映出枣树和棉花间作系统地下部分存在明显的竞争作用,影响土壤微生物的群落。     

间作对旱地作物生长发育及生理生态影响的研究进展

为了选择长江流域旱地作物适宜的耕作方式,增加作物产量、改善品质以及获得更高的经济效益和促进旱地农业可持续发展。本研究归纳了国内外关于间作对旱地作物产量、品质、农艺性状、光合特性、养分吸收及生态环境影响等方面的研究情况。间作系统各作物的总产量（或收益）高于其任一单作系统;间作能显著改善作物的品质;间作能够使各作物在时空与水肥利用上具有互补性;间作群体在辐射截获和利用总效率上不低于其任一作物的单作群体;间作系统的土壤水分含量及利用率、土壤养分利用效率高于单作系统;间作的两种作物对养分吸收存在竞争与促进关系,可提高肥料利用效率,减少肥料损失率;间作系统能够集约利用光、温、水等自然资源。针对长江流域旱地作物间作存在的问题,提出了4条研究方向。     

小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯套作对根际土壤细菌群落多样性及植株氮素吸收的影响

为探讨小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯套作体系中根际细菌群落多样性与作物氮素高效吸收的差异特性及二者间的关系,应用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术研究了小麦–大豆(A1)、小麦–甘薯(A2)、玉米(A3)、小麦/玉米/大豆(A4)和小麦/玉米/甘薯(A5)5种种植模式的根际细菌群落多样性。结果表明,与A1、A2、A3及A5相比,A4套作提高了各作物在开花期(或吐丝期)与成熟期的籽粒吸氮量、地上部总吸氮量和Shannon-Weiner index多样性指数(H′)。处理间的吸氮量与H′的变化规律为套作>单作、大豆茬口>甘薯茬口,以A4处理最高。不同种植模式下DGGE图谱条带的数量及亮度有较大区别,且有几条特征性条带发生了明显变化。不同种植模式间的细菌群落结构相似性较低,群落相似度系数(Cs)表现为套作与套作间>套作与单作间;A4与A5间的Cs相对较小,二者间的细菌群落结构差异较大。A4模式有利于提高根际细菌群落多样性,增强植株对氮素的吸收能力。     

施磷对不同间作体系间作优势与磷肥利用的影响

为了探明施磷水平对不同间作体系产量间作优势和磷肥利用的影响,在河北曲周主要研究了施磷对玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖大豆和玉米‖油菜3种间作体系土地当量比(LER)、磷吸收量、磷肥吸收效率和磷间作优势的影响。结果表明：玉米‖蚕豆的LER是1.24~1.31,玉米‖油菜的LER是1.20~1.24,玉米‖大豆的LER是1.11~1.15,均大于1,具有明显的间作优势;3个磷水平下,吸磷量表现为玉米‖大豆>玉米‖蚕豆>玉米‖油菜,除玉米‖油菜间作体系外,比单作玉米分别高21.5%%~40.2%和13.3%~22.9%,且均随着施磷量的增加而增加,但增加幅度降低;3种间作体系均具有明显的磷间作优势,除玉米‖大豆间作体系外,施磷后均降低;磷肥吸收效率除玉米‖蚕豆在施磷90 kg/hm²外均低于单作玉米,并且随着施磷量的增加而降低。这表明,通过活化磷能力强的作物与玉米间作可以提高土壤难溶性磷的利用,玉米‖大豆和玉米‖蚕豆比玉米‖油菜效果好,适宜的施磷量为90 kg/hm²。     

盐碱地棉花花生间作种植模式对产量和效益的影响

为优化硫酸盐盐碱地棉花花生种植模式和提高单位土地面积综合经济效益，本研究以‘鲁棉研37 号’和‘花育36 号’为供试材料，在高唐硫酸盐盐碱地条件下，通过两年大田试验分析了棉花花生不同间作种植模式下作物产量、单位面积的土地当量比、种植成本和效益。结果表明，在试验点的气候条件下，棉花花生不同种植模式中两种作物产量存在年际间差异；棉花花生2:4 和4:8 间作种植模式的土地当量比、总效益、总成本和净效益均较高，其中4:8 种植模式的最高。棉花花生4:8 大小幅间作种植，年际间换带轮作，可作为当地棉花花生复合种植的最优配置。     

Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Soil Available Phosphorus in Wheat-Cotton Double-Cropping Systems

[Objective] Here, the spatial and temporal distributions of soil available phosphorus (AP) were investigated during cotton growth stages in wheat-cotton double-cropping systems in northern Henan, China. [Method] Using the spatial grid sampling and geo-statistical analysis methods, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distributions of soil AP in a cotton monoculture, wheat-cotton 3-1 intercropping system (3-1) and wheat-cotton 6-2 intercropping system (6-2) during the wheat and cotton co-growth stage and the key growth stages of cotton only. [Result] The AP contents were significantly influenced by the cropping systems on different dates. In the co-growth stage, the AP content in the cotton monoculture was higher than that in 3-1, at 20.98% on May 12 and 24.26% on June 7. After wheat was harvested (July 3 and August 4), there were no significant differences among the three cropping systems, and in the boll-opening stage of cotton, the order of the AP contents were as follows: cotton monoculture＞6-2＞3-1. In the vertical direction, the AP contents decreased as the soil depth increased, while in the horizontal direction, the AP distribution was influenced significantly by the cropping system. Based on the semivariance, there were strong spatial dependencies in the vertical direction in all three cropping systems. [Conclusion] Wheat-cotton double-cropping systems changed the distribution of soil AP, but had no influence on the spatial heterogeneity of the soil AP in the vertical direction. Geo-statistics provide a more intuitive method and guide to study the soil nutrients of the wheat–cotton and other double-cropping systems.     

施氮对南疆干旱荒漠绿洲枣棉间作土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响

为提高枣棉间作模式氮肥施用水平,设计N0、N10、N20、N30、N40、N50 6个氮肥处理,在棉花关键生育时期,调查棉花农艺性状和产量情况,测定土壤硝态氮的时空差异性。结果表明：施氮可增加单株结铃数,使棉花增产;增产效果随着氮肥用量的增加而增大,但超过一定范围后则有下降的趋势。施氮能够明显提高土壤硝态氮含量,中量施氮肥(450 kg/hm²)既可稳定产量又能减少土壤硝态氮残留。过量施氮造成了养分的累积及向下层淋洗。枣棉间作根系存在养分竞争,在距枣树50~100 cm区域氮肥竞争强,花期之后竞争开始增大,盛铃期达到最大,但随着与枣树距离加大竞争减弱。     

扁桃棉花间作对棉花产量及影响因素的研究

摘要：以大田棉花为对照（CK）,与20年生扁桃树下间作棉花的光合特性、产量及土壤养分进行比较研究,结果表明：①扁棉间作对棉花的产量影响很大,主要表现在间作减少了亩株数、亩铃数和单株成铃数,进而影响到了子棉和皮棉的亩产,扁桃树树冠内侧、树冠外侧2米处的子棉平均亩产分别较对照递减了66.92%和42.78%。②扁棉间作改变了棉花光合特性的日变化规律,对照棉花的光合作用的日变化规律都呈双峰曲线,而间作棉花的变化规律都呈单峰曲线,峰值出现时间早晚与树影变化长度和方向有关。③扁棉间作降低了距离树干5米处（垂直树冠外围附近）土壤水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质的含量,而对其它各处土壤养分含量的影响不大。说明扁棉间作系统中光合作用是决定棉花产量的最重要因素。     

Relay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production

In organic grain production, weeds are one of the major limiting factors along with crop nitrogen deficiency. Relay intercropping of forage legume cover crops in an established winter cereal crop might be a viable option but is still not well documented, especially under organic conditions.Four species of forage legumes (Medicago lupulina, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens) were undersown in six organic wheat fields. The density and aerial dry matter of wheat, relay-intercropped legumes and weeds were monitored during wheat-legume relay intercropping and after wheat harvest until late autumn, before the ploughing of cover crops.Our results showed a large diversity of aerial growth of weeds depending on soil, climate and wheat development. The dynamics of the legume cover crops were highly different between species and cropping periods (during relay intercropping and after wheat harvest). For instance, T. repens was two times less developed than the other species during relay intercropping while obtaining the highest aerial dry matter in late autumn. During the relay intercropping period, forage legume cover crops were only efficient in controlling weed density in comparison with wheat sole crop. The control of the aerial dry matter of weeds at the end of the relay intercropping period was better explained considering both legumes and wheat biomasses instead of legumes alone. In late autumn, 24 weeks after wheat harvest, weed biomass was largely reduced by the cover crops. Weed density and biomass reductions were correlated with cover crop biomass at wheat harvest and in late autumn. The presence of a cover crop also exhibited another positive effect by decreasing the density of spring-germinating annual weeds during the relay intercropping period.     

间作模式对棉花、花生产量及品质的影响

为了研究不同间作模式对棉花、花生产量及品质的影响,同时对其产值进行比较,本试验设计了棉花 花生的5个间作模式进行比较。结果表明：(1)各处理单位面积上的产值高到低的顺序为：3垄棉花-1垄花生、2垄棉花-1垄花生、清种棉花、1垄棉花-1垄花生、2垄棉花-2垄花生、1垄棉花-2垄花生,清种花生。(2)1垄棉花-2垄花生处理棉花的果枝数、单株铃数、铃重、子指、衣分、霜前花率最高,且棉花纤维品质最好。(3)1-2处理花生的饱果数最高,清种花生秕果数最低。(4)清种花生的单穴荚果重、出仁率、百果重、百仁重均最高,果仁含水量最低。综合来看,3垄棉花-1垄花生、2垄棉花-1垄花生的间作模式可以有效提高群体经济效益,同时,提高棉花的纤维品质,可以在生产中推广应用。