南京城市森林结构特征与管理对策

随着我国城市美化运动和生态城市建设的发展 ,城市森林日益受到学者、政府和民众的关注 ,成为改善城市环境的重要因素。本文回顾了城市森林学研究的进展 ,发现有关城市树木群落生长特征及树木管理的研究在我国较少进行 ;根据对南京城市森林的抽样调查结果分析表明 ,城市树木树种构成集聚性明显而多样性较差、植株体量偏小、长势一般 ,城市扰动因子明显影响了树木的自然生长过程 ;通过对南京城市树木管理机构、措施及法规的剖析 ,指出我国城市树木管理体系中存在着管理机构职责不明、管理人员知识陈旧和管理法规纷繁复杂却难以相互衔接、可操作性差等问题 ,结合国外经验提出综合性树木种植规划及树木管理信息系统是建立现代化城市树木管理体系的先决条件和首要任务。     

Urban forest assessment in Bangkok,Thailand

The objective of this study was to conduct an urban forest assessment for Bangkok and pilot the appropriateness of adapting the i-Tree Eco International software in Thailand. Urban forest structure, function, and value were estimated from 184 stratified random sample plots. A total 48 tree species were encountered and the three most common that contributed 34.1% of total tree population were Polyalthia longifolia Sonn. (15.7%), Mangifera indica L. (13.0%), and Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (5.4%). The majority of trees (approximately 70%) were <23 cm in diameter. An estimated 2.5 (0.4 SEM) million trees with a canopy cover of 8.6% (1.3 SEM) exist in the Bangkok study area. These trees store an approximate total of 309,700 (73,726 SEM) metric tons of carbon and sequester 16,271 (2965 SEM) metric tons of CO₂ annually. Additional research is needed to develop functional relationships for urban trees in Thailand to overcome a current limitation for using i-Tree Eco in Thailand to estimate structural and functional value of urban forests. Study results also provide land-use planners information on the current urban forest resource and the potential for future urban greening.     

Urban Forestry as a Vehicle for Healthy and Sustainable Development

1 INTRODUCTIONGLOBALURBANISATIONUrbanisation is a worldwide phenomenon; the WorldResource Institute (2001) estimated that in 2025 morethan 50% of the African and Asian populations wouldbe living in urban areas. In Central and South Americathese figures will be between 75% and 85%. Urbanareas in developing countries will account fornearly 90% of the projected world populationincrease of 2.700 million people between 1995 and2030 (Figure 1) .Managing urban population change will b…     

城市树木养护与树艺学:欧美的做法及启示

城市树木是绿色基础设施的基本组成,是城市林业建设的基础,树木的管护水平决定了城市树木的生存质量。欧美城市树木养护和管理方面已形成专门的职业技术体系,并产生了树艺学(Arboriculture)学科。文中通过文献分析和研究,对欧美城市树木管理的教育、职业资格认证、职业要求情况进行总结分析,指出我国在城市树木管护方面应拓宽职业技术渠道,促进学科专业化发展;同时,要加强鼓励市民参与树木管理监督,扩大树木工作者权利范围,增加树木风险评估内容,规范职业资格认证与加强培训。     

Role of Trees in Urban Areas and Challenges of their Establishment

1 INTRODUCTIONThe urban landscapes expand over large area. Asurbanization spreads into less developed rural areas, agrowing percentage of the natural resources will becomea part of urban forest ecosystems, and increasingamounts of forest outside these systems also will besubject to urban influence.The expansion of urban landscapes has particularlyimportant implications for the use and management ofpublic holdings, including protected forests, nationalparks, and state and locally administer…     

城市道路绿化树种综合评价

本文对包头市常见的道路绿化树种综合性状进行评价,依据综合评价的结果,为道路绿化树种选择与配置及提高生态效益提出建议,并提出基调树种和骨干树种。       

Red-leafed species for urban “greening” in the age of global climate change

Urban trees provide vital ecosystem services such as mitigating heat island,improving air quality by removing various air pollutants,capturing rainwater,and acting as topsoil carbon storage.The aesthetic value of urban trees is also another feature that has to be considered in the context of urban greening.Classical criteria for the selection of urban trees have to respond to new challenges imposed to the cities in a near future.Global climate change factors increase the harshness of our cities,and thereby the plant resilience to abiotic stresses has also to be seriously considered for planning the urban greening.Red-leafed species,characterized by the permanent presence of foliar anthocyanins,show a greater tolerance to different environmental cues than green-leafed species commonly used in our cities.In addition,red tree species own a great aesthetic value which has been underestimated in the context of urban areas,especially in the harsh Mediterranean cities.In this study,we emphasize the "privilege of being red" from different point of view,in order to drive the attention to the possibility to increase the use of red-leafed species for urban "greening".Some possible negative aspects related to their use are rebutted and the direction of future researches are proposed.     

德州市区园林树木调查及评价

德州市区园林树木调查及分析表明,德州市园林树木少,共45科145种,不能满足城市绿地类型多样性要求及植物多样性的要求,城区绿化存在注重视觉效果,忽视改善环境质量的生态功能,对此提出建议。     

乡土与外地引入植物在成都市公园建设中的应用分析

文章以成都市区公园乡土植物为研究对象,通过对成都市8大主要城市公园已应用的园林树种进行系统调查,统计显示成都市区公园中已应用的园林树木约164种,分别隶属于56科106属,其中乡土植物约101种,占整个已应用园林树种总数的61.59%,外来树种约63种,占整个已应用园林树种总数的38.41%。在调查的基础上,分析了乡土植物在成都市区公园绿化中的应用现状,针对应用中存在的一些问题,提出了加强乡土植物在城市公园绿化中应用的对策。     

Assessing the potential for urban trees to facilitate forest tree migration in the eastern United States

Latitudinal shifts in tree species distributions are a potential impact of climate change on forest ecosystems. It has been hypothesized that some tree species may become extirpated as climate change effects may exceed their migration ability. The goal of this study was to compare tree species compositions in northern urban areas to tree compositions in forestland areas in the eastern U.S. as an indicator of the potential for urban trees to facilitate future forest tree species migration. Results indicated that a number of tree species native to eastern U.S. forests of southern latitudes are currently present in northern urban forests. The biomass density (Mg/ha) of urban tree species is typically less than half of forestland densities with the majority of urban tree species found in nearby (<100 km) forestland. Urban tree propagation is often facilitated by humans, whereas the necessary pollinators and agents of tree seed dispersal in forestlands may be lacking regardless of climate change. It is suggested that urban areas may serve divergent, dual roles as both a native tree seed source and refuge for a limited number of forestland tree species, but also a facilitator of non-native tree invasion.     

广州城市园林绿地食源树种应用及其生态景观营造

【目的】城市鸟类及蜂蝶类群落结构多样性是城市生物多样性的重要组成部分和生态环境质量的重要评价标准之一。了解城市园林绿地食源树种的应用,探讨食源树种的生态特性及其景观特征。【方法】调查了广州市12处城市绿地食源树种的应用,观察鸟类及蜂蝶类的取食情况,记录绿地中食源树种的种类、应用频次、配置方式及生长状况,归纳分析食源树种群落构成、观赏特性、生态性等。【结果】广州园林绿地常见食源树种有23科33属45种,其中鸟类食源树种25种,蜂蝶类食源树种20种,以桃金娘科、桑科、大戟科为主,并以乡土种为主、外来驯化种为辅;食源树种的观赏与被取食时间主要集中于春夏季(31种),秋冬季的相对较少(16种)。【结论】广州市绿地的食源树种资源丰富,约300种,但常见鸟类及蜂蝶类食源树种仅占18%,结合良好适应性、抗逆性、取食性、观赏性,归纳出20种优势乡土食源树种;同时对食源树种群落组成结构进行分析,在兼顾食源树种的观赏性与生态性的基础上,设计出6组可在广州城市园林绿地推广应用的生态配置群落,采用树种混交与立体复合栽植的形式,乔、灌、草结合,形成丰富的水平与垂直植物群落结构,提高绿地生境异质性,增加食源树种的数量及丰富度,提供丰富稳定的食物来源,为鸟类及蜂蝶类提供多样的稳定栖息地。研究结果将对城市园林绿地食源树种的合理选择与科学配置应用,以及营造鸟类及蜂蝶类昆虫生态景观具有现实指导意义。     

Demographic Survey of Tree Species in Urban Centers of Ekiti State,Nigeria

A combination of social surveys and direct field observations was used to identify and enumerate the tree species that are presently planted in and around the urban centers in the three zones of Ekiti State, Nigeria. A total of 62 tree species belonging to 27 families were sampled as urban tree species in the study area. Products derived from these trees ranged from edible fruits, cash income, medicine, fuel, shade, and wind control. The various similarity measures revealed that similar species of trees occurred as urban tree species in the three zones of the study area. Interviews with the various respondents revealed that all of them were tree minded irrespective of their sex, age, educational, economic, and religious status. Thus, these features were not regarded as prerequisites to tree mindedness in the study area. Field observation revealed that urban forestry is still poor in the state and at present the products derivable from the trees influenced the choice of species planted by the respondents. Thus, the various advantages derivable from the urban tree species, coupled with the tree mindedness of the respondents, could be utilized to serve as viable incentives to tree cultivation—especially in Nigeria where previous efforts had concentrated on farm and industrial forestry.     

广汉市行道树树种的选择与配置模式

本文调查了四川省广汉市行道树的现状,该市行道树主要以黄葛树(Ficus lacor)和垂柳(Salix babylonica)为主,种类单调,道路绿化覆盖率极低。因此,在对城市绿地系统进行规划时,提出了行道树种的选择原则,并规划了桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、广玉兰(Magnolia grandiflora)、阴香(Cinnamomum burman-ni)、银木(Cinnamomum septentrionale)等8种为基调树种,雪松(Cedrus deodara)、栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)、鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)、蓝花楹(Jacaranda acutifolia)、峨眉含笑(Magnolia wilsonii)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、金丝垂柳(Salixsp.)等19种为骨干树种。根据行道树种的主导功能目标,提出了行道树的配置模式,如观赏型、环保型和文化休闲型等,以体现城市区域特色。     

普洱市城市绿地系统树种规划研究

分析云南省普洱市城市绿地系统园林植物应用和自然植被现状及存在的问题,提出了根据地带性植被特征确定城市绿地树种的主要经济技术指标．在此基础上,规划基调树种10种,骨干树种20种,并根据树木观赏特性规划了其他树种,其中乔木树种110种、花灌木165种、藤本12种、竹类6种．     

合肥城市森林减少大气污染的效果

树木主要通过气孔吸收气态污染物,同时通过滞留空气中的微粒而减轻污染,树木较高的覆盖率可能会减少挥发性有机物的释放量,定量研究表明,合肥市1998年吸收空气污染物约为151.5t,树木7月份(着叶季节)吸收污染量高达20t,具有相对较低臭氧生成潜力的植物有香樟属、女贞属、紫薇属、罗汉松属和李属。合肥城市森林总体的臭氧指标得分值为92.4。       

沈阳树种种植规划方案

通过对沈阳市绿化树种现状的调查与分析,结合沈阳的自然地理情况,提出绿化树种种植规划初步方案。       

城市树木滞尘能力研究及存在的问题与对策

近年来城市树木在降低环境粉尘污染中的作用一直成为研究的热点。文中总结、分析了城市树木滞尘能力研究现状,指出研究工作中存在的主要问题:滞尘能力与滞尘量概念混淆,实验技术与评价方法不成体系,数据结果可比性差难以共享,对PM2.5等细粒子阻滞作用研究结论不一致,树木滞尘特异性研究缺乏系统性等;提出解决这些问题的具体对策:建立可比的滞尘量测定实验技术体系与树木抗性评价方法体系,建立树木滞尘能力评价方法体系,开展针对尘源、颗粒大小的滞尘特异性和针对污染粒子循环轨迹等的滞尘机理研究。     

行道绿化树种选择及其栽培管理中的经济学原则

相对于其它城市森林类型,行道树的功能突出,而其生长环境却最为恶劣。在相同的立地条件和相近的抚育管理条件下,行道树树种的选择与栽培管理对街道绿化、美化的景观效果以及行道树体系在减少地表径流、改善小环境气候、净化空气、节能降耗、房地产增值等方面的社会、生态与经济综合效益的发挥起着决定性作用。行道树树种的选择除了要遵循景观规划中的美学原则和适地适树的生态学原则之外,栽培管理方便、综合效益高、经营管理效益成本比值大的经济学原则,也应该成为行道树树种规划选择和栽培管理的重要原则。     

汉寿县行道树研究

行道树是城市绿地系统的骨架和网络,作为城市森林系统具有连续性的主要构成因素,能够直观反映城市风貌。就汉寿县行道树现状,总结出树种单一、季相变化树种使用过少,对速生树种与慢生树种相结合的原则应用力度不够,人为破坏严重等方面的问题,并提出了相应意见和建议,为以后在行道树方面作研究参考。     

包头市城市森林绿地树种选择及效果评价

以包头市东河区、青山区、昆都仑区、九原区、开发区等五个城区中公园、行道、游园、小区、厂区、防护带等景观类型中树种和群落为调查对象,利用植物物种数、丰富度、多样性指数、重要值等指标对包头市城市绿地植物群落进行调查,用层次分析法评价,对包头市城市绿化树种现状进行分析。针对出现的问题提出在今后城市绿化树种增加种类增加层片和季相,提高绿化的稳定性及不同时间的观赏要求,加大对乡土树种的开发和应用,提高适应性,以减少经济造价。