基于无人机高光谱影像玉米叶绿素含量估算

以无人机为平台搭载高光谱相机获得玉米农田高光谱影像，从中提取光谱特征参数，构建玉米叶片叶绿素含量估算模型，并制作玉米叶片叶绿素含量分布图。结果表明，以红边面积（SDr）、红边一阶微分最大值（Dr）、差值植被指数(DVI)为自变量构建的回归模型建模精度较高，以此反演玉米叶片SPAD值分布图并对填图结果进行精度检验，得出SPAD-Dr模型填图预测效果最佳（R2=0.89,RMSE=1.28,RE=2.31），可以作为玉米叶片叶绿素含量无人机高光谱影像遥感反演估算的基本模型。     

基于高光谱的渭北旱塬区棉花冠层叶面积指数估算

以棉花冠层高光谱反射率与冠层叶片叶面积指数(LAI)为数据源,在分析LAI与原始高光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱反射率、光谱提取变量和植被指数相关性的基础上,采用一元线性与多元回归的方法构建了棉花LAI高光谱估算模型,并进行精度估算。结果显示,在可见光范围内随着生育期的推进及施氮量的增加冠层光谱反射率逐渐降低,在近红外范围内从苗期到花铃期随着施氮量增加反射率逐渐增加,花铃期到吐絮期反射率明显降低;各生育期冠层光谱的提取变量与LAI的相关性不强,全生育期各种光谱提取量及植被指数与LAI的相关性高于不同生育期;棉花冠层叶片LAI在反射光谱1 461 nm处相关系数达到最大值(r=-0.726);对于一阶微分光谱,LAI的敏感波段发生在742 nm处,r=0.744;以敏感波段742 nm一阶微分光谱反射率建立的逐步回归估算模型精度最高,RMSE=0.94,RE=26.27%,r=0.78。说明以全生育期为基础,采用一阶微分光谱敏感波段,并根据实际条件选择有效的估测模型,可以进行棉花LAI的预测。     

干旱区盐渍化土壤高光谱遥感信息分析与提取

以干旱区典型区域新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区,以环境小卫星高光谱影像及野外实测土壤含盐量为主要数据源,进行光谱反射率及其变换形式与土壤含盐量的相关性分析,筛选盐渍化土壤响应最敏感波段,利用多元线性回归分析方法,建立基于HSI影像的研究区土壤含盐量定量反演模型。结果表明:研究区土壤含盐量与HSI波段的敏感性随着波长的增加而增强,位于近红外波段范围(797.826-923.913nm)的相关系数R普遍较高,基本在0.7左右。土壤光谱反射率对数的倒数一阶微分变换在628.261nm和923.913nm的波段组合为最佳敏感波段,所构建的土壤含盐量反演模型为最优模型,模型方程为Y=-11.731-114.996X628.261-186.637X923.913,模型及检验的决定系数R2都在0.85以上,均方根误差RMSE约为2.7。该模型的建立为地区土壤含盐量信息的提取及监测提供了参考。     

干旱区玉米抽雄期叶绿素含量高光谱最佳模型选择

采用相关性、线性和非线性分析法,探讨了玉米抽雄期叶片叶绿素含量与多种高光谱参数之间的关系,并建立了叶绿素含量的定量监测模型。结果表明:(1)原始光谱反射率与叶绿素含量在713 nm处具有最大相关系数r=0.86,光谱反射率一阶微分在760 nm处与叶绿素含量具有最大相关性r=0.84。同时,最大一阶微分分别对应的波长(λr,λb,λy)、绿峰反射率(Rg)和其对应的波长λg、红边内最大一阶微分总和(SDr)、比值植被指数(SDr/SDb,SDr/SDy,(Rg-Ro)/(Rg+Ro))以及归一化植被指数(SDr-SDb)/(SDr+SDb)等10种参数分别与叶绿素含量的相关性达到极显著相关。(2)采用相关性达到极其显著的12种光谱参数进行建模,其中原始光谱、绿色反射峰以及光谱反射率一阶微分、基于红边面积与蓝边面积的比值植被指数和归一化植被指数所建立的10个模型R2都不小于0.72,前两者所建立的指数模型优于线性模型,而后三者所建立的线性模型则优于指数模型。(3)所选取的五个方程中,在760 nm处的光谱反射率一阶微分值所构建的线性模型:y叶绿素=6912x760nm+44.878因其具有最大决定系数和最小的RMSE,并且其模型表达式相对简单,因此是玉米抽雄期叶绿素含量的最佳预测模型,从模型决定系数R2来看,它比其他模型至少提高了11.4%。     

利用光谱特征参数估算病害胁迫下杉木叶绿素含量

为了探索建立炭疽病胁迫下杉木叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型,促进遥感技术在森林病虫害监测中的应用,通过获取不同发病程度的杉木冠层光谱及相应的叶绿素含量,将冠层光谱数据、一阶微分数据与相应的叶绿素含量分别进行了相关分析。采用逐步回归、主成分回归及偏最小二乘回归方法构建叶绿素含量的估算模型。叶绿素含量与原始光谱在可见光(614～698nm)和近红外区(724nm之后)达到极显著相关,且在近红外区基本趋于稳定;与一阶微分光谱在424～486nm、514～532nm、552～682nm、698～755nm和762～772nm波段全部达到极显著相关;3种建模方法均消除了参数间多重共线性的影响,模型的决定系数全部达到极显著水平,其中逐步回归模型精度最高,相对误差和均方根误差分别为10.71%和0.194。研究表明受到不同程度炭疽病胁迫的杉木冠层光谱反射差异较大,可利用高光谱信息定量估算病害胁迫下的杉木叶绿素含量,且估算精度较高。     

近红外光谱定量分析毒死蜱乳油中有效成分的光程选择

近红外光谱分析中光程长度的选择对农药乳油中有效成分的定量分析影响很大。以透射方式采集毒死蜱乳油样本的近红外光谱,透射附件为不同光程(1、2、4和10 mm)的石英比色皿,讨论了光程长度对模型性能的影响。在毒死蜱乳油中加入二甲苯,配制不同梯度浓度样本,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了毒死蜱的近红外光谱预测模型。结果表明,当采用4 mm光程的比色皿采集光谱时,所建模型最优,模型对预测集样本的相关系数为0.983,预测均方根误差为0.383。通过独立样本检测模型性能,模型的预测值与实测值间无显著差异,表明采用4 mm光程透射附件采集光谱时所建立的模型是准确可靠的。     

基于垂直植被指数的东北黑土区玉米LAI反演模型研究

本文旨在探讨以不同波段组合垂直植被指数所建立的高光谱模型对玉米叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)的反演精度。在不同水肥耦合作用条件下,实测玉米冠层的高光谱反射率与叶面积指数数据以及裸土的高光谱反射率数据,在高光谱红光波段(631~760 nm)与近红外波段(760~1050 nm)逐波段构建土壤线,并在此基础上构建垂直植被指数(Perpendicolar Vegetation Index,PVI),找出与LAI具有最佳相关性波段组合PVI,建立玉米LAI估算模型。结果显示,采样波段间隔越窄,反演精度越高,在采样波段间隔1.4 nm的PVI(R677,R918)反演2004年的玉米LAI模型中,最佳回归方程是指数函数,精度达91.1%,标准差为0.1997,RMSE=0.0399,通过了0.01极显著验证。采用高光谱数据构建的PVI植被指数对玉米LAI的估算可以取得较高的精度。     

开都河流域下游绿洲盐渍化土壤高光谱特征

土壤光谱反射特性是土壤遥感的物理基础.通过野外调查采样、土壤盐分实验分析与土壤高光谱数据采集,对土壤高光谱数据一阶和二阶导数微分变换处理,分析土壤样品的光谱特征,建立土壤光谱和土壤盐分含量间的相关关系,对研究区盐渍化土壤含盐量进行定量反演.研究结果表明:1)从土壤光谱反射率的形态特征来看,土壤的光谱反射率曲线总体上变化较为平缓,光谱特征形态较为相似,且基本平行.2)研究区土壤光谱反射率曲线的形状大致可由300 ～ 600nm、600 ～ 800nm、800～1000nm、1000 ～ 1400nm、1400 ～1900nm、1900 ～ 2100nm、2100～ 2500nm七个折线段和560nm、900nm、1400nm、1900nm、2200nm五个特征吸收点来控制.3)利用光谱反射率一阶导数微分的盐渍化土壤含盐量多元线性回归预测模型的预测效果均优于利用反射率原型和反射率二阶导数微分,其中氯化物-硫酸盐型RMSE=0.33,硫酸盐型RMSE=0.31,硫酸盐-氯化物型RMSE=0.22.     

炭疽病胁迫下的茶树叶片高光谱特征分析

试验以茶树不同炭疽病受害程度的叶片及健康叶片为材料, 室内测定其光谱反射率。结果表明, 炭疽病危害后, 茶树叶片的光谱值随发病程度的增加表现出有规律的变化, 740～1 000 nm波段的光谱反射率随病情加重呈现下降趋势; 而1 370～2 500 nm波段却表现出相反趋势。在742～974 nm和1 374～2 500 nm, 炭疽病受害程度与光谱反射率呈极显著相关。对光谱一阶微分特征分析表明, 在680～780 nm范围内处理间变幅最大, 有2个波段的一阶微分值与受害程度表现出极显著相关性, 分别为715～763 nm和776～778 nm波段。建立的炭疽病严重度诊断模型, 均达到极显著水平, 其中利用植被指数(Rg - Rr)/( Rg+ Rr)建立的模型精确度最高。     

基于冠层高光谱的甜菜不同生育时期SPAD值估测研究

文中基于高光谱与田间试验进行了甜菜不同生育时期(甜菜幼苗期、叶丛生长期、块根膨大期和糖分积累期)SPAD值估测研究。采用便携式ASD光谱仪和SPAD-502叶绿素仪分别实测了甜菜冠层反射光谱和SPAD值,分析不同生育时期冠层高光谱响应特征,并对12种光谱指数与不同生育时期的冠层SPAD值进行相关性分析,最后建立了SPAD值的最佳估测模型。研究结果表明:在可见光波段(450-680nm)与近红外波段(760-950nm),甜菜不同生育时期冠层反射光谱存在明显差异;不同生育时期所筛选的3种光谱指数与SPAD值均达到了极显著(p<0.01)或显著(p<0.05)相关水平;甜菜幼苗期、叶丛生长期、块根膨大期和糖分积累期分别以NDVI、SDr/SDy、CCI和SDb为单一自变量所建立的估测模型最佳,模型决定系数R~2分别达到了0.573、0.212、0.363和0.324。     

稻谷加工过程中4种常用杀虫剂残留的消解规律

为控制水稻籽粒中农药的残留量,提高稻米食用的安全性,研究了稻谷中三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威和氯虫苯甲酰胺4种杀虫剂从农田到餐桌的残留消解规律,阐明了水稻生长后期4种农药的施药期、用药量、采收间隔期与籽粒中农药残留分布的关系,并结合食用加工过程,分析了稻米入口前农药的残留消解情况,评估了稻米食用的安全性。田间试验参照农药登记残留试验准则进行,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定4种农药在稻谷不同加工过种中的残留量。结果表明:脱壳和碾米2种稻谷加工过程对4种农药的去除具有促进作用,其加工因子 (P_F) 均小于0.5;稻米食用加工过程中淘洗2次结合高压蒸煮可有效降低4种农药在稻米中的残留量,P_F<0.2,可进一步提高农药摄入的安全性。农药种类、施药剂量与采收间隔期和稻米的安全性密切相关。氯虫苯甲酰胺和丁硫克百威主要分布在稻壳和谷糠中,两者占总含量的85%以上,因此即使蜡熟期施药1次,采收间隔期21 d,2种农药也均未检出;而毒死蜱和三唑磷在收获后的籽粒中仍有检出,残留量范围分别为0.032~0.043 mg/kg和0.053~0.073 mg/kg。精米中三唑磷含量分配比随采收间隔期延长先降低后增加,其累积具有显著的滞后性,使得三唑磷残留量高于中国国家标准中规定的最大残留限量 (MRL) 0.05 mg/kg,应适当延长采收间隔期以降低其最终残留量。即使在乳熟期施药,所有剂量处理收获后的大米经淘洗2次结合高压蒸煮后,4种农药的残留水平均低于MRL值。因此,适当的食用加工方式能够有效降低稻米中农药的残留量,提高稻米食用的安全性。     

太原市蔬菜有机磷农药残留抽样调查

通过对太原市4个蔬菜批发及零售市场6个品种共179个样品抽样检测，共查出含有机磷农药残留样品37个，检出率20.7%。其中叶菜类油菜、韭菜、生菜、甘菜的检出率分别为20.0%、22.2%、21.7%、36.4%；果菜类中番茄检出率为15.1%、黄瓜未检出，检出的有机磷农药包括对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、甲胺磷、甲拌磷、久效磷、马拉硫磷和乐果等，其中前5种禁止在蔬菜中使用。监测结果表明，太原市蔬菜中农药残留量问题较为严重，加强对蔬菜中农药残留量的监测和治理刻不容缓。     

新疆北部不同类型土壤光谱特征及对有机质含量的预测

对北疆地区淡栗钙土、冷钙土、石灰性黑钙土、石膏灰棕漠土等4种土壤类型的反射光谱进行分析,研究土壤有机质含量与光谱反射率之间的关系。结果表明,石灰性黑钙土的反射率明显低于其它土壤类型。有机质含量高于14 g·kg^-1时光谱反射率与有机质含量呈负相关,有机质含量很低（<8 g·kg^-1）时,土壤的光谱反射率与有机质含量之间呈正相关。分别采用593.6 nm波段的原始光谱反射率、661 nm波段的反射率去除包络线和547.4 nm波段反射率的一阶微分与土壤有机质含量建立回归模型,经检验三种模型均能较好地预测有机质的含量,其中光谱的一阶微分预测精度相对较高,可较好地预测北疆主要类型土壤的有机质含量。     

Dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites in a humid-tropical vegetable production system

BACKGROUND: High amounts of insecticides are often used in intensive tropical vegetable production systems. Their persistence and residues in vegetables and soils need to be studied to ensure food safety and environmental stability. The dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites was studied in green mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.] and soils. Two treatments, Impact 75 (acephate) and Agent 505 (cypermethrin plus chlorpyrifos), were applied 4 times at weekly intervals. RESULTS: Dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in green mustard and topsoils followed first‐order kinetics, with half‐lives of between 1.1 and 3.1 days in green mustard and between 1.4 and 9.4 days in topsoils (26 °C). Higher vapour pressure of insecticides and higher rainfall appeared to stimulate dissipation from the vegetable, with least effect of rainfall on chlorpyrifos. Dissipation rates in the vegetable were faster or similar (cypermethrin) to rates observed for temperate areas. Preharvest intervals of 13, 4 and 3 days were required for acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites to comply with the tolerance levels. The pesticide dissipation rates in soils varied by less than a factor of 3 between sites. The metabolites methamidophos and TCP derived from acephate and chlorpyrifos amounted to less than 10 and 25% by mass of the parent compounds in soils. Vegetable shading possibly retarded pesticide degradation in soil. CONCLUSION: The dissipation of pesticides and their metabolites in the vegetable was rapid and faster than the dissipation in temperate climates. The degradation rates of pesticides in the soil were equal to or slightly faster than the degradation rates in temperate soils. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

臭氧水对黄瓜和青菜中6种有机磷农药残留的去除效果

考察了臭氧水浸泡处理对黄瓜和青菜上6种有机磷类农药残留的去除效果。发现臭氧水浸泡的去除效果优于自来水处理,在通臭氧30 min后,其对青菜和黄瓜中乙酰甲胺磷、二嗪磷、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、喹硫磷和三唑磷的总去除率分别为26.4%~65.2%和22.7%~75.4%,净去除率分别为6.8%~17.3%和4.4%~45.4%。对6种农药在臭氧水中降解速率的研究表明,臭氧处理对残留农药的去除效果与果蔬种类、处理时间及残留物种类有关。     

Degradation of bifenthrin,chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid in soil and bedding materials at termiticidal application rates

Organophosphorus, pyrethroid and chloronicotinyl insecticides have been used to control termites in building structures in recent years. We investigated the degradation behaviour of three insecticides (bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid) at termiticidal application rates under standard laboratory conditions (25 °C, 60% field moisture capacity and darkness) for 24 months. The study was carried out on one soil and two bedding materials (sand-dolomite and quarry sand), which are commonly used under housing in Australia. Experiments were also conducted to examine the effect of soil moisture on the degradation of these insecticides. Insecticide residues in the samples collected at different days after application were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The rate of degradation of bifenthrin and imidacloprid insecticides was adequately described by a first-order kinetic model (r² = 0.93–0.97). However, chlorpyrifos degradation was biphasic, showing an initial faster degradation followed by a slower rate. Therefore, the degradation data during the slower phase only (after a two-month period) followed the first-order law (r² = 0.95). Soil moisture had little effect on degradation of imidacloprid and bifenthrin. Among the three insecticides, bifenthrin and imidacloprid were most stable and chlorpyrifos the least. Chlorpyrifos showed a major loss (75–90%) of residue during the 24 months incubation period. In the bedding materials, simultaneous accumulation of the primary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) was observed. Hydrolysis appeared to have caused the observed rapid loss of chlorpyrifos, especially in the highly alkaline bedding materials (sand-dolomite and quarry sand). © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于点评估方法的渤海湾产区苹果中农药残留膳食暴露风险研究

为评估渤海湾产区苹果中主要农药的残留情况及其产生的风险,在山东、辽宁及河北3个主要省份的150个生产基地进行了苹果样品采集与测定分析,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。结果表明:93.3%的苹果样品检出有低浓度农药残留,经最大残留限量值(MRL)判定后100%合格,82.0%的样品中农药残留种类在3种及以下;共检出17种农药残留,大多为低毒或无毒农药,无禁用和高毒农药。采用点评估方法,选择检出率在20%以上的多菌灵、毒死蜱、啶虫脒和戊唑醇进行不同消费人群暴露点评估。结果显示:4种农药的急性和慢性摄入风险均为儿童高于成年人,绝大多数女性人群的摄入风险高于男性;4种农药急性摄入风险均高于慢性摄入风险,风险水平由高到低为多菌灵毒死蜱戊唑醇啶虫脒,但点评估结果均远低于100%,说明通过食用苹果摄入的农药残留极其微量,不会对人体产生急性或慢性风险。     

Early assessment of the yield loss in rice due to the brown planthopper using a hyperspectral remote sensing method

The brown planthopper (BPH) is an important pest in rice. Rice losses due to BPH's damage are often more than 10% of yield. Assessments on loss rates from BPH are now basically dependent on experiential indices. However, early assessments on rice yield losses using hyperspectral data are still rare. In this study, reflectance from rice canopy was measured in net cages after different densities of BPH release. Results showed that reflectance in the near-infrared region (750–1000 nm) from milk grain stage, and in 400–531 nm and 567–705 nm from mature grain stage was closely related to BPH density. These spectral indices: red-edge parameters (λ_r, Dλ_r, Sλ_r), ratio of the maximal reflectance in green (490–560 nm) to minimal reflectance (640–740 nm) in red (R_GREEN/R_RED), ratio of the near-infrared peak (R_NIR) to R_RED, normalized difference vegetation index between R_NIR and R_RED and soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) from both milk and mature grain stages, indicated BPH densities well. As expected, rate of loss in rice grain was higher with increasing BPH density. SAVI, Dλ_r, Sλ_r and reflectance at 760 nm (R₇₆₀) from milk grain stage were significantly correlated with rates of loss in panicle, and 1000-grain weight and multiple-linear regression models for detecting loss rate were established. The hyperspectral reflectance from rice at milk grain stage can be used to assess rice yield losses due to BPH and improve management policies.     

Residues of six pesticides in fresh peach—nectarine fruits after preharvest treatment

One of the key features of the new cultural systems is the control of harmful agents with environment-friendly methods. In this study, the residue levels of chlorothalonil, iprodione, bupirimate, pirimicarb, chlorpyrifos and fenoxycarb in different peach??nectarine cultivars were investigated. It was found that, with the exception of chlorpyrifos, the residue levels of all pesticides were lower than the Maximum Residues Limits (MRLs) in all peach??nectarine cultivars used. The detected levels of chlorpyrifos were higher than the MRLs in the cultivar ??Maria Bianca?? 7?days after application, but in cv. ??Legory Hkcb?? dropped to very low levels 27?days after application. The degradation over time of the above pesticides in fruits was investigated in the peach cv. ??Andross??. The detected residue levels of bupirimate, iprodione, fenoxycarb, chlorpyrifos and pirimicarb in this peach cultivar were much lower than those recommended by the European Union (MRLs) 33, 22, 22, 28, and 63?days, respectively, after application, whereas the residue levels of chlorothalonil were below the limit of detection by the analytical method used. All pesticides showed a reduction over time. When examining the levels of residues of pirimicarb and chlorpyrifos in peaches (cv. ??Andross??) sampled from different parts of the tree canopy, no significant difference was found between samples collected from the top and the middle parts of the canopy; however, residues of pirimicarb were significantly higher in samples collected at the bottom of the canopy. Overall, the pesticide regime gave residue levels much lower than those of MRLs, in all peach??nectarine cultivars. This use of chemicals is in accordance with features of the new cultural systems to produce fruits with no or minimal pesticide residues, in contrast to the conventional system in which pesticide residues are not considered. Attention should however be paid to chlorpyrifos which should be applied at least 27?days before harvest. Factors related to the cultivars and the position of fruits in the tree canopy should be considered when sampling fruits for pesticide residues analysis.     

Discrimination of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Artemisia vulgaris by hyperspectral image analysis during the growing season

Ambrosia artemisiifolia (ragweed) is an invasive plant in Europe. An optical detection system for effective monitoring requires differences in the spectral reflectance properties compared with other plant species. A. artemisiifolia often occurs together with Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort). Both plant species are of the Asteraceae family and they are almost indistinguishable in appearance. With the help of hyperspectral image analysis, a method was developed to determine characteristic wavelengths for their classification. High‐resolution hyperspectral images (400–1000 nm) were generated indoors. The factors measured were two weed species, two tissue classes (leaf and stem) and three growth stages (rosette growth, inflorescence emergence and fruit development). Only the stems of A. artemisiifolia in the fruit development stage showed different reflectance behaviour compared with its leaves and with the stems and leaves of A. vulgaris. At wavelengths ranging from 550 to 650 nm, the reflectance increased, and then at wavelengths up to 680 nm, the reflectance decreased. The other tissue classes showed constantly decreasing spectral reflectance from 550 to 680 nm. In the two other early growth stages, the reflectance of all four tissue classes decreased similarly. Thus, using two wavelengths of 550 and 650 nm, classification between A. artemisiifolia and A. vulgaris at fruit development was achieved. The findings could be a first step to develop an optical outdoor detection system to identify hot spots of A. artemisiifolia.