早熟禾拟茎草螟在不同温度下的年龄-龄期两性生命表

为明确温度对早熟禾拟茎草螟Parapediasia teterrella(Zincken)生长发育和繁殖的影响,在室内采用两性生命表方法研究了不同恒温条件下(19、22、26、30、33℃)该虫各虫态的发育历期和繁殖力,并组建了该虫在不同恒温下的年龄–龄期两性生命表。结果表明:早熟禾拟茎草螟的发育历期、成虫寿命随温度的升高而缩短,繁殖力则随温度升高呈先增加后减小的趋势;33℃下,早熟禾拟茎草螟总发育历期最短为23.8 d;26℃和30℃下繁殖力最高,平均分别为283.5粒和265.4粒。早熟禾拟茎草螟世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为14.6℃和420.0日度;平均世代周期随温度升高而缩短,内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增殖率随着温度升高呈先增加后减小的趋势,内禀增长率、周限增长率在30℃下最大,分别为0.14和1.15,净增殖率在26℃下最大为63.64。表明早熟禾拟茎草螟种群生长繁殖最适宜的温度范围在26~30℃之间。     

温度对红棕象甲实验种群生长发育及繁殖的影响

红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Olivier)是为害我国棕榈科植物的重要入侵害虫,为探明温度对该虫生长发育的影响,在室内设置19、22、26、30和33℃等5个温度梯度,观察各温度下红棕象甲的发育进度、存活率及生殖力,计算不同温度下实验种群参数。结果表明,19～30℃时,红棕象甲的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,世代平均发育历期在19、22、26、30℃时分别为214.9、141.4、74.1、63.2天。世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为14.2℃和1067.7日度。在22～33℃间,成虫的寿命随温度的升高而缩短,各温度下雄成虫寿命普遍比雌成虫长。单雌产卵量在26℃时最高,平均为267.8粒,19℃时最低,仅为30.5粒。26～30℃为红棕象甲最适宜生长发育温度范围,该范围内成虫繁殖力和种群内禀增长率(rm)最高。     

智利小植绥螨以土耳其斯坦叶螨为食的试验种群生命表

采用室内观察的方法,在15~30℃,相对湿度为80%~90%条件下,研究了智利小植绥螨以土耳其斯坦叶螨为猎物时,不同螨态的发育和试验种群生命表。结果表明智利小植绥螨在此温度范围内能完成世代发育,世代发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短,在15℃下发育历期最长,为12.81 d,30℃时最短,为4.02 d。各螨态的发育历期、成螨寿命均随着温度的升高而缩短。智利小植绥螨产卵期在15℃时最长,在30℃时最短;日均卵量随温度的升高而增大。智利小植绥螨净增殖率R0在25℃时最高(42.78),在30℃时最低(18.69);内禀增长率rm和周限增长率λ皆是在30℃时最高,分别为1.516和0.416,在15℃时最低。种群倍增时间t在30℃下最短为1.665 d。     

温度和食料对二点委夜蛾种群生态学特征的影响

室内设置16、19、22、27、32℃5个温度梯度,用玉米、黄豆、花生、小麦4种食料饲喂二点委夜蛾幼虫,测定了不同虫态的发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命和产卵量,组建了二点委夜蛾的实验种群生命表。结果表明,取食4种食料的二点委夜蛾幼虫各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短;食料不同各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温差异较大;在不同温度和食料下,二点委夜蛾种群趋势指数、净增殖率、世代平均周期、周限增长率和内禀增长率等生命表指数也有所不同。22~27℃是其适宜生长发育温度范围,黄豆和小麦是其较适宜的寄主。     

温度对伪钝绥螨实验种群的影响

本文研究了5个不同恒温条件下伪钝绥螨取食二斑叶螨时的发育和繁殖情况,并对该实验种群的生命参数进行了分析。结果表明,在19~31℃范围内,伪钝绥螨各螨态和整个未成熟期的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率随温度的升高而加快;运用直线回归法计算出了伪钝绥螨各螨态的发育起点温度及有效积温。伪钝绥螨产卵期在22℃时最长,在31℃时最短;日均卵量随温度的升高而增大。伪钝绥螨净增殖率Ro在28℃时最高(60.256),在19℃时最低(4.174);内禀增长率rm和周限增长率λ皆是在31℃时最高,在19℃时最低;31℃时种群加倍时间t最短(2.79 d),19℃时最长(15.868 d)。     

温度及光周期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂发育与繁殖的影响

为明确温度、光周期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere发育与繁殖的影响,在不同温度、光周期条件下观察日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期、出蜂数、雌蜂寿命以及寄生率。结果表明：温度和光周期显著影响日本食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长。在18~30℃之间,日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期及雌蜂寿命均随温度的升高而缩短,18℃时发育历期与雌蜂寿命最长,分别为60.9 d和29.9 d,30℃时发育历期最短,为21.3 d,33℃时雌蜂寿命最短,为8.3 d;18~24℃之间,寄生率及出蜂数随温度的升高而增加,24℃时最高,分别为77.1%和38.7头;24~30℃之间,随温度升高日本食蚜小蜂的寄生率及出蜂数呈下降趋势。在光周期L 8 h∶D 16 h~L 16 h∶D 8 h范围内,当光周期为L 12 h∶D 12 h时,日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期最短,为22.1 d,出蜂数最高,为39.0头;当光周期为L 14 h∶D 10 h时,雌蜂寿命最长,为22.6 d,寄生率最高,为71.1%。表明温度24~27℃、光周期L 12 h∶D 12 h为日本食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长的最适温度和光周期条件。     

温度对以朱砂叶螨为食的加州新小绥螨实验种群参数的影响

在19、22、25、28和31℃5种温度条件下,研究了加州新小绥螨[Neoseiulus californicus(McGregor)]国内种群以朱砂叶螨[Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)]为猎物的实验种群参数。在19~31℃温度范围内,随着温度的升高,加州新小绥螨世代发育历期和种群倍增时间缩短,在31℃下,世代历期和种群倍增时间最短,分别为5.69d和2.537 2d。净增殖率在25℃时最大,为26.707 7。内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)随着温度的升高而增大,在31℃时为最大,分别为0.273 2和1.314 2。在28℃时性比(♀/(♀+♂))最大,为0.642 4。在28℃时,平均每雌产卵数最大,为46.6粒/雌。加州新小绥螨国内种群捕食朱砂叶螨的发育和繁殖生物学特性表明该捕食螨具有重要的生物防治潜能。     

不同温度下新疆棉蚜实验种群生命表研究

为了探讨温度对棉蚜生命参数的影响,研究了18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃和33℃共6个温度下棉蚜的发育、存活和生殖,组建了实验种群生命表。结果表明:在18~30℃,棉蚜发育历期先缩短后延长,在27℃需要时间最短,为4.18 d;棉蚜发育起点温度为5.0℃,有效积温为92.85 d·℃。在18~30℃,随着温度升高每雌产蚜量先增多后减少,27℃时最大值为64.5头。棉蚜内禀增长率(Rm)随着温度升高先增大后减小,在27℃时最大,为0.361;在33℃棉蚜不能存活。     

基于年龄-龄期两性生命表的星豹蛛种群生长发育和繁殖动态分析

为明确温度对星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera生长发育和繁殖的影响，在室内测定17、21、25、29和33℃温度下星豹蛛各发育阶段的发育历期和繁殖力，并构建其年龄-龄期两性生命表，利用构建的生命表分析不同温度下星豹蛛的存活率、繁殖力、寿命期望、繁殖值和种群参数。结果表明，当温度为17~33℃时，随着温度升高星豹蛛成蛛前发育历期呈先缩短后延长的趋势，当温度为25℃时，星豹蛛雌、雄成蛛前发育历期最短，分别为47.8 d和50.5 d；当温度为17、21、25、29和33℃时，星豹蛛雌成蛛第1次繁殖分别于第108天、第63天、第57天、第46天和第60天开始；在17~33℃范围内，随着温度升高，星豹蛛种群特定年龄净繁殖力先升高后降低，29℃时达到最高；在17~33℃范围内，星豹蛛的内禀增长率、周限增长率和净生殖率随温度升高呈先增加后降低的趋势，25℃时达到最大值，分别为0.04 d^-1、1.04 d^-1和9.95；在25~33℃范围内，随温度升高平均世代周期则呈先降低后增加的趋势，在25℃时出现最小值，为54.8 d。表明25℃和29℃分别是星豹蛛种群增长和繁殖的最适宜温度。     

温度对二点委夜蛾实验种群的影响

为了明确温度对二点委夜蛾生长发育的影响,采用室内人工恒温饲养方法,设置16、20、24、28、32和36℃6种温度,研究不同温度对二点委夜蛾各虫态的发育历期、存活率及雌成虫产卵量的影响,并组建实验种群生命表。36℃的恒温条件下,二点委夜蛾不能完成其发育史。在16～32℃范围内,二点委夜蛾各虫态发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,其世代发育历期在32℃时最短,为27.17天;世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为8.69℃和604.45日.度。在20～32℃时,成虫寿命随温度的升高而缩短,且雌雄个体间无明显差异。20℃和24℃时单雌产卵量较高,为283.8粒和261.8粒,二者差异不显著。24℃时二点委夜蛾的种群趋势指数和内禀增长率均最高,分别为82.0和0.82。表明24℃是二点委夜蛾生长繁殖的最适温度。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.