Development of wood procurement in Northwest Russia: round wood balance and unreported flows

This paper analyses industrial round wood flows into, within, and out of Northwest regions of Russia. We examine sawlogs, pulpwood, and fuelwood used for industrial purposes obtained from logging, and chips obtained from the wood-processing industry. We attempt to clarify different recent trends in wood harvesting, industrial round wood export, and forest industries development that have an influence on unreported wood in Russia. Our method, which uses wood balance diagrams, provides an interpretation of data from different Russian sources in order to offer better transparency regarding wood flows from forests to mills. It also helps to explain the apparent imbalance between round wood supply and demand and it helps one to assess the possible share of unreported industrial round wood production in Northwest Russia. Based on annual forest-related statistical data available from the Ministry of Natural Resources, the State Committee of Statistics, and the Russian Federation’s Customs Department, unreported round wood flows can be estimated to be 23% of the total industrial round wood production, or approximately 9 million m³ u.b. per year. Unreported round wood flows are more common in export oriented regions that have poorly developed forest industries.

Impact of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, on gross calorific value and chemical composition of Pinus pinaster woody biomass

The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of the pine wilt disease, has been detected in several regions of Portugal affecting Pinus pinaster, a coniferous species of a great economic value. The nematodes, migrating through resin canals and feeding on parenchyma cells, induce rapid metabolic changes in ray parenchyma cells, cavitation areas, and denaturation and necrosis of parenchyma and cambial cells. To understand how anatomic changes and biochemical incidences of tree defense reactions affect the technological parameters of the wood, the gross calorific value (GCV) and chemical composition of PWN-infected and -uninfected P. pinaster wood were evaluated. The GCV was determined using Parr 6300 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter, and chemical composition analysis was performed by determining the contents of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and Ash on complete and instant oxidation of samples by “flash” combustion. The Student’s t test with Welch correction was used for statistical data analysis. The difference between the GCV and chemical composition for PWN-infected and -uninfected P. pinaster wood was statistically significant for the GCV and for hydrogen and nitrogen contents. The carbon, oxygen, sulfur and Ash contents did not differ statistically. The GCV of PWN-infected wood varied between the highest value of hardwood and the lowest value of softwood. This interdisciplinary study stresses the important technological and economic aspects, namely the impact of PWN on wood properties and the suitability of infected P. pinaster wood for use in the wood-processing and energy industries.     

The Effects of Regional Forest Owner Organizations on Forest Management in the Swiss Canton of Lucerne

This study analyzes the development of Regional Organizations (RO) of forest owners for joint forest management in the Canton of Lucerne and discusses the transferability of this new type of organization to improve the management structures elsewhere, particularly in other Swiss cantons with similar small-scale ownership patterns. For this purpose, Lucerne’s forest owners were surveyed (n = 221) and interviews with leaders of five ROs and representatives of the cantonal forest service were conducted. Nine wood-processing companies participated in a supplementary survey on effects of ROs on the wood chain. RO members were found to perceive an improvement of their position in the wood market, more professionalism and economies of scale as advantages. Some wood-processing companies acknowledge efficient cooperation with the ROs, but there are also wood buyers who are skeptical about ROs and see disadvantages for themselves. Offering a comprehensive forestry and wood-marketing service, the 11 existing ROs were able to get more than 5000 forest owners to join who possess 54 % of the Lucerne forest area. This strengthens the capacity of the cantonal forestry sector and the improved handling and mobilization of wood also supports the regional wood-processing industry. Most of the RO members (86 %) consider the RO a possible model for improving the management structures of other cantons, whereas only 30 % of the forest owners who did not join an RO share this opinion.     

制造覆面芯条板的工艺研究

针对小径材与木材加工勤余物的利用和开辟产品应用领域的问题，进行了该课题的初步研究。通过研究，提出了生产覆面芯条板的工艺条件，并根据产品质量测定结果的分析，得出了适合生产混凝土模板用覆面芯条板的木质芯条材料及胶粘剂。     

A review of the formulation and application of the spatial equilibrium models to analyze policy

This paper reviews alternative market equilibrium models for policy analysis. The origin of spatial equilibrium models and their appli- cation to wood and wood-processing industries are described. Three mathematical programming models commonly applied to solve spatial problems - namely linear programming, non-linear programming and mixed complementary programming - are reviewed in terms of forms of objective functions and constraint equalities and inequalities. These programming are illustrated with numerical examples. Linear program- ming is only applied in transportation problems to solve quantities trans- ported between regions when quantities supplied and demanded in each region are already known. It is argued that linear programming can be applied in broader context to transportation problems where supply and demand quantities are unknown and are linear. In this context, linear programming is seen as a more convenient method for modelers because it has a simpler objective function and does not require as strict condi- tions, for instance the equal numbers of variables and equations required in mixed complementary programming. Finally, some critical insights are provided on the interpretation of optimal solutions generated by solving spatial equilibrium models.     

Forest product trade,wood consumption,and forest conservation—the case of 61 countries

Trade barriers of forest products are often advocated in the name of protecting forest resources. Whether the promoting of trade of forest products will increase or decrease the global forest resources is still a matter of debate. We offer an assessment of how forest product trade helps shape observed forest change, by relating wood consumption change to trade of forest products based on cross-section data from 61 countries in 2010. The result shows that wood outputs have positive effects on wood consumption. Compared to domestic production, the result suggests that imports of forest products can help reduce wood consumption. This may indicate that trade liberalization can promote the allocation efficiency of timber resources across the global, which can improve the utilization efficiency and reduce the wood consumption in the world to protect the global forest resources. It is suggested that the high-efficient harvest and wood-processing technological transfer should be advocated in the international community to contribute to global forest conservation.     

新冠肺炎疫情对木业企业生产经营活动的影响及应对措施

新冠肺炎疫情(简称“疫情”)对中国木业企业的生产经营活动造成了明显冲击,基于企业调研数据,从营业收入、订单数量、采购成本、劳动力工资和一线工人数量五个方面,分析了疫情对各类型木业企业2020年第一季度生产经营的预期影响。研究结果表明:木业企业的营业收入和订单数量受疫情冲击尤为明显,预计近六成企业一线工人数量减少,相比之下,其经营成本受疫情的负面影响较小;分企业类型来看,疫情对不同类型木业企业的影响存在一定差异。基于研究结果,本文提出了有关促进木业企业复工复产的政策建议。     

生命周期评价体系在我国木材加工领域的应用

生命周期评价(LCA)是评价产品、工艺等对能源与材料使用和环境排放影响的一种评价体系, 在木材加工领域的应用始于上世纪90年代。文中论述了欧美等发达国家在木材加工领域LCA的应用, 从研究林产品碳平衡方法开始, 细化到木质面板、地板生产以及住宅用木制品的LCA研究; 研究范围也从传统的木材加工行业到新兴产品诸如木塑等新产品, 以及目前较为新兴的生物质能源领域。LCA在中国木材加工领域的应用则侧重于传统的木材加工业, 包括木制品、竹制品、木质与非木质复合材料、地板、家具等领域。针对目前我国存在的一些诸如理论和方法上的不足、研究结果代表性不明确、数据质量不高等问题, 提出了研究内容细致化、建立符合中国国情的木材加工业的生命周期评价模型、开发自主评价软件、建立符合中国国情的生命周期数据库等对策     

中东欧前社会主义国家森林私有化概况与发展趋势

概括介绍了中东欧前社会主义国家林权私有化的现状、面临的种种挑战和发展趋势。     

国外木材防腐技术和研究现状

从木材防腐剂、防腐处理工艺、改性处理及环境特性等几个方面对国外的木材防腐技术及研究现状进行较为系统、全面的介绍,并在此基础上指出木材防腐研究的几个主要方向.木材防腐剂的发展趋势是近期以水载防腐剂为主导,以开发综合性能优良的不含金属的有机防腐剂作为未来的发展方向;木材防腐处理工艺的重点在于增强防腐剂在木材中的渗透性,加速防腐剂与木材之间的固着反应以及开发新型的防腐处理工艺以适应新的防腐剂的需要.改性处理方面主要介绍木材的热处理和化学改性处理在防腐方面的应用现状.木材防腐处理的环境特性则着重介绍LCA技术(生命循环分析技术)以及防腐处理材的废弃处理问题.另外,还简要介绍木材防腐研究机构和协会、木材防腐标准等方面的情况.本文旨在使国内的木材研究者对当前木材防腐技术和研究有一个总体的认识,并在此基础上结合国内的实际情况,发展适于处理中国国内树种及适合市场需求的木材防腐技术,为更科学、更高效地利用国内木材资源提供新途径.     

Economy-wide effects of forestry development scenarios in rural Scotland

The paper investigates the economic impacts of alternative forestry development scenarios on the rural economy of Scotland. The projections of a forestry development model, concerning the planting, harvesting and wood-processing sectors up to the year 2050, are set as exogenous to a regionalised input–output table for rural Scotland, in order to calculate how changes in the output of these forest-related sectors affect other sectors in terms of output, income and market-related employment. Six future development scenarios are presented and applied under three alternative wood-usage assumptions. The impacts of exogenously set forestry output changes on the rural Scottish economy are found to be significant, especially if all additional timber is processed by regional wood processors.     

木材加工企业热能源自给问题的探讨

木材工业中干燥耗能与能源紧的矛盾日益突出，国外木材加企业在热能源自给方面技术已趋成熟，实施效果良好，为了增强国内企业节约能源的意识，本文详细测算分析了木材加工企业废料数量关系，提出了变废料为燃料、实现企业热能源自给的设想和依据。     

中国林产工业产业关联与波及效应分析——基于投入产出模型的国际比较

文中基于中国、美国、俄罗斯、印度、巴西、印度尼西亚6国2000—2014年投入产出数据，通过测算中间需求率、中间投入率、感应度系数和影响力系数，对林产工业产业关联与波及效应进行动态比较分析。研究结果表明:相较于其他国家，中国木材加工业、造纸业的中间产品型产业特征明显，对国民经济贡献程度较高，但同时也面临成为“瓶颈产业”的风险；中国家具制造业的最终需求型产业性质显著，受整体经济发展的拉动作用明显弱于其他国家。总体而言，中国林产工业对国民经济的推动作用整体上高于国民经济发展对其的拉动作用。需要重点提升木材加工业、家具制造业整体产业链竞争力，加大科研创新投入力度以提升产出效率，并进一步提高家具制造业整体产品的附加值。     

欧洲木质颗粒燃料产业发展现状与启示

欧洲是全球木质颗粒燃料产业发达地区.文中介绍欧洲木质颗粒燃料市场总体情况、生产特征、消费特征和价格体系, 分析其为规范和引导发展木质颗粒燃料产业而在原料收集、燃料燃烧、能源服务等3个环节采取的政策措施, 从统筹环境保护与经济发展角度提出对我国发展木质颗粒燃料产业的启示.     

Statistical and reliability analysis for mixed-mode fracture tests applied to wood material

The integrity of timber structures is mainly related to its capacity to resist crack propagation under various load conditions. However, this phenomenon is random by nature, and the need to incorporate statistical information is mandatory for practical use in structures. This paper aims at defining a probabilistic model in order to characterize the scatter of the toughness test results of timber. The instantaneous failure tests are performed using the mixed-mode crack growth specimen. The crack tip growth is recorded by a video camera for mixed-mode ratios of 15°, 30° and 60°, where the relative displacement of loading points is recorded by LVDT sensor. The experimental energy release rate is evaluated by the compliance method. As large scatter of the energy release rate is observed, the statistical analysis is performed by using the bootstrap simulation, in order to characterize the probabilistic models in the opening and shear crack modes. The reliability analysis is then performed in order to underline the impact of the statistical uncertainties on the rupture of wood material.     

Profitability, Liquidity and Solvency of Wood Harvesting Contractors in Finland

In order to respond to global competition challenges, the wood-processing industry in Finland and elsewhere is outsourcing roundwood harvesting to harvesting contractors. The industry also seeks to negotiate with fewer, larger and more diverse contractor enterprises. The weak profitability, liquidity and solvency of harvesting contractors and the consequent difficulty in hiring qualified machine operators make networking and enterprise growth a complicated process. Financial data of 1,060 Finnish wood harvesting contractors from the period 2001 to 2007 were studied using the ‘closing of the accounts’ data. The material represents most of the full-time contractors. For 2007 net profit was about 6%, credit share of turnover over 50% and median financial reserve €18,000. High machine depreciation and interest expenses together with low solidity make it difficult for small enterprises to absorb seasonal variations and to cope with recessions. Profitability varies considerably amongst smallest enterprises, which most often are sole-operator enterprises. Moreover, even the median profit of the smallest enterprises tends to be negative, which means that enterprise capital will be consumed and many enterprises are at risk of failure. Larger enterprises are more likely to be limited liability companies. Their median profit is clearly positive and the profit varies relative little between enterprises.     

Agricultural residues in panel production – Impact of silica particle content and morphology on tool wear

Abstract

Considering ongoing global deforestation and the increased demand for raw materials in all wood-processing sectors it is necessary to seek and employ alternative resources. Agricultural residues are potential sources of alternative lignocellulose-based raw materials. Research on substitute materials for wood panel production mainly focused on physical and mechanical properties of boards while much remains to be learned about machining. Therefore, studies were carried out to analyse the relationship between ash and silica content and their impact on tool wear. Ash and silica contents of agricultural residues were determined following ISO 3340. Particle morphology and elemental composition of selected materials were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Tool wear tests were carried out using particleboards made from wheat straw, canola straw and spruce. Analyses of various plant materials displayed no correlation between ash and silica content. Bio-mineralised silica structures in wheat and canola were different compared to coarse silica found in wood-based particleboard. Tool wear caused by these agricultural residues was just moderately increased compared to wood, despite the fact that their silica contents were many times higher. Furthermore, the impact of abrasive substances on wear behaviour was influenced by the density of the panels.     

木材内部水分扩散特性研究现状及发展趋势

扩散是水分在木材内部移动的一种重要途径。文中围绕木材内部水分的扩散机理、测试方法及其影响因素3个方面阐述水分扩散的驱动力类型及其在木材内部的基本移动路径,总结稳态和非稳态水分扩散系数的测试及计算方法;综述树种、早/晚材、心/边材、幼龄/成熟材等因素对水分扩散特性的影响机制;归纳木材含水率、温度等因素对木材内部水分扩散的作用规律;结合国内外关于水分扩散的研究现状,指出一些亟待解决的问题,以期为木材干燥、木结构建筑、木质包装材料的研究与应用提供参考。     

造纸工业必须走林纸一体化与可持续发展道路

通过对我国造纸工业面临的现状和存在问题的调研、分析，并比较国内外造纸工业发展的现状，认为国内木材市场已经进入供不应求的紧缺阶段，而从国外进口木材，增加了企业的经营成本，又受市场的制约。所以企业通过自身营造集生态效益和经济效益为一体的原料林，是解决目前造纸工业瓶颈问题的现实而有效的途径。因此，造纸工业必须走林纸一体化与可持续发展的道路。     

A method for three-dimensional stem analysis and its application in a study on the occurrence of resin pockets in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus patula</Emphasis>

Information on the external shape, internal properties and defects of a tree is important for the forest and wood-processing industries. Resin pockets are internal defects, associated with some softwood species, and are especially undesirable in furniture, joinery and veneer products. In this study, we propose a new lower-cost method for measuring tree shape and macroscopic internal characteristics. The objectives of this study were to: (1) design, construct and test a mobile system that can be used in field to obtain a three-dimensional model of a log or tree stem indicating selected macroscopic internal characteristics and (2) to use the system to investigate the occurrence and causes of resin pockets in Pinus patula from the Mpumalanga escarpment in South Africa. In order to establish the cause of resin pocket formation in Pinus patula, four 3-m logs from 24 trees from three compartments were dissected and digitally reconstructed into three-dimensional models. The results from the study suggest that the formation of Type 1 resin pockets in Pinus patula was due to bending stresses caused by wind sway. It was not possible to establish with certainty the cause of Type 2 resin pocket formation. However, there was evidence that damage events, and specifically thinning damage, have been the cause of some of the Type 2 resin pockets observed.