Cross‐cultural interaction in the appraisal of disaster trauma in three Pacific Island countries

Abstract: The methods adopted in the appraisal of the trauma of three communities after different disasters in the South Pacific are described and discussed. The outcome affirms the need for non‐indigenous clinicians to be ready to adjust their concepts and methods to suit the cultural frameworks they encounter when they are invited abroad, and for local health professionals to be ready to share their knowledge and skills with their collegues from abroad. The outcome, it is argued, should improve the quality of service provided at all stages of disaster recovery, and still enable questions to be raised about matters of fundamental concern – such as the power of religious belief and of social justice in the process of healing. These questions were found to be of particular importance in the context of the South Pacific cultures.     

极端气候事件对1978—2017年广西农作物的灾损影响

为了降低极端气候事件对农作物产量与经济的损失,本文基于灾害学理论,运用数理统计的趋势分析等方法,分析了1978—2017年旱灾、水灾、风雹灾与低温成灾4种极端气候事件对广西区农作物成灾、受灾面积的影响。并用极端气候事件的气候因素响应频率来近似代替一定区域极端气候发生的概率,结合1978—2017年4种极端气候事件灾损评估,对广西区旱灾、水灾、风雹灾与低温成灾进行时空分析,揭示其时空变化趋势。结果表明:（1）研究期内,广西区农作物因灾致损程度为:旱灾>水灾>低温成灾>风雹灾;（2）广西区由旱灾引起的农作物受灾面积与成灾面积呈下降趋势,因灾致损严重区域由中部与西部逐步变化至西南部与东北部;（3）广西区由水灾引起的农作物受灾面积与成灾面积变化呈上升趋势,因灾致损严重区域由南部向中西部逐渐变化;（4）广西区由风雹灾引起的农作物受灾面积与成灾面积变化呈下降趋势,因灾致损严重区域由北部与南部向中部与南部逐渐变化;（5）广西区由低温成灾引起的农作物受灾面积与成灾面积变化呈上升趋势,因灾致损严重区域主要集中在北部。     

主要农业灾害对辽宁农业生产的影响

为了研究辽宁农业灾害的分布特征及其对农业生产的影响,更好地为农业服务,利用辽宁省1980—2010年粮食总产及1996—2005年农业灾害资料,分析了辽宁各地主要农业灾害（干旱灾害、洪涝灾害、风雹灾害、霜冻灾害和病虫害）的变化特征及其对农业生产的影响。结果表明：随着农业灾害的发生,粮食总产与受灾程度呈周期性波动,受灾程度与对应年份的产量呈显著负相关(R=-0.52, P<0.01)。从时间序列来看,1989、1994、1997、2000、2001年辽宁受灾程度较高,受灾面积均超过2.5×106 hm2,成灾面积超过1.3×106 hm2。2004—2008年灾情有所缓和。从农业灾害的空间分布来看,农业灾害影响严重的地区主要集中在辽西地区。按农业灾害强度大小依次为：辽西地区,辽北地区、辽南地区、辽中地区及辽东地区。各类灾害中以干旱灾害、洪涝灾害和风雹灾害影响较大,是影响农业生产的主要因素,三者所占的比重为78%~98%。     

Effect of Natural Disasters on Local Nonprofit Activity

Disaster damage levels are matched to county‐level nonprofit activity indicators. Using dynamic panel‐data estimation, nonprofit net assets (and nonprofit revenue to a lesser extent) defined at this local level are found to be positively correlated with disaster event damage levels, consistent with a post‐disaster giving mechanism. Magnitudes are relatively small, suggesting a distributed downstream flow of benefits to local nonprofits from larger national organizations. Furthermore, disaster damage at a lag is associated with only minor increases in the count of local nonprofit organizations at the county level. The relative impacts of assets and nonprofit counts in particular indicate that existing nonprofits have the established credibility and networks to be reliable conduits for post‐disaster asset flows. If local nonprofits are an indicator of regional social capital, the findings suggest that disasters reveal the resilience of social capital structures in the face of crisis along the focal dimension of nonprofit activity.     

Efficiency and Justice: the Value Choice about the Housebreaking in the City

With the continuous development of the economy in China, the housebreaking in the city becomes a new problem. This problem is concerned with the public property right and the balance between the efficiency and justice. The people pay much attention to that whether the problem of the housebreaking in the city is solved effectively and how to harmonize the relationship between the public interest and the private interest. A discussion about it is carried out in this paper. To keep the balance between efficiency and justice, some countermeasures about the housebreaking in the city are given.     

重庆市雷电灾害状况及其农村防雷建议

【摘 要】 为了摸清重庆雷电灾害（简称雷灾）的现状、时空分布及农村地区的雷灾成因与防治对策,本文在重庆市34个代表站1998～2008年共11年的雷灾数据的基础上就雷灾现状、时空分布及农村地区发生环境、灾害受体等方面进行了分析研究,得出了以下初步结果：①重庆雷灾次数与区域雷暴日数基本一致,呈一年高一年低或两年高一年低的趋势;②雷灾多发生在城市,其事故数量及经济损失远远超过农村;③重庆的雷灾密度中心有两个：即主城及其以东相邻地区,黔江和秀山;④雷灾人员伤亡主要发生在农村（占92.7%）,户内是主要发生环境,雷灾死亡数与死伤数之比户外远高于户内;⑤农村地区雷灾的经济损失、数量主要表现在公共设施、电气设备、建筑物上表明了直击雷和雷电波入侵是雷灾的主要途径;⑥针对该市农村的实际情况,提出了农村防雷对策。     

The idea of ‘Country’: Reframing post‐disaster recovery in Indigenous Taiwan settings

In Australian Aboriginal thinking, the idea of ‘Country’ comprises complex ideas about relationships and connection. It simultaneously encompasses territorial affiliation, a social identification and cosmological orientation. It draws attention to what might be glossed as people‐to‐environment, people‐to‐people and people‐to‐cosmos relations. These relations influence disaster responses, but are rarely mobilised explicitly in shaping formal recovery and reconstruction efforts. Colonial disruption of connections to Country imposed new practices and presences into contemporary Indigenous geographies and is often reinforced in disaster settings. This paper considers more recent disruptions arising from post‐disaster recovery in Taiwan, arguing that the idea of Country offers a powerful way of framing cultural and social dimensions of post‐disaster relief and recovery for government agencies, non‐government organisations and research alike.     

The Urban Geological Disaster Prevention of Mining Mountainous cities

The geological disasters take place very often in mining mountainous cities because of their special landform and physiognomy.These disasters not only are dangerous to people's life and safety,but also disturb the fast and steady development of the city.So it is important to prevent the geological disaster effectively.This paper try to make plan of urban geological disaster prevention for the mining mountainous cities with taking the case of the urban planning of Wangsheng city as an example.     

Planned resettlement to avoid climatic hazards: What prospects for just outcomes in China?

Planned resettlement is being widely considered as a response to the impacts of climate change. As many millions of people are expected to be displaced in the coming decades, scholars and policymakers are searching for precedence to inform their research and planning, particularly from experiences of Development‐Induced Displacement and Resettlement (DIDR). Nowhere in the world is DIDR and other closely related forms of planned resettlement more prevalent than in China: an estimated 78 million people have been displaced by development projects over the last six decades. While planned resettlement has consistently been shown to cause impoverishment, the Chinese state views it as the answer to a multitude of social ills including poverty, environmental damage, low levels of domestic consumption, and most recently, climate change, providing impetus to the normalisation of resettlement as adaptation. This paper examines the prospects for just outcomes in resettlement projects by examining distributive justice at multiple scales in existing resettlement practice in China. It finds that due to the interplay between resettlement and questions of procedural justice, prospects for just outcomes are quite limited, and that in order to achieve fair adaptation, alternatives to planned resettlement should be emphasised.     

乡村居民灾害感知分析

居民灾害感知在一定程度上影响到政府减灾战略的制定和实施。乡村居民的灾害感知是居民灾害感知的重要组成部分,也是新农村建设要考虑的重要因素。采用入户访谈的形式,对宝鸡市陈仓区桥镇4个自然村的居民进行了问卷调查,并对乡村居民灾害感知进行了分析。结果表明：（1）居民主要担心的灾害类型是暴雨和洪水,并且认为类似灾害还有可能发生;（2）居民多采用传统防灾措施应对灾害;（3）灾害信息获取以大众传媒为主,渠道单一;（4）居民灾后寻求帮助的对象多倾向于家人和邻居、基层政府次之,居民灾后寻求帮助的可能性随着社会距离（社会关系的疏远度）的增加呈现衰减趋势;（5）面对灾害,居民愿意采取防范措施。     

农作物灾情田间调查分级规范的研究现状

近年来,农业气象灾害对中国农业生产的影响呈现危害范围逐年扩大、灾害程度逐年加重的态势,农作物灾情调查和灾害损失评估的研究越来越受到各级政府和部门的重视,为此,农作物受灾等级研判标准的重要性凸显。文章主要对中国现有的灾损评估方法及标准进行了归纳,主要包括农业部门在农情调度中对灾害的统计方法和气象部门对农业气象灾害等级的观测方法,还介绍了正在研究拟定中的农作物灾情田间调查分级规范,并指出农作物灾情田间调查分级的方法是一种将农业标准与气象标准相结合的方法,有利于将科学研究与生产实际相结合,并且便于各级部门及时采取科学的防灾减灾措施,将为农情调度、灾害损失评估、灾后农业生产自救提供科学依据。     

中国山洪灾害的区域差异性研究 ——以湖南和陕西为例

中国山洪灾害区域差异性比较明显，尤其南北差异显著。湖南和陕西是中国山洪灾害比较严重的省份。对湖南和陕西省山洪灾害进行深入调查和研究，结果表明湖南省的山洪灾害主要是溪河洪水灾害和滑坡灾害，其分布范围与湖南暴雨中心的分布范围基本一致；陕西省3种类型的山洪灾害均比较发育，主要分布在陕南地区，陕南各类型山洪灾害均占到全省灾害总数的一半以上。     

The peri‐urban Pacific: From exclusive to inclusive cities

Abstract: As the Pacific Islands continue to urbanise, existing models of governance and planning are coming under greater pressure and scrutiny. Both the city council approach and the ‘good’ urban governance agenda of donors have weaknesses in the region, especially in dealing with peri‐urban settlements where the most rapid urban population growth is occurring. This is resulting in increased social discontent and conflict. This paper critiques the ways in which Pacific Island towns and cities are governed and calls for an approach which is more inclusive (and less hierarchical) and informed by concepts of citizenship and social justice. Indeed, policy makers will need to broaden their concepts and practices of governance if many Pacific cities are to be socially, politically, and envir‐onmentally sustainable. However, the political‐economy of urban development in the region is not proving conducive to consensus, with conflict a more likely outcome in the foreseeable future.     

2010年湖南省农业气象灾害分析及减灾对策

农业气象灾害的发生及其危害是决定于气候异常与农业对象,农业生产不仅有明显的地域性,而且有很强的季节性,农业气象灾害是造成农业生产不稳定的主要因素之一。为此,对2010年对湖南省农业生产影响较大的主要气象灾害,主要有倒春寒、5月低温、洪涝灾害、季节性干旱、8月高温和寒露风等,及各自相应的分布特征和发生规律进行概述。同时,分析了所发生的各种主要农业气象灾害对湖南省农业生产造成的一些不利影响。针对各种主要农业气象灾害对湖南省农业生产产生的种种影响,提出了在农业生产中适宜于湖南省农业减灾防灾的主要对策。认为应分析湖南省主要农业气象灾害发生规律及发展趋势,以期更好的掌握气象灾害在湖南省不同地域的发生规律及对农业生产产生的影响,可通过品种选择与更换、加强田间管理、灾前预警、灾中调控和灾后补救等防灾减灾措施,以提高农业防灾减灾的能力,减轻气象灾害对湖南省农业生产的不利影响,从而为防御农业气象灾害,保障农业生产稳产、增产提供依据。     

洞庭湖区农业气象灾情指数与作物模式产量的灰色关联分析

为探明关键气象灾害对环洞庭湖区作物及种植模式的危害情况,为防灾减灾提供科学依据。基于1994—2013年岳阳站、常德站、益阳站的农业气象资料和《湖南农村统计年鉴》环洞庭湖区各作物的产量,对该地区农业气象灾害的灾情指数、作物产量进行分析,并对灾情指数和作物产量及种植模式产量进行灰色关联分析。结果表明,环洞庭湖区气象灾害主要是高温、干旱、低温和洪涝。环洞庭湖区各地区出现灾年的时间是不完全相同的,还是存在地区差异性。灰色关联分析表明:高温对常德和益阳地区的作物产量影响最大,而轻度干旱对岳阳地区的作物产量影响最大。对双季稻+冬闲、一季稻+油菜、油菜+棉花和油菜+玉米4种种植模式来说,高温和轻度干旱对其影响最大,其次还有倒春寒、轻度洪涝、中度干旱、轻度寒露风和4月低温等灾害影响较大。     

基于层次模型及权重分析的湖北省雷电灾害易损度区划

利用湖北省2008-2011年闪电监测数据和2000-2009年雷电灾害统计数据,选取雷击大地密度、大于50kA强雷击密度、雷电灾害频度、生命易损模数及经济易损模数作为湖北省雷电灾害易损性评估指标。提出了对雷灾频度因子的修正,只有把该参数放到同一起点比较,雷电灾害易损性分析及风险区划才具科学性,同时引入大于50kA强雷击密度作为雷电灾害易损性评估指标之一。采用层次模型及权重分析对雷电灾害易损性指标划分了5个等级,最后形成湖北省雷电灾害易损度区划。研究结果表明：高风险区的城市主要特征是雷灾频度较高、经济发展水平较好、人口密集;低风险区则与之相反。雷电灾害易损度不仅与单位面积上的雷电密度、雷灾频度关系密切,还与单位面积上的经济发展水平、人口密度息息相关。     

内蒙古西部地区自然灾害对玉米产量影响及气象因子分析

为明确内蒙古自治区玉米产量受灾害性天气影响情况,根据内蒙古自治区2005—2017年自然灾害情况、玉米播种面积、单产和总产情况,分析气象灾害影响和减产情况。结果表明：旱灾造成的内蒙古受灾面积占到70%以上,灾害发生频率最多、产生影响最大,且旱灾导致2009年玉米单产水平为近年最低。分析内蒙古自治区西部地区4个地市的23个气象站点气候条件,玉米生长季5—9月期间,气温、降水和风速等信息各站点差别不大,降水主要集中在7月和8月,呼和浩特市风速较低。比较各地市减产概率,巴彦淖尔市降水偏少,灾年平均减产率较高,受气候波动的影响较大,但是灌溉比例高,玉米单产变异系数最低,产量稳定性较好。呼和浩特市灾年平均减产率最高,玉米单产变异系数也最高,产量波动较大,稳定性较差。从玉米种质资源收集利用入手,提高育成玉米品种抗逆性能,是降低自然灾害和气象风险的有效手段。     

基于梨树产量损失的气象灾害评估研究

灾害评估是一项新型研究课题,特别是多年生果树作物,由于实况调查观测资料极少,许多自然灾害机理尚不明确,评估工作难度很大,气象灾害的风险评估工作仍然处于探索和研究的起步阶段。进行基于梨树产量损失的气象灾害评估研究,可为果树气象灾害风险评估和果业管理部门防御或减轻气象灾害对果树生产的危害,制定救灾措施提供科学依据。利用统计学方法和风险原理,确定了天水渭北旱山区、渭河河谷川区和关山区3个不同小气候类型区,影响梨树产量形成的主要农业气象灾害,构建了基于梨树产量损失的农业气象灾害风险评估模型。天水3个不同小气候类型,影响梨产量形成的主要农业气象灾害以初春3月干旱、伏期7月干旱和花期4月低温冻害最为严重。评估有灾（包括小灾、中灾、大灾、特大灾）年份18年,评估准确率94%。其中,中灾和大灾评估准确率达100%,评估准确率较高,评估效果比较理想,可为多年生果树气象灾害评估研究提供参考,对农业防灾减灾有一定的指导意义。     

古代灾后政区调整基本模式探究

【摘要】中国历来就是一个多灾的国家,为了减轻自然灾害造成的巨大损失,政府总是千方百计的进行防灾、减灾、救灾。在我国浩如烟海的历史文献中,关于灾后政区调整的记载非常丰富。本文就是在深入分析有关灾后政区调整的历史文献资料记载上,探究中国古代历朝政府在自然灾害发生后为了减灾抗灾在政区方面所做的调整,总结出灾后政区调整的基本模式,以期为政府灾后重建提出决策建议。     

三国魏晋南北朝时期农业灾害时空分布研究

根据现代灾害学理论,灾害事件在灾情方面的轻重差别是评估灾害等级的基本依据。采用农业灾害灾度等级量化方法对三国魏晋南北朝时期正史资料中的灾害史料进行定量分析。研究了农业灾害的区域分布特征、农业灾害的年内季节分布特征、农业灾害在年际间的规律性和重大农业灾年等问题,认为三国魏晋南北朝时期农业灾害年内发生频次差距缩小,农业灾害在一年四季都有发生,季节之间的差距大大减小,出现季节分布的均衡化趋势。春季农业灾害的发生频次增幅较大,夏秋两季农业灾害频繁发生,冬季农业灾害的发生频次显著增加。江南、山西、山东成为三大农业重灾区,江南地区是农业灾害频繁发生的重灾区。山东、山西农业区与江南农业区一起成为魏晋南北朝时期农业灾害频繁发生、危害严重的农业重灾区,形成了农业灾害区域分布的新格局。农业灾害在年际间出现七个多发期。总计魏晋南北朝时期中等以上农业灾年出现291次,在本时期360年时间中占81%。其中中等灾年166次,重灾年107次,特重灾年18次。