苄基化木粉与塑料界面相容性研究

采用氯化苄对木粉进行改性,探讨了苄基化木粉的表面自由能、极性和热塑性,并测试了苄基化木塑复合材料的拉伸强度和静曲强度。结果表明,苄基化木粉自由能低、极性小,与塑料的相容性好、热塑性好,苄基化木塑复合材料的强度高。     

木粉酯化改性制备生物基塑料

以胡桑枝条木粉为原料制备木质纤维类生物基塑料,木粉先经过球磨预处理后,在二甲亚砜(DMSO)分散介质中,以邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)为改性试剂,4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)为催化剂对其进行酯化改性,并考察了反应温度、时间和试剂用量对改性产物质量增长率及材料力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,以木质纤维为原料,可以成功制备注塑级的生物基塑料,实现木质纤维原料全组分的高效利用。在最佳工艺条件下,经改性制备材料的质量增长率为98.8%,熔融指数0.903 g/min,其拉伸和弯曲强度分别达到24.1和41.9 MPa,具有较好的热塑性和力学性能。     

屏蔽法改性木粉制备生物基塑料的研究

以胡桑枝条木粉为原料,木粉经球磨预处理后,分散于盛有一定量蒸馏水的烧杯中,之后将配制的酒石酸铁钠(Fe TNa)溶液倒入其中,在4℃下润胀一段时间后,于捏合机中捏合5 h后烘干,最后在双螺杆挤出机中与一定量的甘油混合挤出制备生物基塑料,研究了润胀时间、球磨木粉用量和试剂用量对改性产物力学性能的影响。结果表明:以木质纤维类生物质为原料,Fe TNa络合物和甘油为屏蔽剂可制备出注塑级生物基塑料,实现木质纤维的全组分高效利用;在屏蔽改性过程中未引入新的官能团;经屏蔽改性处理后,纤维素结晶度降低,纤维素分子链间作用力降低,改性产物热稳定性下降。在较佳工艺条件下,所制备的生物基塑料的弯曲强度为20.7 MPa、拉伸强度为12.9 MPa、断裂伸长率为3.2%,热塑性和力学性能较佳。     

光老化时间对旱柳枝桠材纤维/聚乳酸复合材料性能的影响

采用自然光对比不同纤维含量木纤维/聚乳酸复合材料进行光照老化试验,对比经过不同时间光照后材料的弯曲性能以及拉伸性能的变化,分析光照时间对材料力学性能的影响。结果显示,加入木纤维后,复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度均出现了先下降后上升的趋势,说明加入一定量的木纤维会对复合材料体系起到一定的增强作用;在受到一定时间的自然光照射后,纯聚乳酸材料和木纤维/聚乳酸材料的弯曲性能和拉伸性能均有显著降低,含有木纤维的复合材料强度降低较少。     

木纤维含量对注塑成型木纤维/聚乳酸复合材料性能的影响

利用注塑成型的工艺方式制备木纤维/聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料,研究了较高木纤维含量对木纤维/PLA复合材料力学性能的影响。研究发现,木纤维的加入对复合材料体系的力学性能有显著的影响。加入木纤维后,复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度都有微小的降低,弹性模量和拉伸模量有显著提高;但随着加入木纤维含量的提高,复合材料体系弯曲强度和拉伸强度会有所回升。     

混合溶剂溶解木粉制备注塑级生物基塑料的研究

为了实现农林废弃物资源化利用,以胡桑枝条为原料制备可注塑的生物基塑料。以二甲亚砜(DMSO)/四乙基氯化铵(TEAC)复合溶剂为改性试剂,通过对球磨木粉简单的溶解和析出,进行塑化改性处理。TEAC在改性过程中逐渐渗透到纤维素分子链之间,(C2H5)4N+和Cl-分别与纤维素羟基结合形成配位键和氢键,阻碍分子链间氢键的形成,使改性产物具备热塑性,成功制备出注塑级生物基塑料。将改性产物与一定量的三乙酸甘油酯(GT)共混挤出改善其力学性能,并研究复合溶剂中TEAC与DMSO的质量比、挤出温度、螺杆转速和GT添加量对生物基塑料的拉伸、弯曲强度的影响。实验结果表明:挤出温度和螺杆转速过高或过低都不利于产物的热塑加工,当TEAC与DMSO质量比为5∶16时得到的改性产物与GT在双螺杆挤出机中进行挤出,挤出温度为140℃,螺杆转速为60 r/min,GT添加量为5%时制备生物基塑料力学性能最优,拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别达到16.33和34.71 MPa。     

纳米CaCO3对木纤维增强生物可降解复合材料力学性能的影响

为探索纳米CaCO₃对增强生物可降解复合材料力学性能的影响,采用混炼、注射成型工艺制备纳米CaCO₃改性木纤维/聚乳酸复合材料,研究了纳米粒子添加量（1wt%,2wt%,3wt%,4wt%）及粒子预处理（偶联剂,硬脂酸,偶联剂-硬脂酸）对材料拉伸性能与冲击性能的影响。随着CaCO₃添加量增加,复合材料力学强度先增大后减小,质量分数2%时材料拉伸强度和冲击强度分别提高8%与20%,粒子的增韧效果明显。预处理不仅能增强木纤维与聚乳酸的结合,也提高了纳米粒子分散性,增强材料整体力学性能。纳米粒子在聚合物基体中的分散性及其与聚合物界面结合是影响材料性能的关键。     

竹粉内部塑化/LDPE复合材料热融合稳定性的研究

采用氢氧化钠作润胀剂和催化剂,氯化苄为醚化剂对竹粉进行内部塑化改性。在不同反应条件下,得到了不同接枝率的塑化竹粉,并比较了相同温度、湿度及不同温度条件下竹粉的质量吸湿率与极限吸湿率。结果表明,塑化竹粉吸湿率显著低于未处理竹粉,表现出很好的憎水性。当竹粉质量增重率为64.2%时,其吸湿质量增重率仅为4.84%,温度对竹粉质量吸湿率无显著性影响;将其分别与聚乙烯混合热压得到复合材料,SEL结果表明塑化竹粉与聚乙烯可形成良好的界面融合;塑化竹粉/聚乙烯复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度比未处理的复合材料高。当塑化竹粉添加量为30%时,拉伸强度提高23.83%,弯曲强度提高25.91%。塑化竹粉/聚乙烯复合材料具有很好的热融合稳定性。     

球磨对胡桑木粉可及度影响的研究

为了提高木粉改性反应时试剂对木粉的可及度,采用行星式球磨机对胡桑木粉进行球磨预处理,研究了干磨、加水湿磨以及球磨时间对木粉的粒度、结晶度和可及度的影响。研究结果表明:胡桑枝条木粉干磨4 h粒度达到最低值,中位径(D50)为8.982μm,纤维素结晶度明显降低;4 h后由于发生团聚现象,粒度反而随球磨时间延长而增大,结晶度不再变化;干磨木粉的粒度越小,木粉的可及度越高。湿磨时,由于水的分散阻聚作用,粒度随球磨时间的延长逐渐减小,球磨12 h原料D50达到4.357μm;木粉湿磨后不同干燥方式对木粉的结晶度和可及度影响很大:湿磨木粉经烘箱干燥后的结晶度显着高于冷冻干燥的;烘箱干燥的湿磨木粉可及度比未球磨木粉小,且随湿磨木粉粒度的减小而降低;冷冻干燥的湿磨木粉可及度与未球磨木粉相比明显提高,而且高于干磨时间相同的木粉。     

酯化改性木粉制备生物基塑料研究

以丁二酸酐和邻苯二甲酸酐两种酸酐按一定配比混合后作为酯化剂,4-二甲氨基吡啶为催化剂,二甲亚砜为分散介质,对胡桑枝条木粉进行改性,成功制备了具有较好热塑性和良好力学性能的注塑级生物基塑料。探讨了丁二酸酐占总酸酐物质的量百分比(简称酸酐配比)、反应温度、反应时间对生物基塑料力学性能的影响。采用三因素三水平的Box-Behnken设计方法,利用Design Expert软件得到回归方程的预测模型,并通过响应面分析,优化木粉酯化改性的工艺条件。最佳条件下混合酸酐改性制备的材料,其拉伸(酸酐配比18.79%,反应时间3.03 h,反应温度69.06℃)和弯曲(酸酐配比17.85%,反应时间3.12 h,反应温度68.11℃)强度分别达到30.13和41.32 MPa。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.