抗生素与中草药联用对猪链球菌体外抑菌活性分析

为观察中草药与抗菌药物联用对猪链球菌的体外抑菌效果,用试管二倍稀释法,分别测定4种中草药水提取物、4种抗菌药物及中草药和抗菌药物的多个配伍对猪链球菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果显示,所选中草药抗菌药物及其联合用药对猪链球菌均有较好的抑制作用,且联合用药的抗菌作用表现为部分增强,其中对猪链球菌作用最明显的配伍是黄柏＋氨苄西林、石榴皮＋氨苄西林,野菊花＋氨苄西林、中药复方＋氨苄西林、石榴皮＋青霉素G和黄柏＋壮观霉素,其最小抑菌浓度为0.977 mg/mL。     

抗生素中草药联用对猪链球菌体外抑菌活性分析

为观察中草药与抗菌药物联用对猪链球菌的体外抑菌效果,用试管二倍稀释法,分别测定4种中草药水提取物、4种抗菌药物及中草药和抗菌药物的多个配伍对猪链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果显示:所选中草药抗菌药物及其联合用药对猪链球菌均有较好的抑制作用,且联合用药的抗菌作用表现为部分增强。其中对猪链球菌作用最明显的配伍是黄柏 氨苄西林、石榴皮 氨苄西林,野菊花 氨苄西林、复方 氨苄西林、石榴皮 青霉素G和黄柏 壮观霉素,其最小抑菌浓度为0.977mg/mL。     

中草药与抗生素联用对狐狸源大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果

为了研究2种抗生素(庆大霉素和头孢曲松)和4种中草药(苏木、诃子、秦皮和五味子)对狐狸源大肠杆菌的联合抑菌情况,试验采用改良微量肉汤稀释法和微量肉汤棋盘稀释法分别测定6种药物对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)以及2种抗生素与4种中草药两两联合应用的联合抑菌浓度(FIC)指数,并判定药物抑菌活性及中草药与抗生素联用的抑菌效果。结果表明:6种药物对狐狸源大肠杆菌分离株均有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中头孢曲松抑菌效果最佳;在8种中草药与抗生素联用组合中,头孢曲松和苏木组合在抑菌效果上表现为协同作用;庆大霉素和苏木组合在抑菌效果上表现为相加作用;庆大霉素和秦皮组合在抑菌效果上表现为无关作用;其他联用组合在抑菌效果上则表现为颉颃作用。说明中草药与抗生素联用具有一定的抑菌作用,但要在日常实践中配伍使用,有待于深入的研究。     

硫酸安普霉素与其他药物配伍的体外抑菌试验

为了解硫酸安普霉素与其他抗菌药物配伍对兽医临床常见病原微生物的作用,应用试管二倍稀释法和杯碟法进行了体外抑菌实验,测定了硫酸安普霉素与9种抗菌药物配伍对猪、鸡大肠杆菌的抑菌圈和最小抑菌浓度。结果表明,硫酸安普霉素与青霉素、阿莫西林、强力霉素、硫氰酸红霉素等配伍对猪大肠杆菌具有一定的协同抗菌作用,与TMP、青霉素、阿莫西林、强力霉素、硫氰酸红霉素等配伍对鸡大肠杆菌具有一定的协同抗菌作用。     

葎草等4种中草药对猪大肠杆菌的体外抗菌研究

为了充分利用现有中草药资源,避免畜产品中化学抗生素的药物残留,试验选取葎草等4种中草药,利用水煎法和75%乙醇超声波辅助浸提法制备中草药的水煎提取液和75%乙醇提取液,并用提取液对猪源大肠杆菌进行体外抗菌试验。结果表明:4种中草药的75%乙醇提取液的抑菌效果和抗菌活性均比水煎提取液好,马齿苋、蒲公英及紫花地丁75%乙醇提取液的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为62.5~125 mg/m L,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为125~500 mg/m L。说明这4种中草药可用于防治猪大肠杆菌病。     

石榴皮水提物与几种抗菌药物体外联合抗菌作用观察

为评价石榴皮水提物与抗菌药物体外联合抗菌作用的效果,试验采用双层打孔法检测石榴皮水提物的抑菌能力,采用微量二倍稀释法测定石榴皮水提物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),使用棋盘法测定石榴皮提取物与庆大霉素、阿米卡星、链霉素、多西环素和恩诺沙星联用对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的作用效果。结果表明：制备的石榴皮水提物具有抑菌效果;对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的MIC分别为1.25 mg/mL和5 mg/mL;石榴皮水提物联合阿米卡星对大肠杆菌表现为相加作用,联合链霉素对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均表现为相加作用,联合庆大霉素对大肠杆菌表现为颉颃作用。说明石榴皮水提物可以与阿米卡星和链霉素联用,均表现为相加作用。     

中草药水提取物对牛源耐左氧氟沙星大肠杆菌的抑制活性研究

为了解一些中草药水提取物对牛源耐左氧氟沙星大肠杆菌(E.coli)的抑菌作用,本研究检测了7株牛源E.coli分离株对左氧氟沙星的敏感性,并采用打孔法和微量倍比稀释法测定了20种中草药水提取物及其与左氧氟沙星联用对7株牛源耐左氧氟沙星E.coli分离株的抑制活性,评价抗菌活性较强的几种中草药分别与左氧氟沙星联用在体外抑菌效果。结果表明,7株受试菌株对左氧氟沙星的耐药率达100%;20种中草药水提取物中只有黄连、五倍子、乌梅、黄芩、五味子、鹿衔草及地榆的抑菌活性相对较高,但与左氧氟沙星联用后,其抑菌活性大部分降低。本研究结果为抑菌中草药方剂的研制提供了相关的实验依据。     

中草药对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为探讨单味及多味复方中草药对大肠杆菌的药理活性,为其临床应用提供理论依据,采用两倍稀释法测定了16种中草药对4种禽大肠杆菌体外抑菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并选取24种2味组合和12种3～5味组合中草药进行了试验.结果表明,所选16种中草药单味均对禽大肠杆菌有一定的抗菌活性,其MIC在3.9克/升至375.0克/升之间;所选24种2味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至250.0克/升之间,而且少数组合对各血清型大肠杆菌有拮抗作用;12种3～5味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至46.8克/升之间,且全部组合均表现有协同作用,显示了中草药配伍应用的优势.     

中草药对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为探讨单味及多味复方中草药对大肠杆菌的药理活性，为其临床应用提供理论依据。采用两倍稀释法测定了16种中草药对4种禽大肠杆菌体外抑菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC），并选取24种2味组合和12种3-5味组合中草药进行了试验。结果表明，所选16种中草药单味均对禽大肠杆菌有一定的抗菌活性。其MIC在3.9克/升至375.0克/升之间；所选24种2味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至250.0克/升之间，而且少数组合对各血清型大肠杆菌有拮抗作用。12种3-5味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至46.8克/升之间，且全部组合均表现有协同作用，显示了中草药配伍应用的优势。     

中草药提取物与抗菌药联用对耐药大肠杆菌的抑菌作用研究

文章旨在分析中草药提取物与抗菌药两种不同药物联合的抑菌效应。用试管二倍稀释法和微量棋盘稀释法测定中草药和抗菌药单独抑菌的最小抑菌浓度和联合抑菌指数。结果 :在筛选的4种抑菌作用较强的中草药提取物与氨基糖苷类药物联合抑菌结果中,山楂与硫酸大观霉素,五倍子与硫酸庆大霉素等具有协同作用。结论 :在大肠杆菌临床抑制过程中,联合应用各种中草药和抗菌类药物具有较好的抗菌效果。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。