Effect of Gap Size on Seedling Establishment of Tsuga longibracteata

Effects of three gaps which are large （118 m^2）, medium （86 m^2） and small （20 m^2）, respectively, and under canopy of Tsuga longibracteata forest on the seedling establishment of T. longibracteata were studied through seed burial experiments from December 2003 to January 2005 in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve of Fujian, China. The results showed that the area of gap had an evident effect on the seedling establishment of T. longibracteata. The seedling emergence rates of T. longibracteata in plots of large gap, medium gap, small gap and under canopy were 10%, 10%, 4% and 6%, representing an increasing trend along with the gap size increasing without a significant difference. Rain eroding and insects feeding were two main factors leading to seedling death. The larger the gap size was, the more seedlings were killed by rain erosion and the fewer seedlings were killed by insects feeding. The emergence time of seedlings was almost same in all plots while their death time was different respectively. The gap size had a significant impact on seedling survival rate. The seedling survival rate was highest in the medium gap plot （27.0%） and next to the highest in large gap plot （7.3%）, and seedling in small gap plot and under canopy plot died out after one growing season. Increased light supply in gaps was favorable for the seedlings growth and survival. Increased light supply in the large gap could enhance the growth of seedling leaf and root of T. longibracteata, and the seedling in turn allocated more dry mass to root and leaf, but it has little impact on the growth of stem. This research indicates that T. longibracteata is a pioneer species and its seedling establishment need a medium or large gap （〉50 m^2）.     

思茅松容器苗育苗基质研究

在普文试验林场中心苗圃开展的思茅松容器苗育苗基质试验,经对苗木的苗高、地径、主根长等6个生长指标在8个不同处理基质上的测定结果进行方差分析和多重比较分析,结果表明:蔗渣 阔叶锯末 牛粪混合基质对思茅松育苗效果较好,在苗木根系生长和全株生物量方面超过了进口丹麦基质的育苗效果.     

Interactions among Streptomyces griseoviridis,Fusarium root disease,and Douglas-fir seedlings

In a laboratory experiment, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca [Beissn.] Franco) seedlings had similar disease ratings when treated with known Fusarium isolates or concurrently with Fusarium and Streptomyces griseoviridis. When tested under greenhouse conditions and against known Fusarium isolates, more seeds germinated and survived as seedlings in control medium than survived in S. griseoviridis-inoculated medium or when S. griseoviridis and Fusarium were added together. A series of applications of S. griseoviridis as a soil drench to a crop of Douglas-fir seedlings did not affect seedling morphology. However, against resident levels of Fusarium, S. griseoviridis reduced Fusarium infection by 16%, but increased infection by F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum, two potentially pathogenic fungi, by 40%.     

The effect of seaweed concentrate on the growth of Pinus pinea seedlings

Seedlings of Pinus pinea L. growing in plastic containers were treated with seaweed concentrate (SWC). Different concentrations of SWC were applied, 0 to 3 times, to the roots or shoots of the seedlings. Shoot application increased plant weight mainly by increasing shoot growth. This was manifested as increased shoot length and weight and a decrease in the root/shoot ratio. Root drenches did not change the total plant weight but it accelerated root growth and increased lateral root dry weight. Root growth capacity (RGC) tests for both shoot and root applications indicated an increase in root length and some increases in root number when applied as a root drench. This study indicates that root application of SWC improved seedling quality and increased the ability of seedlings to survive transplanting into pots.Abbreviations GC-MS Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - RGC root growth capacity - SWC seaweed concentrate     

引进木霉菌株T43对立枯病的抑制效果及对苗木的促生作用

把从以色列引进、室内抑菌试验显示对苗木立枯病菌(立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、腐霉Pythium sp.和腐皮镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum)具有显著抑制效果的绿木霉Trichoderma virens菌株T43制成不同浓度菌剂,对落叶松Larix sp.和红松Pinus koraiensis 1年生苗木进行室外灌根处理,30 d后测定苗木生长及病害发生情况。结果表明:引进的绿木霉T43菌剂在显著控制落叶松和红松立枯病发生的同时,还显著提高苗木的生长、土壤微生物种群数量及土壤酶活性,该菌株液体菌剂适合落叶松苗木,孢子悬浮液适合红松苗木。     

贵州不同种源棕榈苗期生长性状比较及评价

为给贵阳地区棕榈人工造林的优良种源选择提供参考,以贵州省内遵义、毕节等18个市(县)的棕榈种子为试验材料,采用大田育苗的方法进行培育。对不同种源2年生棕榈苗的地上部分和地下部分的生长指标进行观测,并采用聚类分析法对棕榈种源进行类别划分,对其与种源地地理位置的相关性进行分析,采用主成分分析法对18个种源棕榈苗的生长性状进行综合评价。结果表明:不同种源2年生棕榈苗的高、地径、总根长、主根长、总根表面积、总根体积、根尖数及总生物量等指标均有显著差异(P<0.05),各指标的变幅分别为28.78~51.09cm、8.40~21.93mm、37.41~85.02cm、14.73~41.20cm、127.13~362.82cm2、5.52~19.55cm3、902~1536、4.64~12.32g。聚类分析结果表明,18个种源可分为2大类,其中罗甸、兴义、毕节为苗期生长性状表现较好的一类。相关性分析结果表明,原产地是低纬度和湿润地区的棕榈苗在试验区生长表现较好。主成分分析及综合得分排序的前3名分别为罗甸、兴义、毕节种源,与聚类分析结果一致。初步评价出罗甸、兴义和毕节种源为贵阳地区首选的棕榈种源。     

木霉菌对杨树树皮溃疡病菌拮抗作用的研究

应用哈茨木霉（Trichodema harziaunm)T88菌株和深绿木霉（T.atroviride)T95菌株分别与杨树烂皮病菌（Cytospora chrysosperma)和杨树水泡溃疡病菌（Dothiorella gregaria)进行了平皿对峙培养和载片对峙培养；并研究了两种木霉菌产生的挥发性代谢物对病原菌菌落的影响和其非挥发性代谢物对菌丝干重的影响；分别在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察了两种木霉菌的重寄生现象。结果表明：对峙培养中木霉菌T88和T95对两种病原菌均有明显的抑制作用。两种木霉菌均能产生挥发性代谢物质并不同程度地抑制病菌菌落的生长，在密闭条件下T95的抑制率最高达到80．30％。两种木霉菌产生的非挥发性代谢物质可以强烈抑制病原菌的生长、明显降低其菌丝干重，并具有热稳定性。在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下，可以观察到木霉菌的菌丝在病原菌的菌丝上平行或波浪式生长，并在其上产生钩状分枝、吸器或附着胞吸附于病原菌的菌丝上，或穿透病原菌的菌丝生长，或使病原菌的菌丝细胞生质浓缩和菌丝断裂。     

切根对马尾松苗木及造林初期生长的影响

为提高马尾松苗木质量和造林质量,本文分析了切根对马尾松苗木及造林初期的生长特征。结果表明:切根对马尾松苗木及造林初期生长具有显著的影响。马尾松切根苗苗高、主根长不如对照组,但地径、侧根数、侧根长显著优于未切根苗,径高比的改善提高了苗木质量,有利于提高马尾松造林保存率。造林3年后,切根苗木高生长与未切根苗木相当。     

不同配方轻基质对鳞皮云杉生长及光合参数的影响

2015年,在青海省玛珂河林区设置5种轻基质配方,即P1(泥炭:椰糠:珍珠岩=4.5:4.5:1,均为体积比),P2(泥炭:椰糠:珍珠岩=5:4:1),P3(泥炭:椰糠:珍珠岩=6:3:1),P4(泥炭:椰糠:珍珠岩=7:2:1),P5(泥炭:椰糠:珍珠岩=8:1:1),以当地土壤作为对照(CK)基质进行鳞皮云杉Picearetroflexa容器育苗,2018年5月进行各处理生长指标的测定,研究不同轻基质配方对鳞皮云杉幼苗生长及光合参数的影响。结果表明:(1)经过3a的生长,5种轻基质配方的苗高和地径均显著高于CK,其中苗高以P3,P4和P5较大,地径无显著性差异;(2)5种轻基质配方的地上和地下部分生物量均显著高于CK(P<0.05),其中地上部分生物量以P4和P5较大,而地下部分生物量以P3,P4和P5较大;(3)5种轻基质配方的根表面积、总根长、根尖数量和根系活力均显著优于CK(P<0.05),其中以P4和P5最好;(4)5种轻基质配方的光合作用均显著强于CK(P<0.05),其中净光合速率以P3,P4和P5较大,水分利用效率以P4最大;(5)鳞皮云杉的根系生长情况总体上均与地上部分生长情况呈显著的正相关(P<0.05)。研究表明,轻基质对鳞皮云杉的生长具有显著的促进作用,5种轻基质配方中以P4配比最优。     

Root volume as a grading criterion to improve field performance of Douglas-fir seedlings

Three seed sources of 2+0 Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings were graded into three root-volume categories (<9, 9–13, and >13 cm³) and outplanted to determine (i) differences in survival and growth after one and two growing seasons in the field, (ii) relationship(s) of seedling height after one and two seasons to preplanting nursery root volume, total fresh weight, root-collar diameter, and height, and (iii) differences in field performance due to fertilization at planting. Field survival was >90% among all root-volume categories. Seedlings in the largest category grew significantly better than those in the smaller two categories over two seasons. Apparently, a population of seedlings having a large proportion of high root volumes will outperform a population having a large proportion of low root volumes in the field. Fertilization at the time of planting had no effect on survival or growth because of shallow placement of the fertilizer pellet. The results suggest that targeting root volume, as well as height and diameter, is worthwhile where morphological quality must be maximized to improve field performance. Thus, root volume has potential for use as a criterion for grading seedlings.     

Effect of shoot size on the gas exchange and growth of containerized Picea mariana seedlings under different watering regimes

Containerized black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) seedlings of three different sizes (small, medium, and large) were planted in raised sand beds maintained under wet, moderately dry or dry watering regimes during the growing season. The small seedlings were of a conventional stock type. The two larger sizes were novel stock types grown in larger containers. Physiological measurements during the summer showed that the small and medium seedlings maintained nearly similar levels of gas exchanges and water status, but that the large seedlings had reduced net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance under all watering regimes. Analysis of dry masses showed comparable relative growth rates in the small and medium seedlings, but a small to null growth in the large seedlings. Examination of root relative growth rate under wet conditions revealed significant root growth in small and medium seedlings, but negligible growth in the large seedlings. It was concluded that increasing the shoot size of containerized seedlings can be achieved without increasing the susceptibility of the seedlings to water stress, as long as the vigour of the root system is maintained.     

Grass interference limits resource availability and reduces growth of juvenile red pine in the field

The effects of competing grasses on resource availability, growth and ecophysiological characteristics of 3-0 red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) seedlings were examined the first two years following outplanting in Anoka County, Minnesota, USA. Equal numbers of seedlings were planted into suppressed and undisturbed grass communities in a sandy soil. Grass suppression was maintained throughout the first growing season, but partially discontinued thereafter on the site. During the first field season interference from grass reduced pine seedling root collar diameter, needle length, number of new root tips, and lateral root length by over 40%. Mean pre-dawn needle water potential was 0.55 MPa lower in undisturbed grass plots during a brief drought in year one, but otherwise water stress was not significantly (p=0.05) influenced by grass interference. The presence of grass also reduced, up to 50%, the photosynthetically active radiation reaching the seedling canopy. At the end of year one, total biomass N, P, K, and Ca content were significantly (p=0.05) less in seedlings growing in the undisturbed grass community. Nitrogen was deficient in seedlings growing in grass. After two growing seasons, seedling shoot length (p=0.03), root collar diameter (p=0.001), and needle length (p=0.001) were significantly less (40, 54 and 20%, respectively) for seedlings growing in undisturbed grass. Seedling growth reductions induced by grass competition were associated with multiple environmental stressors in the field and not restricted to water stress as was observed in earlier studies with pine species at low and mid-latitude sites.     

不同轻型基质对桉树组培苗生长的影响

选用泥炭土、椰糠、珍珠岩为主要原料,采取单形重心混料试验设计,得出桉树育苗基质配比,并与基质中不添加椰糠或泥炭做对照,对苗高、地径、生物量、根重、QI指数等苗木生长指标进行对比分析。结果表明,泥炭土:珍珠岩=75%:25%的轻型基质配方优于其它配方,最有利于苗木生长,并可缩短育苗时间,提高苗圃场地利用率。     

Comparison of container-grown Pinus taeda L. seedlings raised outdoors and in a growth chamber in sunlight

Two annual crops of container-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings raised outdoors differed from those grown inside a covered chamber with a clear top. After a 90-day growth period, outside-grown container seedlings had shorter heights, smaller root collar diameters, and lower root, stem, foliage, shoot, and total dry weights than chamber-grown seedlings. Fall-planted, outside-grown seedlings raised the first year had up to 10% higher field survival than those from the chamber. However, chamber-grown container seedlings that survived retained their initial height and diameter advantages following one complete growing season. Fall-planted seedlings raised the second year showed no differences due to growth treatments when favorable weather for seedling growth occurred after field-planting. Container-grown seedlings raised outdoors during the summer months are well suited for fall-outplanting.     

不同磷水平下刺梨实生苗生长及根系形态特征与内源激素含量的关系

【目的】探究不同磷水平对‘贵农5号’刺梨实生苗生长、根系形态变化的影响及其与内源激素的相互作用,了解刺梨应对低磷胁迫的适应策略,为喀斯特地区低磷土壤刺梨的磷养分管理和生长调控提供科学依据。【方法】采用基质培养方法,设5、25、45、65和85 mg·L^-1有效磷含量的5个供磷水平处理,对不同处理的生长和根系形态指标及叶、根中内源激素含量进行测定,解析不同磷水平下根系形态与内源激素含量变化的关系。【结果】1) 45 mg·L^-1磷水平下实生苗生长的最好,整株生物量、主根长度、总根尖数和根的总长度、总体积、总表面积、平均直径、侧根长度和数量、一级侧根密度均最大,根和叶中的GA₁₊₃含量最高,ABA含量最低。2)供磷水平低于或高于45 mg·L^-1后,植株生长受到抑制,生物量明显减小,GA₁₊₃含量降低,ABA含量增大,上述根系形态指标变小。在5 mg·L^-1的低磷胁迫下,植株根冠比、2级、3级侧根密度和根毛的密度及长度达到最大。3)根和叶中的IAA及ZR含量随磷水平的降低而增大。4)不同磷水平下植株的生长指标和生物量大小与根和叶中的IAA和ZR含量间均表现出极显著(P<0. 01)的一元二次非线性回归关系,与GA₁₊₃和ABA的含量分别呈极显著(P<0. 01)正相关和极显著(P<0. 01)负相关。供磷水平过低、过高对植株生长的抑制是IAA、ZR、GA₁₊₃、ABA含量改变后协同作用的结果。低磷水平下根的生长抑制与叶和根中的IAA、ZR和ABA含量增大和GA₁₊₃含量降低有关,高浓度的GA₁₊₃和低浓度的ABA能促进主根的伸长和侧根的形成,而高浓度的IAA和ZR对根毛的形成及伸长和增加根毛的密度有促进作用。【结论】45 mg·L^-1磷水平下刺梨实生苗生长和根系发育最好,主根长度、总根尖数和根的总长度、总体积、总表面积、平均直径、侧根长度和数量、一级侧根密度最大。降低或提高磷水平后植株生长受到抑制,上述根系形态指标随之变小。低磷胁迫下刺梨实生苗根冠比和2、3级侧根密度、根毛密度及长度明显增大。供磷水平变化导致刺梨实生苗叶和根中IAA、ZR、GA₁₊₃、ABA的含量发生改变,并共同对植株生长和根系形态变化产生协同调控作用。根冠比的增大,2、3级侧根密度和根毛密度及长度的增加是刺梨实生苗应对低磷胁迫采取的适应策略,根和叶中高水平的ZR和IAA发挥重要的促进和调控作用。     

温室容器育苗基质及苗木生长规律的研究

通过对不同育苗基质上生长的香椿、日本落叶松、侧柏、油松４个育苗树种苗高、地径、地上部分干重、地下部分干重、总干重和地上－地下干重比进行定期生长监测和统计分析,初步筛选了具有当地生产意义的育苗基质;得出北亚热带温室４个树种容器苗的苗期生长变化规律,对指导同类温室相同树种容器苗生产管理提供了依据。     

Physiological and growth responses of three sizes of containerized Picea mariana seedlings outplanted with and without vegetation control

Three different stock sizes of containerized black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) seedlings were planted in an abandoned agricultural field. The small planting stock was of a conventional type produced in 110 cm³ containers. The experimental medium and large stock types were produced in 340 and 700 cm³ containers, respectively. Gas exchange, xylem water potential and dry masses were measured six times during each of the first two growing seasons in field plots with and without vegetation control. During the first growing season, the effect of planting shock masked most physiological and growth differences among seedling types. During the second growing season, in plots with vegetation control, small and medium seedlings had similar values of physiological variables and of growth as measured by relative growth rates (RGR), but the large seedlings showed lower values of both net photosynthesis and of RGR, a difference attributed to low initial quality of the root system in the larger seedlings. In plots without vegetation control, the trend was identical, but differences were not significant; the greater height of the larger seedlings, and the resulting greater access to light, compensated for their lower initial quality. The similarity in response between the medium and the small seedlings shows that a fourfold increase in shoot size (1.68–6.82 g) in the initial size and a doubling of the shoot : root ratio (2.17–4.54) of the planting stock did not result in increased planting shock or reduced growth in these containerized conifer stock types. The results also show the importance of the interaction between stock height and the vertical light profile created by the competing vegetation in the final assessment of stock performance.     

不同等级泡桐容器苗大田移栽后生长表现对比

【目的】泡桐轻基质容器苗的是利用泡桐良种脱毒组培苗移栽至轻基质容器中培育形成的苗木,在其工厂化培育过程中,由于培育水肥和光照微生境的异质性,使同批泡桐组培苗生长形成为生长势不同的轻基质容器苗,为明确不同等级泡桐轻基质容器苗移栽至大田后苗木间生长和质量的差异;【方法】在河南省通许县建立生长对比试验林,对泡桐轻基质容器苗壮苗和弱苗的大田移栽苗木的苗高、地径、根幅、根茎叶器官组织中全氮、全磷、全钾和有机碳浓度、单位面积产苗数和优质苗产出率进行了测定分析。【结果】1个生长季后,泡桐轻基质容器苗壮苗培育的大田苗苗高、地径、根幅和大田保存率为3.96m、5.77cm、1.34m和92.22%,分别比弱苗提高了40.43%、19.21%、103.03%和18.41%。方差分析表明,各生长指标均极显著高于弱苗培育的大田苗;泡桐壮苗培育的大田苗茎组织内各矿质元素浓度均高于弱苗大田苗,组织内全磷、全钾浓度分别为0.49 g·kg-1和2.56 g·kg-1,均极显著高于弱苗培育的大田苗;而壮苗根、叶组织中全氮、全磷、全钾和有机碳浓度与弱苗差异不显著;壮苗单位面积大苗产出数6403株·hm-2和优质苗产出率达58.24%,分别比弱苗提高了1.17倍和8.73倍。【结论】利用泡桐轻基质容器苗壮苗培育的大田苗的优质苗产出数、苗木质量均优于利用弱苗培育大田轻基质容器苗,应在生产中推广应用。     

8种育苗基质的思茅松嫩枝扦插育苗试验

为研究育苗基质与思茅松嫩枝扦插育苗效果间的关系,进行了8种不同基质的思茅松扦插育苗试验。结果表明,以河沙与锯末(1?2)为基质的扦插育苗成活率最高,平均成活率为82%;河沙与丹麦基质(1?2)的扦插苗平均不定根数量最多,达到5.2条/株;锯末基质扦插苗的平均不定根长最长,达5.50 cm/株;锯末与丹麦基质(1?1)的平均不定根最长值和单株不定根最长值最长分别为15 cm和21.7 cm。试验结果还表明,酸性基质有利于思茅松嫩枝扦插苗的成活,基质的总孔隙度大小影响着扦插苗根系的生长。     

云杉幼树根系分泌物对2种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

【目的】探究西南亚高山人工针叶林主要造林树种粗枝云杉根系分泌物输入对林下草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,揭示根系分泌物对林下植被更新和群落多样性的潜在生态效应。【方法】通过前期在野外原位收集根系分泌物,后期在实验室人工添加的方式,从种子萌发、幼苗生物量、幼苗形态3个方面来探究根系分泌物对西南亚高山人工云杉林生境内的2种草本植物白车轴草[JP2]和紫花苜蓿的影响。【结果】1)在种子萌发方面,根系分泌物添加降低了2种草本植物的种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,且紫花苜蓿种子在处理间差异显著。2)在幼苗生物量方面,2种草本植物幼苗鲜质量、干质量在根系分泌物处理下均呈下降趋势,而且紫花苜蓿幼苗处理间差异显著。3)在幼苗形态特征方面,根系分泌物添加降低了2种草本植物的总长度、总表面积、总体积,且幼苗总长度处理间存在显著差异。4)根系分泌物处理下,2种草本植物的各项化感效应指数(RI值)均小于0,而且根系分泌物处理造成的2种植物化感效应综合指数(SE值)小于0,表明根系分泌物添加对2种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均具有抑制作用,且对紫花苜蓿种子的抑制作用更强。5)UPLC-MS分析表明,云杉幼树根系分泌物中检测出多种酚酸类物质。【结论】云杉幼树根系分泌物输入对林下草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长均产生了抑制效应。根系分泌物中的酚酸类物质可能是导致根系分泌物处理下草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制的内在驱动机制。