Root and shoot allometry of bareroot and container Douglas-fir seedlings

Detailed root and shoot development of bareroot and container Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedling stocktypes were compared during the first growing season after outplanting. The study was installed in raised beds with ideal environmental conditions and at a field reforestation site. Survival at both sites was 98% and did not differ between stocktypes. Seedlings were excavated in spring (5, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after planting) and in fall (35, 40, and 45 weeks after planting). In spring, container seedlings had more numbers of new roots and greater new root and shoot biomass than bareroot seedlings at both sites. In fall, bareroot seedlings consistently averaged more new root growth (though nonsignificant) than container seedlings suggesting that stocktype differences may not continue long-term. Container seedlings had significantly greater water percent than bareroot seedlings at the field site (all sample dates) and the raised bed site (weeks 5, 8, and 40 only). Regardless of environmental conditions or season, seedlings at both sites maintained water percent between 60 and 70% of fresh weight. Seedlings grown in the raised beds had much greater growth than those grown in the field. However, relative growth patterns for the two stocktypes were very similar on each site. The data generated establish baseline differences between stocktypes for root initiation, growth, and allometry during the first year after planting. Challenges associated with root development research are discussed.     

不同等级泡桐容器苗大田移栽后生长表现对比

【目的】泡桐轻基质容器苗的是利用泡桐良种脱毒组培苗移栽至轻基质容器中培育形成的苗木,在其工厂化培育过程中,由于培育水肥和光照微生境的异质性,使同批泡桐组培苗生长形成为生长势不同的轻基质容器苗,为明确不同等级泡桐轻基质容器苗移栽至大田后苗木间生长和质量的差异;【方法】在河南省通许县建立生长对比试验林,对泡桐轻基质容器苗壮苗和弱苗的大田移栽苗木的苗高、地径、根幅、根茎叶器官组织中全氮、全磷、全钾和有机碳浓度、单位面积产苗数和优质苗产出率进行了测定分析。【结果】1个生长季后,泡桐轻基质容器苗壮苗培育的大田苗苗高、地径、根幅和大田保存率为3.96m、5.77cm、1.34m和92.22%,分别比弱苗提高了40.43%、19.21%、103.03%和18.41%。方差分析表明,各生长指标均极显著高于弱苗培育的大田苗;泡桐壮苗培育的大田苗茎组织内各矿质元素浓度均高于弱苗大田苗,组织内全磷、全钾浓度分别为0.49 g·kg-1和2.56 g·kg-1,均极显著高于弱苗培育的大田苗;而壮苗根、叶组织中全氮、全磷、全钾和有机碳浓度与弱苗差异不显著;壮苗单位面积大苗产出数6403株·hm-2和优质苗产出率达58.24%,分别比弱苗提高了1.17倍和8.73倍。【结论】利用泡桐轻基质容器苗壮苗培育的大田苗的优质苗产出数、苗木质量均优于利用弱苗培育大田轻基质容器苗,应在生产中推广应用。     

Growing environment and container type influence field performance of black spruce container stock

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) overwintered container crops produced in four container types spanning a range of container sizes and seedling rearing densities were compared for two consecutive years. In 1989 two growing environments (greenhouse and outdoors) were compared. In 1990 three growing environments (greenhouse, coldframe, and outdoors) and two hardening regimes (short day and natural) were compared. Seedlings were outplanted during the spring of 1989 and 1990 and total height and survival were assessed for five years.The outdoor-grown crop was shorter, smaller in root collar diameter and had less dry weight at time of planting than the crops produced in the greenhouse (1989 study) and in the greenhouse and coldframe (1990 study). Although the greenhouse crops in both studies were larger at time of planting, the outdoor-grown crops (1989 and 1990) and coldframe-grown crop (1990) displayed significantly greater annual height increment in the first two years after planting. The enhanced early height growth of the outdoor-grown crops may be due to the natural acclimation created by their growing environment.Seedlings grown in a large volume container, at a low plant density (441 plants/m²), had significantly larger root collar diameters and total dry weights at time of planting than seedlings grown in a smaller volume container at a high plant density. Stem volume production in the field was greater on seedlings from larger volume containers grown at low densities.     

红椆播种苗移栽容器育苗技术研究

为提高红椆苗木质量和造林成活率,对红椆2年生直播苗和2年生撒播苗移栽容器苗苗木质量进行对比试验,同时采用不同规格容器和遮荫处理对1年生撒播苗移栽到容器后苗木的成活率和生长量进行比较试验。结果表明:容器育苗可显著提高红椆苗苗高、地径、主根长、地上部分干重、地下部分干重;容器规格对移栽后苗木成活率影响不显著,但对苗木生长有显著影响;采用80%遮阳网遮荫,容器苗成活率较高,苗木高生长也显著增加,但苗木地径生长与60%遮阳网遮荫处理的苗木差异不显著。     

First-year growth response of cold-stored,nursery-grown aspen planting stock

This research examined the first year growth characteristics of cold stored and transplanted nursery-produced aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings (container and bareroot (BR)) and compared it to the growth of seedlings that had not been transplanted (established from germinants in the field) and therefore had an unrestricted root system (UR). Prior to planting, nursery-produced seedlings were placed in cold storage (−3°C) and root growth potential (RGP) and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) root reserves were tested at 0, 10, 75 and after 150 (container) and 190 days (BR) of storage. Both container and BR stock had much lower root to shoot ratios (RSRs) and root carbohydrate reserves compared to UR seedlings after 170 days. During storage, root reserves in container stock declined faster than in the BR and UR seedlings. RGP in all nursery stock was the highest after 75 days of storage, while longer storage resulted in shoot dieback and reduced root growth. After the first growing season, UR seedlings were one tenth the size of the nursery stock; however, in the second growing season they had no stem dieback and grew twice the height and stem diameter. The higher RSRs and root reserves in the UR seedlings was likely caused by early bud set in its first year of growth. This suggests that inducing bud set earlier in the growing regime might allow seedlings to increase root mass and carbohydrate reserves.     

不同类型薄壳山核桃苗木栽植效果研究

以淮安地区种植园的1年生和泰州地区种植园的2年生‘波尼’薄壳山核桃苗为试材,研究裸根苗、土球苗、无纺布容器苗等3种不同类型薄壳山核桃苗栽植后生长发育的差异。结果表明:3种类型苗木栽植后新梢和根系生长差异较为显著。两处均以无纺布容器苗成活率最高,达到100%;新梢生长量最大,1年生和2年生苗木的生长量分别为110.77 cm和53.44 cm;根系也最为发达。土球苗次之,裸根苗的新梢、根系生长量最小。分析表明,在江苏淮安和泰州这两个地区,无纺布容器苗的成活率、平均新梢生长量、分枝数、总的新梢生长量、主根长度、粗度、侧根数量等均优于土球苗和裸根苗的。此外,3种类型苗木栽植后,2年生苗木的地上、地下部分生长均优于1年生苗木的。     

闽楠轻基质育苗容器规格与分级培育试验

为优化闽楠优质轻基质容器苗培育方案,开展轻基质育苗容器规格和苗期分级培育对闽楠1 a生容器苗生长和苗木质量的影响研究,结果表明,在基质配比和缓释肥加载量相同的情况下,闽楠容器苗的地径和苗高生长随着容器规格的增大显著加快,采用4.5 cm×10.0 cm规格的轻基质容器可满足1 a生闽楠容器苗生长需求,既提高优质苗出圃率,又利于降低育苗成本;苗期分级分隔培育试验则发现,分级分隔与否虽对平均苗高影响不明显,但分级分隔培育使苗高生长更加均匀整齐,显著促进苗木侧须根和地径生长,提高了1 a生闽楠苗木质量,大幅度提高合格苗出圃率和Ⅰ级苗率,分别达79.01%和50.62%。     

不同种源湿地松种子性状及苗期生长比较

从广西、广东和湖南3个省份收集湿地松优良家系种子,采用大田育苗和容器育苗两种方式培育实生苗,对不同种源种子质量及苗期生长量进行了调查和分析,结果表明:(1)不同种源的种子千粒重及发芽率均无显著差异,其中广东种子千粒重变异程度最低,发芽率最高;(2)不同种源间1a生大田苗和1a生容器苗的苗高和地径均无显著性差异,相比较而言,广西种源的苗木生长最好;(3)1a生大田苗的苗高和地径均高于容器苗,二者之间达显著差异,说明不同的育苗方式对苗木生长量影响很大。     

铅笔柏小规格容器袋限根育苗技术

针对铅笔柏容器苗搬运不便和起苗断根造成的缓苗现象,试验结果表明,采用小规格塑料容器袋和限根育苗措施,在生产上是可行的,实生苗1年半生即可出圃造林,并发现铅笔柏幼苗长势变异大,对环境条件反应敏感,建议在育苗生产中应加强规范化标准管理,以便苗木生长健壮整齐,提高出苗率。     

Root characteristics and growth potential of container and bare-root seedlings of red oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus rubra</Emphasis> L.) in Ontario,Canada

Root characteristics and field performance of container and bare-root seedlings of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were compared during the first growing season after planting. Sixty seedlings of each stock type were planted on a clearfell and weed-free site near Restoule, Ontario. Twenty-four additional seedlings from each stock type were compared at the start of the study in terms of shoot and root parameters. Measurement of root and shoot parameters were repeated at three dates during the first growing season in the field. The root systems of container stock had a larger number of first order lateral long roots and were significantly more fibrous than bare-root stock. These differences were sustained throughout the first growing season. In terms of field performance, container seedlings had 100% survival and achieved significant increases in both biomass and shoot extension. Bare-root seedlings suffered 25% mortality, significant shoot dieback and more variable growth. The mean relative growth rate (RGR) of container seedlings increased throughout the study period to a maximum of 30 mg/g/day, whereas the mean RGR of bare-root stock remained close to or below zero. Overall, the container seedlings proved less prone to transplanting shock than the bare-root seedlings, most likely due to favourable root architecture and the pattern of root development. Further work may be warranted in container design, growing regimes and root architecture to fully realise the potential of container systems for the production of high quality red oak seedlings across a range of site conditions.     

浙江不同河口滩涂秋茄树幼苗生长适应性试验

2019年5-6月,采用浙江龙港种质和福建泉州种质的1年生秋茄树Kandelia obovata容器苗和胚轴在浙江省沿海的宁波钱塘江河口、台州椒江河口和温州瓯江河口滩涂进行种植试验,2020年4月,调查了幼苗生长及土壤化学性质,对比分析秋茄树幼苗生长指标、叶片参数和生物积累量的差异。结果表明,瓯江河口土壤含盐量、有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾与钱塘江河口和椒江河口土壤间存在显著差异(P<0.05),但均满足秋茄树正常生长要求;在三个试验地中,龙港秋茄树种质的保存率均显著高于泉州种质(P<0.05);在钱塘江口,龙港秋茄树种质容器苗和胚轴苗的保存率分别为72.92%和82.78%,而泉州种质仅有33.47%和15.28%,且龙港种质容器苗的分枝数显著高于泉州容器苗(P<0.05),但泉州种质胚轴苗的高生长显著大于龙港种质(P<0.05);在三个试验地中,龙港秋茄树种质容器苗的叶片数和叶面积均显著高于泉州种质(P<0.05),胚轴苗则相反,而泉州秋茄树种质的叶片长和叶片宽在瓯江河口最大,椒江河口最小,龙港种质在三个试验地间均无明显差异;秋茄树幼苗的根、茎、叶干质量和生物积累量均表现出瓯江河口>钱塘江河口>椒江河口,龙港秋茄树容器苗各生物量指标均高于泉州种质,而胚轴苗正好相反。因此,在宁波和台州河口滩涂开展红树林营建适合选择龙港秋茄树种质容器苗,而在温州适合选择龙港秋茄树种质胚轴苗。     

3年生樟子松容器苗与裸根苗定植试验

通过对3年生樟子松容器苗与裸根苗定植后的成活率、保存率、生长量、生产管理和投资费用对比分析,提出了定植容器苗大大优于裸根苗,定植成活率和保存率分别达到96.3%和99%。与裸根苗相比,容器苗造林每667 m2可节约投资764元。特别是在风沙、干旱、瘠薄的榆林沙区,由于风沙侵蚀严重,立地条件低劣,更应提倡并推广使用容器苗...     

苗木类型对油茶造林效果的影响

针对油茶造林成活率不高的问题,调查了不同油茶苗木类型对造林效果的影响。结果表明:容器苗的造林成活率及造林后幼林长势明显优于裸根苗,以无纺布轻基质苗最好,造林成活率达90.6%。苗龄对容器苗造林成活率有较大影响,其中以3年生容器杯大苗的造林成活率最高,造林成活率达98.3%。容器杯实生苗的造林成活率及造林后幼林前期生长要优于容器杯嫁接苗,但花芽出现的时间较容器杯嫁接苗要晚。     

Influences of seedling size,container type and mammal browsing on the establishment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus globulus</Emphasis> in plantation forestry

Rapid early growth of tree seedlings is critical to the success of plantation establishment. We investigated the effects of seedling size (small and large) and container types (small [Lannen 121], medium [Lannen 81] and large [Forestry Tube]) in the nursery and the effects of mammal browsing after planting on growth of Eucalyptus globulus in Tasmania’s Southern Forests. After planting, seedlings were either exposed to browsing or protected from browsing by wire-mesh cages until age 6 months. Low browsing pressure resulted in around 20% and 5–10% of foliage being browsed in the large and small size categories, respectively, between 1 and 3 months after planting the uncaged treatment. 6 months after planting, height growth increment was lower, and 4 years after planting, mortality was higher in uncaged large than caged large seedling treatments. Six and twelve months after planting, seedlings raised in Forestry Tube containers had significantly greater height increment and root collar diameter relative to other treatments. By 4 years after planting, trees of the small seedling treatment had significantly greater diameter than those of the large seedling treatment, but there was no effect of container type treatment. Four years after planting there was no effect on diameter growth by browsing of <30% of foliage up to 3 months after planting, although there was greater incidence of double leaders in trees that had been browsed as seedlings. Small seedlings produced more growth 4 years after planting than large seedlings of E. globulus.     

轻基质组分对油橄榄扦插容器育苗的影响

为筛选适宜油橄榄扦插容器苗生长的轻基质,提高油茶果壳废弃物利用率,降低环境污染,以泥炭、细沙、珍珠岩和油茶果壳作为试验材料,设置10种基质配方,对油橄榄扦插后容器苗的生长情况进行研究。结果表明:轻基质组分对油橄榄扦插苗各生长指标均有较大的影响。根径多集中在0~0.5mm,珍珠岩质量分数35.00%~66.67%有助于增加根系粗度,泥炭中添加油茶果壳能显著增加苗高、地径和根系数量,细沙和珍珠岩能提高扦插苗生根率,根系平均直径与根系数量和根冠比呈显著负相关。综合来看,泥炭和珍珠岩混合基质(体积比3∶2)适宜作为油橄榄扦插育苗基质,油茶果壳作为容器育苗的轻基质具有一定的开发价值。     

秸秆容器育苗效果的初步研究

以幼苗不同根系形态的植物在秸秆容器中进行播种育苗,研究了秸秆容器促进植物根团形成的可能性;从灌溉方式、容器放置方式方面探讨了对容器育苗效果的影响,并比较了与纸质容器、塑料袋容器的育苗效果。研究认为,试验的秸秆容器适合培育幼苗期侧根发达、主根细弱的植物,对于主根发达且生长迅速的植物不适宜,因此目前在树木容器苗培育中的应用前景并不理想。秸秆容器育苗时采用侧方渗灌、容器地面平放方式,对育苗效果有相对较好的作用。相对于纸质容器和塑料袋容器,秸秆容器的育苗效果较差。要提高秸秆容器在农林业生产领域的可适用性,还需做进一步的研究与完善。     

国外容器苗质量调控技术研究进展

近年来,由于造林重点由宜林地向困难立地转移,对苗木质量的要求也随之增高.文章系统总结近年来国外容器苗的质量调控技术及其对于我国困难立地植被恢复的重要意义,从指数施肥、秋季施肥、底部灌溉、短日照处理和夏季造林、修根技术、容器规格、冻藏和解冻等研究进展进行了论述总结.指数施肥的每次施肥量与植物生长节律和养分需求同步,施肥效果较优.秋季施肥能避免苗木的养分稀释效应,已被应用于很多树种.实施底部灌溉的植物生长不亚于上部灌溉的植物,而底部灌溉用水量少,氮肥淋溶小.夏季造林时,将正处于速生期的苗木进行短日照处理,诱导顶芽形成,促进根系发育,能提高苗木抗性和造林效果.苗木冻藏可使空气中自由态的水凝固成结晶态的冰,苗木感染病菌几率降低,因此冻藏成为针叶树种贮藏的标准方法.在当前研究热点的基础上,论文就未来研究方向进行展望.     

Water relation patterns of bare-root and container jack pine and black spruce seedlings planted on boreal cut-over sites

Water relation patterns and subsequent growth were studied on bare-root and container jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings during the first growing season on boreal cut-over sites.Containerized seedlings of both species had greater needle conductance compared to bare-root seedlings over a range of absolute humidity deficits. Needle conductance of containerized seedlings in both species remained high during periods of high absolute humidity deficits and increasing plant moisture stress. Bare-root seedlings of both species had a greater early season resistance to water-flow through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) than container seedlings. Resistance to water flow through the SPAC decreased in bare-noot seedlings of both species as the growing season progressed, and was comparable to container seedlings 9 through 14 weeks after planting. Four weeks after field planting jack pine container seedlings had greater new root development compared to bare-root seedlings, while at the end of the summer both stock types had similar new root development. Black spruce bare-root seedlings had greater new root development compared with container seedlings throughout the growing season.     

阔叶树容器苗应用技术研究

通过对容器苗与裸根苗相比,容器苗具有成活率高,移栽季节长,移栽后苗期生长快、林分相对均匀、个体差异小等优点,是提高造林质量的重要手段之一.试验表明,一般情况下容器苗移栽可不受季节限制,但应尽可能避开在高温且长期干旱季节进行移栽.最佳移栽季节为常规格造林季节、雨季和9月;造林容器苗不宜过大,要保持根球、枝叶完整,避免受损.     

Freezing temperatures in the root zone—effects on growth of containerized Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings

Roots of 1‐year‐old containerized seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were experimentally frozen in December. The seedlings were then grown for 3 weeks in a growth chamber and evaluated with regard to root growth capacity (RGC) and shoot elongation. The subsequent RGC of Scots pine declined as root zone temperatures were lowered from ‐6°C to ‐11°C and from ‐11°C to ‐16°C. Almost no root growth was observed after exposure to ‐20°C. Shoot growth was also negatively affected by low root temperatures but less than root growth. Low root temperatures did not affect Norway spruce as much as Scots pine, although root and shoot growth of Norway spruce were reduced after exposure to the lowest test temperatures (‐16°C and ‐20°C). The length of exposure, ranging between 1 and 8 hours had no effect on subsequent growth.