‘赞皇大枣’和‘冬枣’对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以3 a生定干80 cm的‘赞皇大枣’和‘冬枣’为试材,设干旱和正常灌水两种处理,在处理21 d时测定其生长指标、叶绿素含量、光合及荧光参数、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性和内源激素含量,分析两个枣树品种响应干旱胁迫的生理差异。结果表明：干旱胁迫主要抑制了两个枣树品种的新梢叶片数、叶片长度和枣吊长度,‘冬枣’的新梢节间数下降了45.5%,而‘赞皇大枣’的单株枣吊总数下降了45.61%。干旱胁迫后,‘赞皇大枣’和‘冬枣’的叶片叶绿素总含量分别下降了18.94%和29.32%。‘赞皇大枣’的光合、蒸腾速率在正常灌水和干旱胁迫后均高于‘冬枣’,而在正常灌水情况下,除F_m以外,二者的荧光参数值无显著差异。干旱胁迫后,‘赞皇大枣’的C_i无显著变化,而‘冬枣’的C_i降幅为48.07%。相比于‘冬枣’,干旱胁迫后‘赞皇大枣’的ΦPSⅡ和qP分别提高97.69%和77.25%,qN降低18.29%。正常情况下,两个枣树品种叶片的相对电导率、MDA和Pro含量无显著差异,‘赞皇大枣’的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量比‘冬枣’分别高148.29%...     

Detection of the Phoma pathogens Plenodomus biglobosus subclades ‘brassicae’ and ‘canadensis’ on wasabi,and ‘canadensis’ in Europe

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Phoma stem canker / blackleg is an internationally important disease of Brassicas including B. napus (oilseed rape, OSR), caused by multiple genetic subclades...     

农家品种‘白大头’及其衍生系‘天00127’苗期抗条锈性遗传分析

2019年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所兰州温室,对抗条锈性优异的农家品种‘白大头’及其衍生系‘天00127’与感病品种‘铭贤169’杂交组合的P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂和BC₁代材料,苗期分别人工接种条锈菌主要流行小种CYR34、CYR32的单孢菌系,进行抗病性遗传分析,结果表明：供试亲本‘白大头’和‘天00127’对CYR34和CYR32均表现免疫。各世代材料中,‘铭贤169’/‘白大头’组合与‘铭贤169’/‘天00127’组合的F₁代对供试小种均表现免疫或近免疫;F₂代植株表现抗感分离,其中‘铭贤169’/‘白大头’组合对CYR34符合1R∶3S的理论比值,对CYR32符合3R∶1S的理论比值;BC₁代植株对CYR34表现全感,对CYR32符合1R∶1S的理论比值;‘铭贤169’/‘天00127’组合对CYR34和CYR32均符合3R∶1S的理论比值;BC₁代植株抗感分离符合1R∶1S...     

’95国际花卉展览会植物检疫介绍

’95国际花卉展览会于1995年10月11日至14日在昆明国贸中心举办,来自荷兰、以色列、法国、意大利、美国、西班牙、比利时、厄瓜多尔、哥伦比亚、南非、肯尼亚、津巴布韦等12个国家的44家公司及我国24家花卉公司参加了展出。这次展览会由国际贸促会云南省分会、荷兰HPP展览公司主办,参展的花卉绝大部分质量较好,很少见病虫。 为了做好这次国际花展的植物检疫工作,昆明动植物检疫局成立了花展检疫小组,制定了检疫方法和措施,印制了检疫签封,在展览     

‘Instant’ Bordeaux and Burgundy Mixtures

Four annual experiments with garlic (Allium sativum) were established in fields naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum, causal agent of garlic white rot, to investigate the effect of time of planting on yield. Initial stands were unaffected by time of planting. Final stands and yields were highest when garlic was planted approximately 1 month earlier (28 January-15 February) when soils were warmer than at the traditional time of planting (15 March-15 April). When garlic was planted at the traditional time, final stands and yields were reduced 56-92% primarily from the attack of S. cepivorum. A 100% loss in yield occurred in some crops planted in cool soils in late March. With an early planting (15 January), final stands were similar to the plantings of 28 January and 15 February, but yields were reduced by half because of a much lower mean weight of the harvested bulbs. In a late planting (15 May), the final stand was 75% lower with correspondingly lower yield than that obtained with the early plantings. The largest bulbs (21.6 g) were obtained from the planting on 28 February; however, the yields from this planting were reduced by half from the planting 2 weeks earlier because of the 50% reduction in final stand. Early planting of garlic is recommended as an important management strategy to avoid white rot in areas with soils infested with sclerotia of S. cepivorum.     

春小麦品系‘MY002894’和‘YJ006793’成株期 抗条锈病基因遗传分析

春小麦品系‘MY002894’和‘YJ006793’对小麦条锈病具有成株期抗性?本研究分析了这2个品系成株期抗条锈病基因遗传规律, 促进其有效利用?通过‘MY002894’与‘Taichung 29’(T29)抗-感杂交和‘MY002894’与‘YJ006793’抗-抗杂交构建F2∶3代分离群体, 在青海省农林科学院植物保护研究所小麦条锈病自然病圃进行了两年的抗病表型鉴定?遗传分析结果显示, ‘MY002894’与‘T29’ F2∶3杂交群体卡方测验符合7R∶9S的抗感分离比, 表明‘MY002894’中含有2对独立作用的隐性成株期抗条锈病基因; ‘MY002894’与‘YJ006793’F2∶3群体卡方测验符合55R∶9S的抗感分离比, 表明‘MY002894’与‘YJ006793’杂交F2∶3杂交群体对条锈病的抗性由1对显性基因2对隐性基因独立控制?由于‘MY002894’中有2对独立作用的隐性成株期抗条锈病基因, 推测‘YJ006793’中可能含有1对显性成株期抗条锈病基因?     

‘Economic Injury Level’ and preventive pest control

Abstract Although the Economic Injury Level (EIL) concept belongs to the keystones of IPM theory, its applicability to all pest problems is believed not to be universal. Current IPM theory claims that the EIL concept is of limited use (i) in situations where an injury-damage function cannot be established, (ii) if pest monitoring is impossible or EIL is very low, and (iii) with preventive measures of pests and pathogens. In this work, I argue that the two latter points may not be true. First, within IPM all types of chemical treatment, including preventive ones, should be economically justified via calculation of EIL, based on the comparison of the cost of preventive and responsive control measures and the cost of the forecasted/expected damage. The expected damage should be based on long-term (historical) damage records, manipulative experiments, risk assessment and biomathematical modelling of the evaluated pathosystem. Second, the absence of EIL in preventively controlled pests hampers completion of the consistent Stern–Pedigos classification of pest organisms according to mutual position of EIL and General Equilibrium Position (GEP) or Stationary Distribution of Population Densities (SDPD).     

‘Economic Injury Level’ and preventive pest control

Abstract Although the Economic Injury Level (EIL) concept belongs to the keystones of IPM theory, its applicability to all pest problems is believed not to be universal. Current IPM theory claims that the EIL concept is of limited use (i) in situations where an injury-damage function cannot be established, (ii) if pest monitoring is impossible or EIL is very low, and (iii) with preventive measures of pests and pathogens. In this work, I argue that the two latter points may not be true. First, within IPM all types of chemical treatment, including preventive ones, should be economically justified via calculation of EIL, based on the comparison of the cost of preventive and responsive control measures and the cost of the forecasted/expected damage. The expected damage should be based on long-term (historical) damage records, manipulative experiments, risk assessment and biomathematical modelling of the evaluated pathosystem. Second, the absence of EIL in preventively controlled pests hampers completion of the consistent Stern–Pedigos classification of pest organisms according to mutual position of EIL and General Equilibrium Position (GEP) or Stationary Distribution of Population Densities (SDPD).     

广东省江门市‘新会柑’叶斑病病原菌鉴定

近年来广东省江门市‘新会柑’上出现一种叶斑病,症状表现为叶尖和叶缘出现不规则的、带有黄色晕圈的棕褐色斑点。为明确引起该病的病原菌,作者利用组织分离法对病样进行分离纯化,采用ITS序列和LSU基因进行系统发育学分析,同时结合形态特征观察对纯化后的菌株进行鉴定,结合柯赫氏法则对其进行验证。结果确定病原菌为番茄匍柄霉Stemphylium lycopersici。     

湖北‘天仙红’桃树流胶病病原菌鉴定

流胶病在湖北‘天仙红’桃树上发生严重。为明确引起‘天仙红’桃流胶病的病原,通过形态学、分子生物学及柯赫氏法则对采集的病害样品进行了病原菌鉴定。结果表明,获得的分离菌株JSZ01的形态学特征与小新壳梭孢Neofusicoccum parvum基本一致。BLAST比对结果显示,分离菌株JSZ01的ITS、TEF1-α和β-tubulin基因序列与N.parvum的相似性在99.2%～100%,在系统发育进化树中JSZ01与小新壳梭孢的类群处于同一分支。JSZ01接种健康桃树枝条5 d后接种部位出现溃疡流胶症状,与田间症状一致。结合形态学观察、序列分析以及致病性测定结果,将‘天仙红’桃树流胶病的病原菌鉴定为N.parvum。     

长齿蔗茅品系‘云滇95-19’和‘云滇95-20’抗褐锈病的遗传分析

甘蔗褐锈病是一种重要的世界性甘蔗病害, 可造成巨大的经济损失?为明确甘蔗属长齿蔗茅‘云滇95-19’和‘云滇95-20’对甘蔗褐锈病的抗性遗传规律, 采用自交方法分别获得‘云滇95-19’和‘云滇95-20’自交F1代, 对亲本及其自交F1代进行了抗褐锈病基因Bru1的检测和褐锈病抗性鉴定?研究结果表明, ‘云滇95-19’和‘云滇95-20’及其自交F1代均未检测到Bru1基因, 两个自交F1代群体对褐锈病的抗性均出现了明显的3∶1的分离比, 证实了‘云滇95-19’和‘云滇95-20’对甘蔗褐锈病的抗性均由一对新的显性基因控制?本研究为挖掘和利用长齿蔗茅抗褐锈病基因资源奠定了基础, 对今后抗褐锈病品种的选育具有重要意义?     

小麦品种‘Waikea’抗条锈病基因的遗传分析

‘Waikea’是当前美国西北部地区大面积种植的小麦品种,研究证实该品种对中国条锈菌小种CYR31、CYR32及CYR33三种菌的混合菌苗期表现为感病,成株期表现免疫的抗性水平.采用苗期室内潜育期变温处理方法(常温昼15℃,夜10℃和高温昼24℃,夜18℃)对3个小种分别进行抗病性鉴定,明确其是否含有温敏微效基因,田间成株期抗性鉴定对其成株抗病基因进行遗传分析.结果表明‘Waikea’不含温敏微效抗病基因,至少含有一显一隐2对成株期主效抗病基因,以重叠或独立方式控制抗病性.美国西北部小麦品种‘Waikea’含有成株抗病基因,成株期对中国当前流行小种CYR33表现高抗,建议在抗病育种中加以充分利用.     

水稻品种‘Rathu Heenati’、‘玉香油占’对稻飞虱及其捕食性天敌田间种群动态的影响

研究了华南双季稻区水稻抗稻飞虱种质资源‘Rathu Heenati’(RHT)和广东省超级稻主栽品种‘玉香油占’上褐飞虱、白背飞虱及田间捕食性天敌的年发生动态。结果表明,水稻品种‘Rathu Heenati’和‘玉香油占’对褐飞虱和白背飞虱均表现出明显的控制作用。褐飞虱和白背飞虱1年内在华南双季稻区存在两个明显的发生高峰,晚稻稻飞虱的发生数量高于早稻,其中早稻白背飞虱的发生数量要大于褐飞虱,而晚稻情况相反,褐飞虱的发生数量显著大于白背飞虱。当害虫虫口密度较低时,‘玉香油占’对上述两种害虫的控制作用与‘RHT’水稻差异不显著,但当稻飞虱数量急剧增加,‘RHT’对稻飞虱的控制作用就显著强于‘玉香油占’。抗性水稻‘RHT’和‘玉香油占’田的捕食性天敌如蜘蛛、盲蝽和隐翅虫虫口密度均低于感虫对照品种‘Taichung Native 1’田。捕食性天敌年发生动态调查结果表明,蜘蛛在3个品种水稻上早、晚稻各有1次发生高峰;盲蝽在晚稻有1次发生高峰,在早稻发生数量很低;隐翅虫在早稻有一个发生高峰,晚稻发生虫口密度较低。通过比较3个品种上害益虫口比年发生动态,结果表明,早、晚稻3个品种的害益虫口比均呈现“双峰型”,‘RHT’和‘玉香油占’对水稻害虫稻飞虱具有十分显著的控制作用。本文还讨论了华南双季稻区抗虫品种的培育和改良以及与其他防治措施配套综合防控稻田褐飞虱、白背飞虱的可能性。     

抗枣疯病品种‘星光’的田间抗病特征

枣Ziziphus jujuba Mill.是我国重要的优势特色果树,枣疯病(jujube witches'broom)是由植原体引起的、在枣树上发生最普遍、危害最严重的传染性病害~([1-2]).抗病品种的应用可以从根本上解决新建枣园中枣疯病的发生与蔓延.     

‘芽黄’红瑞木炭疽病病原菌的分子鉴定

‘芽黄’红瑞木炭疽病在上海普遍发生。本研究从上海迪士尼园区采集疑似炭疽病的红瑞木病叶,进行了分离培养,获得2种培养形态的炭疽菌,致病性测定证明其为致病菌。联合核糖体转录间隔区、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶、钙调蛋白和β-微管蛋白2多基因序列,使用最大似然法和贝叶斯分析法分别构建了多基因系统进化树。结果显示,分离获得的2株炭疽菌菌株分别与暹罗炭疽菌Colletotrichum siamense和胶孢炭疽菌C.gloeosporioides聚集在一个分支,辅以形态学特征,鉴定引起‘芽黄’红瑞木炭疽病的病原菌为暹罗炭疽菌和胶孢炭疽菌,这是国内关于红瑞木炭疽病的首次报道。     

烤烟‘K326’抗TMV防御物质初探

烤烟主栽品种‘K326’在打顶后,随着次生代谢产物的积累,烟草花叶病症状呈减轻趋势。本试验利用半叶枯斑法对‘K326’的全株、根、茎、叶甲醇提取物及根部不同极性溶剂萃取物进行抗烟草普通花叶病毒活性筛选,结果表明:在浓度为1mg/mL时,‘K326’各部位甲醇提取物中,根部甲醇提取物的活性最强,对TMV体外钝化、初侵染和复制增殖作用的抑制率分别为74.50%、68.82%和47.76%;利用不同极性溶剂对根部甲醇提取物萃取处理后,乙酸乙酯萃取物活性增强明显,对TMV体外钝化、初侵染和复制增殖作用的抑制率分别为76.81%、78.02%、61.42%;经普通烟‘K326’进一步验证,根部甲醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物活性最强。综上,‘K326’中抗病毒防御物质可能存在于根部甲醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中。     

广东‘鹰嘴蜜桃’上流胶病病原鉴定

‘鹰嘴蜜桃’是广东的一个特色桃品种,以广东的连平县种植面积最大,但自2008年以来,桃树流胶病严重影响当地‘鹰嘴蜜桃’产业的发展,成为桃生产中的一大病害。为明确广东‘鹰嘴蜜桃’流胶病的病原菌种类,通过病原菌的分离和致病性回接试验,并采用形态学鉴定方法结合基于rDNA-ITS、β-tubulin和TEF1-α基因序列分析的分子鉴定方法对病原菌进行了鉴定。结果表明,引起广东‘鹰嘴蜜桃’流胶病的病原菌为Botryosphaeria dothidea(无性态Fusicoccum aesculi)。     

辣椒疫病抗性资源‘CM334’的抗性遗传分析

采用经典遗传分析方法,对来源于美国辣椒疫病抗性资源 ‘CM334’的疫病抗性遗传规律进行了研究。试验将‘CM334’与疫病高感自交系‘949’配制杂交组合,并构建杂交组合的6个世代（P1,P2,F1,F2,B1和B2）,用苗期伤根灌根接种法对其各世代群体植株进行抗性鉴定, 并进行χ2的适合性测验。结果表明: ‘CM334’的抗疫病性状遗传符合一对显性基因控制模式。     

Molecular diversity of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ isolates in Slovenia

A European quarantine organism ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ causing devastating pear decline disease has been reported to affect pear trees in several European countries. In this study a multilocus sequence analysis was successfully used to gain detailed insight into the molecular diversity of thirty closely related ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ isolates from different orchards in Slovenia. Among three genomic regions analyzed, the 16S/23S rRNA intergenic spacer region was the most conserved among Slovenian isolates with 99.7 % sequence identity, yielding only three distinct genotypes. On the other hand, five different genotypes were detected when analyzing secY and aceF genomic regions that shared sequence identity of 94.8 and 97.2 %, respectively. Six of the detected genotypes, specifically four in the secY region and one in each of the two other analyzed genomic regions, were unique for Slovenia. At least eight different haplotypes were found with multilocus sequence analysis, indicating high molecular diversity among Slovenian ‘Ca. P. pyri’ isolates. Haplotypes were clustered into two major clusters, separated by at least 45 mutations. No connection was established between haplotype occurrence and cultivar type.