仙茅属13个种群遗传多样性ISSR分析

为了解我国仙茅属植物种质资源分布情况及其亲缘关系,利用ISSR技术对来自湖南、广西、四川、云南、江西的13个种群的134份野生样本的遗传多样性进行了研究。利用筛选出的15条引物共扩增出256条清晰、重复性好的条带,多态性条带百分比达到91.79%;在种内水平上,多态性位点百分比为4.69%~29.30%,Shannon信息指数为0.028 3~0.160 5。13个种群中遗传多样性最高的为四川宜宾种群,多态性位点百分率为29.30%,Shannon多样性指数为0.160 5;云南9号种群遗传多样性最低,多态性位点百分率为4.69%,Shannon多样性指数为0.028 3。13个种群之间的遗传距离为0.187 1~0.513 1。根据遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类分析,13个种群共聚为2大类,四川宜宾与江西武功山种群最先聚在一起,二者的亲缘关系最近;广西雅长与四川盐边的种群聚在一起,说明二者亲缘关系较云南的较近。     

古田县柿子亲缘关系的ISSR分析

运用ISSR分子标记技术对古田县境内主要柿子种质进行遗传多样性分析,探究其亲缘关系。结果表明:14条UBC引物对15份材料共扩增出113个DNA位点,多态位点共93个,多态性带占比为82.30%。采用Ntsys-pc 2.10e软件分析计算,15份材料的相似系数为0.8230~0.5841。表明福建省古田县柿子种质资源的多样性较丰富。研究结果可为柿属种质资源的收集、鉴定和栽培利用提供参考。     

肉桂家系遗传背景的ISSR分析

采用ISSR标记技术研究11个肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia)家系之间的亲缘关系,研究结果表明:用12条ISSR引物对11份肉桂供试材料检测出条带154条,其中多态性条带80条,比例为51.95%;11份肉桂家系供试材料的等位基因平均数Na为1.519 5,有效等位基因Ne为1.360 4,基因多样性指数即平均期望杂合度He为0.204 6,Shannon信息指数I为0.299 9。聚类分析显示,11份供试材料间的遗传距离在0.130 7~0.354 8之间,说明其遗传亲缘关系相对较近,在遗传距离为0.249 5处可较明显将11份供试材料分为6个类群;在遗传距离0.292 0处分为2个类群,种间各自聚类显著,可区分清化桂和西江桂。     

绿竹等30个竹种ISSR遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建

为了研究30个竹种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,建立其DNA指纹图谱,为竹亚科部分植物的分类及种质鉴定提供参考,利用优化的ISSR-PCR体系,筛选出18个多态性较好的的引物,对30个竹种的DNA进行PCR扩增。结果显示,18条引物扩增出的多态性位点占100%,平均每个引物扩增出14个位点,且DNA片段长度在200—3 000bp之间;30个竹种间的平均遗传距离为0.441 4,平均遗传相似度为0.644 44;在遗传距离0.51处进行ISSR聚类分析,可以将竹种分成6组,这与传统的分类大多比较吻合。说明30个竹种具有相当丰富的遗传多样性和基因库,各竹种间有一定的遗传差异和亲缘关系;ISSR技术分析竹种间亲缘关系和遗传多样性具有较高的精确性,可作为竹种分类的参考技术。     

51个木麻黄无性系遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记对51个木麻黄无性系进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。结果表明:ISSR适用于木麻黄无性系遗传分析,22个ISSR引物在供试无性系中共扩增出199个位点,多态性位点154个,多态位点百分率为77.4%;平均有效等位基因数为1.5,Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.174 1 0.389 1,Shannon信息指数为0.273 20.556 0,相似系数为0.467 3 0.995 0,平均为0.743 0,表明供试无性系的遗传基础已相对比较狭窄。ISSR聚类分析表明:参试无性系并不能按来源地各自单独聚为1类,无性系亲缘关系的远近与来源相关不大;在相似系数为0.678时,可将所有供试材料分为2大类群;亲缘关系树状图在分子水平上显示了供试无性系间的亲缘关系,为今后木麻黄无性系的推广应用及育种亲本的选配提供了理论依据。     

利用RAPD和ISSR分析百日草自交系间的种质遗传多样性

首次运用RAPD与ISSR技术分析了百日草20个自交系的种质遗传多样性.结果表明：从供试材料中147条RAPD引物和44条ISSR引物筛选到具有多态性的RAPD引物12条,ISSR引物9条.RAPD引物共扩增出147条带,多态性位点数为100,多态性位点比率为68.03%,平均多样性指数为0.3559,有效等位基因数为1.4169;ISSR引物共扩增出128条带,多态性位点数为97,多态性位点比率为76.38%,平均多样性指数为0.4013和有效等位基因数为1.4728.试验表明,RAPD、ISSR及两种分子标记整合后的结果较为相似,呈极显著的正相关.聚类结果将20个自交系基本分为2类：一类群来源虹越种子集团公司;另一类群来源甘肃酒泉种子集团公司,分类与原产地相关.RAPD与ISSR标记是研究百日草种质遗传多样性有效的工具,在分析百日草的亲缘关系特别是系谱关系时,ISSR是一种多态性和重复性优于RAPD的分子标记.两种分子标记整合后既能鉴定出自交系的系谱先后关系,也能反应来源相同自交系的亲缘关系.     

花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

[目的]研究花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性和遗传结构,为种质资源有效利用和良种选育提供理论指导。[方法]利用12条ISSR引物对48份种质(共3个居群)花吊丝竹居群进行遗传多样性和遗传距离分析。[结果]共检测到124个位点,其中,多态性位点为102个,种质和居群水平上的多态位点百分比(PPB)分别为82. 26%和50. 27%,Ne’基因多样性指数(He)分别为0. 220 4和0. 206 6,Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0. 349 4和0. 300 5,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在中等水平的遗传变异。根据Nei’s遗传多样性计算出不同居群间分化水平(Gst)=0. 163 3,表明16. 33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,居群内的遗传变异为83. 67%。居群间的基因流Nm为2. 562 1,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在较大基因流,很大程度减少居群间遗传差异。基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类结果表明,48份种质可分为3组,3个居群可分为2组,居群间地理距离与亲缘关系无显著相关性。[结论]虽然花吊丝竹主要靠营养生殖来繁衍后代,其居群遗传多样性较丰富,且居群内遗传多样性大于居群间。此外,福建居群遗传多样性明显高于广西和广东地区居群。     

北五味子遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR(Inter Simple Sequence R epeat)标记技术,分析了东北三省16个产地北五味子的遗传多样性.6个ISSR引物共检测到83个位点,多态位点的百分率在9.64%～42.17%之间.ISSR的Shannon指数变化范围在0.0583～0.1966之间,Nei指数的变化范围在0.0399～0.1254之间.16个产地的北五味子的基因多样性为24.05%,产地间变异占总变异的66.81%.各产地的地理气候因子与遗传变异指数相关分析表明,影响遗传多样性的地理气候因子为经度和温度,表现为分布区西部、生长季节温度较低的产地变异丰富的特点.     

邓恩桉遗传多样性的ISSR分析

探讨邓恩桉亲缘关系及遗传多样性,为其种质资源利用和分子育种提供参考。利用ISSR分子标记技术分析邓恩桉6个种源遗传多样性。筛选出8条特异引物共扩增90条清晰条带,其中76条为多态条带,多态性比率为84.44%,平均等位基因观察值为1.8444,平均有效等位基因为1.4928,基因多样性指数为0.2879,Shannon信息指数为0.4306。6个邓恩桉种源遗传相似系数在0.7271~0.8719之间,平均相似系数为0.7926。UPGMA聚类分析发现,在相似系数为0.80时邓恩桉6个种源可划分为2个类群。邓恩桉种源间遗传多样性差异较小,聚类结果与邓恩桉种源地理分布密切相关。     

楸树优良种质资源的AFLP遗传多样性分析

为研究44份楸树种质资源的遗传多样性及亲缘关系,利用AFLP分子标记技术,对采自鲁豫地区的44份楸树优良种质进行了分析。结果表明:筛选出的8对PstI/MseI引物组合从44份楸树种质中共扩增出1087条清晰条带,其中多态性条带(NPB)1043条,多态性比率(PPB)达到95.60%。平均每对引物可扩增出135.88条带和130.38条多态性带。每个位点的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei’s平均基因多样性(H)、Shannon平均信息指数(Ⅰ)分别为1.3210、0.2003和0.3204,且8对引物组合共产生261条特异性条带,表明楸树资源间具有丰富的遗传多样性。通过计算种质间遗传相似系数和进行UPGMA聚类分析得出,各种质材料间的遗传相似性系数在0.5022~0.7919间,平均为0.6527。以遗传相似性系数0.65为界44份楸树种质可划分为5组,其中第1组包括15个山东种质和2个河南种质;第2组包括18个山东种质和3个河南种质;第3组包括3河南种质;第4组包括1个河南种质;第5组包括2个河南种质。这表明不同地理生态条件造就了各种质材料间丰富的遗传多样性,其遗传多样性以及亲缘关系与其地理分布并不完全一致。综上,AFLP标记技术能较好的揭示楸树种质资源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,可为楸树优良种质资源的收集、鉴别及利用提供参考依据。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.