播种期对农牧交错带马铃薯生长发育和产量形成及水分利用效率的影响

为了研究不同播种期对农牧交错带马铃薯生长发育和产量形成以及水分利用效率的影响,为农牧交错带马铃薯适期播种和高产栽培提供科学依据,采用随机区组排列设计,分析了超早播(4月28日)、早播(5月8日)、中播(5月18日)、晚播(5月28日)和超晚播(6月8日)五个播期下马铃薯生育期、形态指标、产量形成和水分利用效率的变化情况。结果表明:播种期对马铃薯生育期、株高和叶面积指数影响显著。随播期推迟,马铃薯生育期缩短,播期每推迟10 d,生育期平均缩短6 d,而生殖生长期在总生长期中的比例增加,超早播和超晚播处理下分别为45%和59%。超早播和早播马铃薯地上部干物质积累显著低于其余播期,不同播期处理薯块鲜重增长符合Logistic生长曲线,播期间马铃薯总产量、大薯产量和大薯率差异均达显著水平,其中中播、晚播和超晚播产量差异不显著,平均达21 593 kg/hm2,超早播和早播产量平均为15 181 kg/hm2。马铃薯水分利用效率随播期推迟增加,超早播为45.2 kg/(hm2.mm),超晚播为86.3 kg/(hm2.mm)。建议农牧交错带马铃薯适宜播种期安排在5月中下旬。     

不同覆膜栽培方式对天水旱地冬油菜生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响

以全膜双垄沟播、全膜覆土、全膜平铺、起垄膜侧和露地栽培5种处理方式,研究了不同覆膜栽培方式对冬油菜生育期、越冬率、产量和经济性状、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：全膜双垄沟播、全膜覆土、全膜平铺、起垄膜侧 栽培冬油菜,均能不同程度影响冬油菜单株经济性状,提高水分利用效率和越冬率,增加产量,缩短生育期;其中全膜双垄沟播栽培效果最好,水分利用效率比露地栽培（对照）提高3.4 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,生育期缩短7 d,越冬率提高24.5%,产量达3 194.46 kg·hm^-2,增产42.8%;全膜平铺栽培增产33.9%,全膜覆土栽培增产26.0%,起垄膜侧栽培增产24.8%。     

半干旱区春小麦水分与产量关系及其影响因素分析

水分是影响半干旱雨养作物生长、发育及产量形成最重要的环境因素。以中国西北半干旱区田间试验为基础,收集长期观测资料和文献数据,分析春小麦产量与水分之间的关系及其环境影响因素,揭示不同环境条件下春小麦水分限制特征和调控机制。研究表明：半干旱区常规管理水平下,雨养春小麦产量与水分间的关系相对稳定,然而播前土壤储水影响生育期降水与春小麦产量间的关系,不同播前土壤储水条件下,每增加1 mm降水量,春小麦产量的增加量分别为21.3 kg·hm^-2和16.8 kg·hm^-2。生育期大气干湿条件（潜在蒸发量与降水的差值）对播前土壤储水与春小麦产量间的关系也有影响,其中大气较为干燥时（潜在蒸发量与降水的差值大于425 mm）,产量与土壤水分间关系斜率为22.9 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,大气较为湿润时（潜在蒸发量与降水的差值小于425 mm）,斜率为20.1 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。相较生育期降水,播前土壤储水对春小麦产量更具有决定性作用。半干旱雨养春小麦的气候年型由播前土壤储水和生育期大气干湿条件共同决定。增加播前土壤水分储量、在生育期的特定阶段灌溉均会改变小麦耗水量与产量之间的关系,并最终导致小麦水分利用效率发生变化。大气干湿条件和灌溉条件共同导致中国西北不同地区春小麦边界函数存在差异。     

密肥互作对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

为进一步完善全膜双垄沟播玉米栽培技术体系,采用大田随机区组试验法,研究了不同密度和施肥水平对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：6.75×10⁴株·hm^-2种植密度下玉米产量和水分利用效率显著高于4.50×10⁴株·hm^-2密度处理。不同施肥处理条件下,玉米穗 行数和产量均以施纯氮180 kg·hm^-2,施过磷酸钙144 kg·hm^-2处理最高;玉米百粒重和 水分利用效率均以施纯氮210 kg·hm^-2,施过磷酸钙168 kg·hm^-2最高;6.75×10⁴株·hm^-2密度下施纯氮210 kg·hm^-2,施过磷酸钙168 kg·hm^-2处理互作效应显著,玉米百粒重、产量和水分利用效率均高于其他处理。说明6.75×10⁴株·hm^-2密度下施纯氮210 kg·hm^-2,施过磷酸钙168 kg·hm^-2是当地全膜双垄沟播玉米生产中比较理想的种植密度和施肥水平。     

水氮耦合条件下打瓜产量及耗水性的 模糊综合评判

研究水氮耦合对打瓜产量和水分利用效率的影响,以选择适宜的灌溉定额。设置3个不同灌水定额（300 、450、600 m³·hm^-2）和3个不同施氮量（0、138、276 kg·hm^-2）共9个组合,研究水氮耦合对打瓜产量和水分利用效率影响的同时,利用基于层次分析法（AHP）的模糊综合评价,对各指标进行综合分析。结果表明：当灌水定额增加300 m³·hm^-2、施氮量增加276 kg·hm^-2,打瓜产量和水分利用效率分别增加1 416.7 kg·hm^-2和5.24 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,即打瓜产量和水分利用效率随着灌水定额和施氮量的增大而增加;当灌水定额从450 m³·hm^-2增加到600 m³·hm^-2、施氮量从138 kg·hm^-2增加到276 kg·hm^-2, 打瓜产量减少178.9 kg·hm^-2,即水肥量继续增加则产量下降;灌水定额450 m³·hm^-2(W2)和施氮量138 kg·hm^-2（N2）时,组合产量和WUE分别为2 582.9 kg·hm^-2和10.91 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,节水增产效果最佳;该组合的模糊综合评价亦为最优,与大田试验分析结果一致。     

旱地小麦全膜覆土穴播技术的土壤水分效应

采用田间小区试验研究了旱地小麦全膜覆土穴播技术的土壤水分效应。结果表明,小麦生长前期,不同层次土壤含水量均表现为全膜覆土穴播>膜侧沟播>露地条播;拔节—孕穗期0～20 cm土壤含水量全膜覆土穴播较露地条播提高4.6～5.2个百分点,而膜侧沟播较露地条播提高2.2～2.3个百分点;1 m土壤贮水量,全膜覆土穴播较露地条播增加29.0～48.0 mm,而膜侧沟播较露地条播增加12.9～20.4 mm。全膜覆土穴播技术大幅度提高了小麦农田降水利用率和水分利用效率,使降水利用率最高达到74.1%,平均降水利用率达到71.0%;使小麦水分利用效率最高达到19.58 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,平均达到18.33 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,在旱作小麦农田降水高效利用方面取得了重大突破。     

秋覆盖的保水效应及对春玉米生长的影响

设置高(9000 kg·hm^-2)、中(6000 kg·hm^-2)、低(3000 kg·hm^-2)3种不同量秸秆覆盖和平覆、垄覆2种不同方式的地膜覆盖,以全程不覆盖为对照,研究了秋季雨后覆盖(休闲期加生育期全程覆盖)对土壤水分及春玉米生长状况的影响。结果表明：在冬闲期,各覆盖处理(除秸秆覆盖3 000 kg·hm^-2处理)的土壤蓄水量分别较不覆盖处理(CK)增加了21.22 mm、20.49 mm、18.37mm和19.5mm,使玉米出苗较CK至少提前了3 d。在播种期~大喇叭口期(播后70 d),平覆地膜和垄覆地膜平均土壤蓄水量分别较对照增加15.57 mm和15.73 mm;秸秆覆盖6 000 kg·hm^-2和9 000 kg hm^-2处理平均土壤蓄水量分别较对照增加12.05 mm和12.03 mm。秸秆覆盖处理在玉米生长后期土壤蓄水量较对照增加不显著。秋覆盖处理均可促进春玉米个体的生长,地膜覆盖处理可以显著提高春玉米生长前期的单株干重、株高和叶面积,秸秆覆盖在生育后期较对照显著提高。平覆地膜、垄覆地膜两个处理的玉米籽粒产量和水分生产效率分别较对照增加14.6%、13.9%和11.0%、11.1%(P<0.05),秸秆覆盖处理增产均不显著。     

气候变化对河南省小麦和玉米气候资源利用效率的影响

基于1981—2016年河南省29个农业气象试验站逐日气象数据和小麦、玉米产量资料,分析气候变化背景下小麦、玉米的光、热、水气候资源利用效率,计算各气候因子对气候资源利用效率的贡献率和气候资源利用率综合指数,进行气候资源利用效率综合评估。结果表明：小麦生长季光能资源利用效率（LUE）为1.14~1.77 kg·MJ^-1,热量资源利用效率（HUE）为1.3~2.5 kg·℃^-1·d^-1·hm^-2,降水资源利用效率（PUE）为8~43 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,玉米生长季内LUE为1.8~2.5 kg·MJ^-1,HUE为1.32~1.78 kg·℃^-1·d^-1·hm^-2,PUE为9.5~15.1 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2。豫北、豫东地区LUE、HUE、PUE均高于豫西、豫南地区。对小麦、玉米气候资源利用效率贡献最大的分别是积温和降水。小麦生长季气候资源利用效率综合指数（CUE^*）在0.24~0.50,玉米生长季CUE^*在0.21~0.31,区域内差异明显,提高小麦HUE和玉米PUE有助于提高气候资源综合利用效率。     

南疆灌区冬小麦/夏玉米改良模式增产潜力与机理分析

田间试验系统地比较了新冬20/沈玉2002不同套种模式（“522模式”与“952模式”）及“521模式”下保麦10号/蠡玉35、保麦10号/登海3672、新冬20/蠡玉35的产量、叶面积指数、光合势及干物质积累等性状的差异。结果表明,“522模式”新冬20/沈玉2002周年产量（17 838.2 kg·hm^-2）较“952模式”(16 550.9 kg·hm^-2)增产7.8%,其中,冬小麦增产18.4%。“521模式”保麦10号/蠡玉35、保麦10号/登海3672、新冬20/蠡玉35周年产量为19 905.0～20 751.0 kg·hm^-2,其中,冬小麦产量为9 740～10 275 kg·hm^-2、夏玉米产量为9 630～10 211.0 kg·hm^-2;冬小麦孕穗期和开花期叶面积指数分别为6.0、5.0左右,返青至成熟的总光合势290.2～324.3×10⁴·m²·d·hm^-2;夏玉米生育期111 d,大喇叭口期至吐丝后20 d的叶面积指数均保持在4左右,生育期间总光合势233.1～257.5×10⁴·m²·d·hm^-2,冬小麦和玉米总光合势为523.3～581.8×10⁴·m²·d·hm^-2;总干物质量38 569.1～40 487.0 kg·hm^-2;冬小麦产量的边际效应为85.7%～112.9%。“521模式”比“952模式”大幅度增产,是小麦行数和边行数及边际产量增大的结果,并将夏玉米播期提至麦收前15 d左右,延长玉米生育期（达110 d左右）,优化株行配置使玉米增产显著,实现全年超高产。“521模式”同时充分利用了冬小麦边际补偿效应和玉米时间补偿效应,较“952模式”易获得周年超高产。并对超高产栽培技术进行了讨论。     

浅埋滴灌水氮运筹对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用二因素二次饱和D-最优设计,于2016-2017年在辽西半干旱区移动遮雨棚内进行了水氮精量控制试验,设灌溉量和施氮量2个因素,灌溉量分别设145.4、271.7、348.2、436.2 mm 4个水平,施氮量分别设0、84.6、136.1、195.0 kg·hm^-2 4个水平,共6个处理。试验分析了水氮交互作用对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,建立了产量回归模型。研究结果表明：浅埋滴灌条件下,灌溉量在145.4~350.5 mm时,春玉米产量随灌溉量的增加而增高至11 005.60 kg·hm^-2;灌溉量在350.5~436.2 mm时,产量随灌溉量的增加而降低至10 730.09 kg·hm^-2;施氮量在0~146.9 kg·hm^-2时,产量随施氮量的增加而增高至10 983.19 kg·hm^-2,施氮量在146.9~195.0 kg·hm^-2时,产量随施氮量的增加而降低至10 862.39 kg·hm^-2。灌溉量因素的影响大于施氮量,水氮之间有明显的正向交互效应,当灌溉量为373.1 mm,施氮量为165.6 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。作物耗水量在拔节-抽雄期和灌浆-收获期较大,分别为115.64、127.50 mm;水分利用效率随灌溉量的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,降低幅度达到52.21%,随着施氮量的增加则呈先升高后降低趋势,增幅为14.73%~20.08%;其中处理6（灌溉量348.2 mm,施氮量195.0 kg·hm^-2)最利于水分利用效率的提高。综合产量和水分利用效率两方面的因素,初步建立了春玉米浅埋滴灌水氮施用优化模式,参数组合为灌溉量348.2 mm、施氮量165.6 kg·hm^-2。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.