美国国有林经营规划公众参与现状及启示

文中阐述美国国有林经营规划中公众参与的现状及法律基础,详述美国进行国有林经营规划过程中公众参与的相关考虑因素、参与对象、参与途径及步骤等,总结其公众参与的特点,提出对我国进行国有林经营规划过程中加强公众参与的启示:1）健全公众参与国有林经营规划的法律法规;2）扩展公众参与途径;3）完善国有林经营规划的公众监督机制;4）提高公众对国有林经营规划的认知。     

Improving the flow of scientific information across the interface of forest science and policy

The ever-expanding knowledge base of forest science is a challenge for scientists, the public and decision-makers to incorporate into forest policy and management. Scientific assessments have been used as a process to synthesize information on a variety of resource issues, including climatic change. As a process of communication, three attributes of assessments, assessment capacity, stakeholder participation, and articulation of uncertainty, can strongly influence the ability of the assessments to communicate scientific information. The institutional structure of the USDA Forest Service to conduct resource assessments has allowed a sustained effort to conduct periodic synthesis of scientific information and to address new policy issues, such as climate change. The US National Assessment on Climate Variability and Change engaged diverse stakeholders, such as public and private decision-makers, resource and environmental managers, the general public and scientific experts in a broad national and regional dialogue about changes in climate, their impacts, and what can be done to adapt to an uncertain and continuously changing climate. Both the National Assessment and the Third Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change incorporated a language of uncertainty to describe consensus of the scientific community on the report's conclusions. These attributes are important elements of improving the flow of information across the science–policy interface.     

Public Involvement in Forest Management Planning

Summary

In 1997, the US Forest Service initiated public involvement processes in three national forests in the northeastern United States-the Finger Lakes National Forest in central New York, the Green Mountain National Forest in Vermont, and the White Mountain National Forest in New Hampshire and Maine. Citizens' perspectives were sought on forest management prior to determining the changes needed for revising the Land and Resource Management Plans (Forest Plans) as well as to exchange information on management of these three forests. These processes represent a pro-active effort by the US Forest Service to engage communities of interest in dialogue about the management of these national forests. The Forest Service has emphasized the principles of ecosystem management and community partnership in developing these plans. The paper describes the policy framework for forest planning and an outline of the Plan Revision process as developed in the Northeast. It further offers a preliminary analysis of this approach, including lessons to date, their implication for subsequent phases of plan revision processes in the Northeast, and possible relevance for agencies embarking on similar public planning initiatives.     

尤溪县生态公益林建设问题与对策探讨

介绍了尤溪县"两类林"划分、生态公益林分布等生态公益林建设和保护情况,分析当前公益林建设存在的问题主要有:社会重视不够,管理不到位;补偿机制不完善,林农经营积极性不高;管护责任难落实.提出了建立生态公益林建设政策保障体系,探索建立生态公益林经营管护模式,研究采取相适应的生态公益林经营措施,建立完善的森林生态效能补偿机制和提高全民生态公益林建设与保护意识的对策和建议.     

The ecological sustainability of tropical forest management: evaluation of the national forest management standards of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, with emphasis on the need for adaptive management

From a conceptual point of view, national forest management standards in Latin American countries have progressed significantly in recent years. Examples include the Costa Rican Standards and Procedures for Sustainable Forest Management and Certification, developed by the National Commission for Forest Certification and in Nicaragua, the National Institute of Forestry proposal of principles, criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. In line with general approaches worldwide, these national standards primarily focus on the fulfillment of sound forest practice. There is comparatively little emphasis on the assessment of management outcomes or changes in key components of the eco- and social-systems that result from management impacts. Essentially, there is little emphasis on adaptive management, though arguments that management cannot be sustainable if it is not adaptive are persuasive. This study sought to contribute to the development of standards that include elements for adaptive management that define, communicate and evaluate sustainable forest management in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Elements from the national standards and the CIFOR generic C&I template (predominantly focused on forest management outcomes) were used as a starting point. The basic research process consisted of three phases of evaluation (in-office, desk and field). The evaluations were carried out by multidisciplinary, international groups of experts in forest ecology, management and policy. This study demonstrated the value of forums and workshops that facilitate exchange between forest scientists and policymakers; the innovation and application of a practical, applicable and scientifically based methodology for developing national level C&I; and acceptance of this methodology by key players in the fields of forest management and policy. These experiences and the resulting proposals of C&I for the evaluation of ecologically sustainable forest management are expected to be used as points of reference for future development of forest policy in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and to contribute to the overall understanding of C&I development processes in the region.     

森林认证对林业政策与管理的影响分析

森林认证作为一种市场激励手段和"软政策"工具,林业政策法规作为一种强制性的"硬政策"工具,这两方面在促进森林可持续经营和加强林业管理方面具有较强的互补性。目前,森林认证已发展成为加强林业政策管理的一种新工具,包括促进各方对林业问题和林业政策的讨论、推动国家法规政策的制定和实施、改进公有林的管理、提高森林可持续经营的意识和能力以及加强有关森林可持续经营的国际政策协商等。文章分析了森林认证与林业法规政策的关系,并对森林认证在推动包括我国在内的林业政策管理中的作用进行了探讨。     

Purposes and challenges of public participation in regional and local forestry in Finland

Public participation in regional and local forest planning in Finland was researched. The questions were: (1) What is the purpose of public participation? (2) What are the challenges of public participation? The results are based on the analysis of discourse communities in a case study concerning a Regional Forest Programme and forest management planning. It was shown that the purpose of participation was to promote communication at the regional level and to gather information at the local level. The general conclusion is, that the regional forest programmes include practices to offer possibilities for communication among participants. This does not mean, that all the programme processes have reached consensus automatically. The case studied here reached compromise. The case study points out problems faced, if public participation would become common practice at the local level on non-industrial private forests lands. In forest management planning it would result in an excessively demanding mediator/expert role for the planner. The need to consider all relevant issues, e.g. biodiversity management, would also become apparent. The study supports the idea that public participation as communication has better possibilities to promote sustainable forest management than public participation as information gathering.     

Participation and societal values: the challenge for lawmakers and policy practitioners

Participation is about finding consensus in diversity and reflects a normative shift towards multiple-use values that recognise that forest management should blend multiple management objectives into a coherent set of practices. A framework to incorporate interest groups’ values and needs into functional forest management systems has yet to be institutionalised in contemporary forest policy and management. Participation is not just a means but also a model for involving those concerned. It should be understood as a pro-active approach for creating an enhanced understanding of objectives, problems and their solution. Optimally any participative process will help to create more informed operative decisions, and thus provide a more solid base for policy outputs, increasing the chance of reaching ‘sustainable’ decisions that consider long-term effects. The analytical framework of this paper draws on theoretical traditions within the sociology of law and legal theory, and analyses some recent national legislation and international law with respect to participation. It proposes a set of guidelines that aim to facilitate participation (as opposed to merely pro forma consultation) with particular reference to the formulation and implementation of National Forest Programmes (NFPs).     

Mitigating Climate Change Through Small-Scale Forestry in the USA: Opportunities and Challenges

Forest management for carbon sequestration is a low-cost, low-technology, relatively easy way to help mitigate global climate change that can be adopted now while additional long-term solutions are developed. Carbon-oriented management of forests also offers forest owners an opportunity to obtain a new source of income, and commonly has environmental co-benefits. The USA is developing climate change policy that recognizes forestry as a source of offsets in carbon markets, and the emissions trading programs and standards that have developed to date offer opportunities for afforestation, reforestation, reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and improved forest management projects. Private forest owners are key players in carbon markets because they own over half of the forest land in the USA and carbon offsetting from public forest land is rare. However, a number of environmental, economic, and social constraints currently limit carbon market participation by forest owners. Key issues include: the low price of carbon and high cost of market entry; whether small landowners can gain market access; how to meet requirements such as management plans and certification; and whether managing for carbon is consistent with other forest management goals. This paper provides an overview of current and emerging opportunities for family forest owners to contribute to climate change mitigation in the USA, and explores ways of overcoming some of the challenges so that they can take advantage of these opportunities.     

生态公益型国有林场生态公益林现状及培育策略的探讨

分析了南平葫芦山国有林场生态公益林建设现状、存在问题,从政策保障、资金支持、培育措施、发展个体经济、提供资金补偿等方面,对生态公益林培育策略进行探讨。     

中美森林法比较及其对我国森林法修改的启示

通过比较中美森林法的历史和现状，指出森林法修改和完善的紧迫性且时机已经成熟，以及森林法修改要重视理论研究和实际情况调查。我国森林法修改和完善可以借鉴美国森林法中的森林生态系统管理等先进理念。对美国《国有林管理法》与《中华人民共和国森林法》的结构与体例、立法精神、科学的地位、公众参与等内容进行了比较研究，据此给出一些《中华人民共和国森林法》的修改建议。     

Community forestry in British Columbia: Policy progression and public participation

It is 17 years since the British Columbia Ministry of Forests instituted the Jobs and Timber Accord of 1997, which established British Columbia's (BC) Community Forest Pilot Program and formally introduced Community Forest Agreements into the provincial forest policy framework. For this special issue we present the results of a census of all active members of the BC Community Forest Association, evaluating the program using the method demonstrated by Maryudi et al. (2012) where evaluation is guided by the original aims of the policy; in this case the Community Forestry Initiative of BC. We sought the Community Forest Organisations' views on the strengths and limitations of the initiative, whether they were equipped to achieve the aims expected of the policy, and the degree to which the policy aims were their priorities. We found that community forests in BC assess themselves as having been broadly successful in terms of policy aims of public participation and environmental stewardship of forests, but that the policy has not enabled economic diversification. Corroborating other studies we report that community forests found that encouraging participation requires sustained effort, that diversifying from conventional forestry is desired but not usually achievable and that motivations for involvement in community forests are diverse.     

小百户镇国家重点公益林管护现状及对策分析

介绍小百户镇实施国家重点公益林管护的面积、经费、管护模式等现状.分析了目前存在着的管护资金不足,广大农民群众缺乏参与管护的经济基础及对生态公益林认识不足等问题,藉此提出了加大宣传力度,将相关领导干部也纳入宣传对象,实施管护新模式,完善生态效益补偿资金投入机制,充分发挥林农的主体作用等对策。     

我省天保工程公益林建设项目作业设计存在问题与对策

我省天保工程实施两年来，公益林建设项目作业设计率已达95％以上，然而还存在着一些单位领导对作业设计重要性认识不到位等诸多问题，据此提出了今后若干对策。     

基于减少对环境影响的采伐方式的森林采伐作业规程进展

介绍了国际上基于减少对环境影响的采伐理念的区域级或国家级的森林采伐作业规程,包括:斐济的《森林采伐作业规程》、联合国粮农组织的《标准森林采运方法规范》、亚太林业委员会的《亚太区域森林采伐作业规程》和中国的《森林采伐作业规程》.这些规程以生态优先、以人为本、注重效率为基本原则,目的是通过技术的改进,严格控制森林的过度消耗,减少采伐活动对森林及其环境的负面影响,提高劳动效率和木材的利用率,处理好经济、生态和社会的平衡,促进森林可持续发展.文章最后针对我国森林采伐规程实施中存在的问题,提出了分类制定不同区域的森林采伐作业规程,加强科学研究工作,提供技术支撑和理论依据及建立有效的监测和监督体系的建议.     

森林经营方案编制方法研究--以临武县东山国有林场为例

根据临武县东山国有林场开展森林经营的需要,依据国家林业相关政策、森林经营方案编制技术规程,结合现有的森林资源现状及发展方向,分析了临武县东山国有林场森林经营环境,提出了林场森林经营方针、原则与经营目标,设计了林场森林发展阶段的主要经营措施,规划了林场森林多资源利用方案,以供在经理期内规划参考落实。     

森林公园景点空间分布的比较研究

应用最近邻点距离法，对湖南阳明山与广东流溪河国家森林公园景点的空间分布状况进行了分析.结果表明阳明山国家森林公园的景点分布聚散度小于流溪河，在空间分布上更为密集，而流溪河国家森林公园的景点分布十分接近于随机分布，且两个公园景点聚散度之间差异明显，不同景点聚散度对森林公园的规划、发展和管理具有不同的影响.     

日本国有林经营管理特点

本文着重论述了日本国有林的发展阶段及其经营管理的5个特点和经验:(1)确定了发挥森林多种效益的战略指导思想;(2)健全法制,依法治林;(3)建立一套科学的森林计划体系;(4)有一个稳定的林业管理体制;(5)采取扶持政策。最后,对日本国有林今后的发展进行了展望。     

Prospects of forest road infrastructure development in northwest Russia with proven Nordic solutions

This paper analyses the situation with forest roads in Russia in the context of harvesting, transportation, forest management and forest fire prevention. Russia harvests less than 30% of its allowable harvest potential. Forest fires burn volumes which are equal to half of the annual harvest. One reason is the insufficient density and quality of forest roads. The average density of roads is less than 1.5 m/ha, which is one-tenth of that in Nordic countries. We argue that better access to the forests, utilizing the technology transfer of the proven Nordic forest road solutions (NFRS) under local conditions, might have important effects on the strategy-making processes in forest infrastructure development in northwest Russia. For this purpose, A'WOT analysis is proposed to identify the related strategies and assign priorities to those strategies. According to this study undertaken in Karelia, where NFRS were introduced over 10 years ago, the top priorities regarding the relevant threats are the lack of legal framework under forest land leasing and the low profitability of forestry. The results indicate that the NFRS are viewed positively for the Russian conditions. The forest road market has virtually unlimited opportunities for growth. Together with a favourable policy in terms of national and regional development programmes it can support forest infrastructure development. Forest fire prevention, multiple uses of woodlands, and different environmental service markets are seen as potential opportunities for NFRS. However, the results also indicate that there is substantial uncertainty and scepticism concerning how such markets would be of benefit to leaseholders who would like to adopt intensive forestry.     

Performance of forest groups in achieving multifunctional forestry in Flanders

The forest group is a new policy instrument in Flanders (northern Belgium) to realise multifunctional forest management. This group was introduced in 1995 and organises the various kinds of forest owners, private as well as public, on a local basis (mean working area 751 km²), with voluntary participation (as in all forest owner organisations). This study evaluates forest groups in Flanders through an analysis of their relevance, effectiveness, utility and implementation. The targets of forest groups are relevant to the evolving needs and priorities at the local, regional, national and international level. The effectiveness analysis reveals that most indicators — including the quantity of timber harvest, the number of members, the forest area with an accepted management plan, the area under management and the area with small-scale ecological measures — have been improving between 1995 and 2004. The utility analysis emphasises that the owners are motivated because the forest group provides information and increases knowledge, includes the owner into a collective management plan, offers a platform for sharing management experiences and acts as a union force against the government. However, the forest group is not the solution to introduce multifunctional forest management by all forest owners. The implementation analysis identifies a number of impeding factors, including the imbalance between rights and duties, inconsistencies between various policy aims, and failure of forest groups to act as a common forum for all stakeholders in their working area.