汉江上游郧县庹家洲河段全新世古洪水研究

通过对汉江上游的实地调查,在湖北省郧县庹家洲段发现了含有4期古洪水滞流沉积层的典型全新世黄土-古土壤剖面。结合野外观察和室内粒度、磁化率和烧失量等指标的测定,判定为典型的古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD),记录了汉江上游4期古洪水事件。通过地层对比、OSL断代等方法,确定这4期古洪水事件分别发生在12 600-12 400aB.P.,4 200-4 000aB.P.,3 200-2 800aB.P.和东汉时期1 900-1 800aB.P.。然后利用沉积学和水文学原理恢复了洪峰水位,并选择合适的水文参数,采用比降法水文模型推算出了这4期特大古洪水洪峰流量。同时,根据相同的方法,推算了剖面附近1983,2005和2010年洪痕对应的洪峰流量,与实测流量相比,误差在1.99%~4.21%,说明计算古洪水洪峰流量的水文参数选择与计算结果是合理的,而且古洪水洪峰流量计算结果也符合洪峰流量与流域面积关系。     

黄河柳林段全新世特大洪水水文学研究

通过野外对黄河晋陕峡谷段的调查研究,在柳林段两河口村三川河支流沟口内发现了疑似全新世古洪水滞流沉积物剖面。将采集的沉积学样品在实验室进行磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙和粒度成分的测试分析可知,它们是黄河悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境下的沉积物。本文采用古水文学方法恢复了洪峰水位,采用比降-面积法水文模型推算出其洪峰流量介于48190~52259 m3s-1之间,通过与晋陕峡谷其他地点的结果对比,证明采用古洪水SWD厚度与含沙量关系法恢复洪峰水位、推求出的洪峰流量数据比较可靠。并且根据2012年大洪水洪痕指示的洪峰水位,采用同样的水文参数和方法,恢复其洪峰流量,其结果与实测数据误差较小,也表明该断面古洪水洪峰流量的恢复结果是可靠的。该研究成果丰富了黄河流域古洪水水文学研究的资料,对于黄河晋陕峡谷水资源开发、防洪减灾具有重要的科学意义。     

汉江上游郧县尚家河段全新世古洪水水文学研究

通过对汉江上游实地调查,在郧县尚家河一级阶地前沿发现了含有4个古洪水滞流沉积层的典型全新世黄土一古土壤剖面,对采集的沉积物样品进行磁化率、粒度和烧失量等沉积特征分析,并与现代洪水沉积物特征比较,判定该剖面中的洪水沉积物为典型的古洪水滞流沉积物,记录了汉江上游全新世4期古洪水事件.通过地层对比和OSL测年,确定这4期古洪水事件分别发生在12600-12400 a B.P.,11600-11400 a B.P.,5500-5000 a B.P.和1000-900 a B.P..在确定了古洪水洪峰水位和相关水文参数的基础上,采用比降法恢复了这4期古洪水最大洪峰流量在46 280～63 720m3/s之间,符合流域面积与洪水洪峰流量关系;同时采用相同的河流断面和水文参数,计算了剖面附近的2010年7月18日洪痕流量,与实测流量相比,误差为1.74％,说明古洪水水文参数选择与洪峰流量计算结果是合理的.     

汉江上游黄坪村段古洪水滞流沉积物研究及意义

古洪水滞流沉积物是古洪水事件的直接产物,蕴含古洪水的重要信息。以汉江上游郧县黄坪村剖面为研究对象,对其粒度、磁化率、烧失量及碳酸钙等进行了分析。结果表明:古洪水滞流沉积物的粒度具有粉砂含量砂级颗粒黏粒含量的特征;磁化率值在78×10-8~81.2×10-8m3kg-1之间;烧失量值较低为23.9~27.7 g kg-1,碳酸钙为2.72%~3.20%。其宏观特征和上述参数与黄土和古土壤有明显的区别。沉积物的粒度组成特征及粒度参数、磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙等对于鉴别古洪水滞流沉积层有重要的参考价值。     

黄河柳林滩段全新世古洪水滞流沉积物物源研究

通过对黄河中游进行古洪水沉积学研究和水文学研究,为超长尺度水文学提供数据基础。对黄河中游晋陕峡谷段进行详细的考察,在黄河窟野河口右侧柳林滩附近发现3层全新世古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD)。光释光(OSL)测年结果表明,这一期3次古洪水事件分别发生在11 800~11 000aB.P.,10 800~10 200a B.P.,10 600~9 600aB.P.。通过对样品进行磁化率、烧失量、粒度成分、化学元素和扫描电镜的试验分析,确定其为河流悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境下的产物,是典型的古洪水滞流沉积物。其中,古洪水SWD的磁化率和烧失量较古土壤低,说明其是新鲜的滞流沉积物,未受到风化成壤作用的影响。3层古洪水SWD的自然分布频率曲线都呈现单峰,峰态尖锐,为极正偏态,说明其分选性好。扫描电镜的分析表明,3层SWD属于河流沙,偏关县L0属于典型的黄土—风积粉砂。不同层次的沉积物记录了不同期次的古洪水事件,反映出其水动力大小的不同或物质来源的差异。结合粒度分析和化学元素的结果,确定古洪水SWD2、SWD3与现代洪水SWD均为细沙质粉沙,化学成分相同,表明是黄河主流大洪水悬移质沉积形成。古洪水SWD1为中沙,与SWD2、SWD3在常量元素和重金属元素含量上有显著差异,而与前人在毛乌素沙漠地区所进行的粒度和元素分析结果接近,说明本层古洪水SWD是支流窟野河流域暴雨洪水从毛乌素沙漠地区侵蚀搬运而沉积下来的物质。该研究成果为今后准确鉴别古洪水SWD及来源判断提供参考借鉴。     

泾河下游全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过对泾河流域广泛的野外考察,在泾河下游高陵县段发现了典型的全新世古洪水滞流沉积剖面,系统地进行采集样品和粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、吸湿水含量等多指标分析。从沉积学角度将古洪水滞流沉积物与全新世风成黄土和土壤进行对比,证明了该剖面所夹古洪水滞流沉积物的性质为细砂质粉砂,属于河流洪水悬移质泥砂沉积物。根据地层结构及与流域内其它剖面的对比,结合OSL测年数据,确定泾河在全新世中期4200~4000 a B.P.发生了第1期古洪水事件,在全新世晚期3200~2800 a B.P.发生了第2期洪水事件。这些古洪水事件都发生在全球性气候突变转折时期,表明在这些时期气候极端恶化,变率增大,洪水和干旱事件皆有发生。该研究对于泾河防洪减灾、水资源开发利用,对于揭示水文系统对于全球变化的响应规律,具有重要的科学意义。     

渭河流域全新世古洪水滞流沉积物地球化学特征

对渭河流域野外实地详细调查,在渭河中游发现了具有典型古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD)的全新世黄土-古土壤沉积剖面。根据地层学对比和OSL测年,确定渭河流域在3200-2800aB.P.发生了特大古洪水事件。对沉积物地球化学特征分析表明,SWD为典型的古洪水滞流沉积物,各化学元素和氧化物的变异系数大,元素数据分布较为分散;Fe2O3、Al2O3、Ba、Cr、Cu、V、Rb含量高于S0和L0,SiO2、Zr含量低于S0和L0;化学元素粒度效应表明,SWD粒径小、粘粒强,是在滞流环境的水动力条件下沉积而成;通过气候指标Rb/Sr和Ba/Sr分析,认为古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD)记录的3200-2800aB.P.的特大古洪水事件,是在全新世大暖期结束之际,因夏季风减弱、气候系统不稳定、降水变率较大所导致的。     

黄河平渡关段全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过对黄河中游晋陕峡谷段的深入调查研究,在山西省大宁县平渡关基岩峡谷河段左岸沟口岩棚内发现了全新世古洪水滞流沉积层剖面。根据野外宏观特征及沉积环境,鉴别出平渡关(PDG)剖面夹有4层古洪水滞流沉积物。结合粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO³含量等室内分析测定结果,确定为河流悬移质和跃移质在高水位滞流环境当中的沉积物,是典型的古洪水滞流沉积物。不同层次沉积物是不同古洪水事件的客观记录,既有细沙质粉沙,也有细沙或者中沙,反映出其物质来源的不同或者水动力大小的差异。粒度自然分布频率曲线为正偏和极正偏,主峰高且尖锐,表明其分选良好,其粒度概率累积分布曲线为典型的两段式。沉积物磁化率和烧失量均低于全新世风成黄土和古土壤,CaCO³含量介于古土壤和黄土之间,说明在黄河晋陕峡谷段,洪水所携带的悬移质泥沙是流域内黄土区和风沙区水土流失物质的混合物。     

泾河泾阳段高河漫滩沉积元素与化合物指示的洪水事件

根据泾阳泾河高漫滩沉积剖面中128个样品的元素、化合物含量与粒度分析,研究了泾阳泾河高漫滩剖面沉积特征与洪水变化.结果表明,元素Ma,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,Pb,Ba,Rb,V和化合物Al2O3,Fe2O3,K2O含量在剖面各层中变化明显,分辨率高,能够清晰地指示洪水以及降水量的变化.JYa剖面分为18个沉积层,指示了18次大小不同的洪水和18个降水较多的年份.沉积物粒度细,元素Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,Pb,Rb,V和化合物Al2O3Fe2O2,K2O含量高,元素Ba含量低,指示沉积时洪水强度小,洪水水位低,降雨量少.沉积物粒度粗,元素Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,Pb,Rb,V和化合物Al2O3,Fe2O3,K2O含量低;元素Ba含量高,指示沉积时洪水强度大,洪水水位高,降雨量多.在这18次洪水事件中,在同一次洪水沉积层内形成了两个以上薄层的元素和化合物含量、粒度成分的微小变化,指示多数期次的洪水发生时期常有两个以上洪峰出现.泾阳泾河高漫滩第14,12,13,8,5,1层洪水沉积反映了泾河泾阳段全流域性的年降水量增加,且年降水量至少达到约800 mm.     

汉江与渭河大洪水滞流沉积物性质对比分析

通过广泛野外考察,在汉江上游和渭河干支流发现多次现代大洪水滞流沉积物(SWD),进行样品采集和粒度成分、磁化率特征对比分析。结果表明:汉江上游与渭河大洪水SWD的磁化率都很低,在(20～60)×10-8 m3/kg之间。这与渭河流域马兰黄土L1的磁化率相当。这也正是那些未受到风化成壤作用影响的新鲜沉积物的基本特征。汉江上游与渭河大洪水SWD粒度成分均以粉沙为主,沙级颗粒含量次之,粘土成分含量最少。它们主要是河流洪水悬移质和跃移质成分在高水位滞流环境当中的沉积物。与渭河相比,汉江上游大洪水SWD粒度成分更粗,沙级颗粒成分含量略多。汉江上游大洪水SWD性质主要是粉沙质亚沙土和沙质粉沙土。渭河大洪水SWD性质则主要是粉沙土、沙质粉沙土和粘土质粉沙土。这是因为汉江上游穿行于秦岭和巴山基岩山地之间,羽毛状分布的支流水系比降大,河流搬运动力强,在暴雨洪水期间,不断地向干流输入粗颗粒泥沙。而渭河流域为黄土高原,河流泥沙主要来源于粉沙质的黄土层和地表土壤。该研究成果对汉江上游和渭河流域防洪减灾和水土流失防治具有重要的科学意义。     

黄河壶口至龙门段全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过野外考察,在黄河晋陕峡谷发现全新世古洪水滞流沉积物地层。对于采取的沉积物和黄土古土壤样品,进行磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙和粒度成分的测试分析。综合野外观测和实验分析结果,确定它们是黄河悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境当中的沉积物。其主要成分是粉沙,次要成分为细沙,据此确定其质地属于细沙质粉沙。其磁化率略高于黄河河床相沙质沉积物,但是远低于全新世风成黄土和古土壤。其频率曲线为极正偏态,主峰高而且尖锐,表明分析性很好,粒度成分很集中。这是因为其在黄河洪水当中长距离搬运分选的结果。与泾河、洛河和漆水河比较,黄河晋陕峡谷全新世古洪水沉积物粒度成分偏粗。这表明黄河洪水搬运动力较强,且其悬移质泥沙是流域内黄土地区和风沙地区水土流失产物的混合物。这些特大洪水沉积层之间,被坡积角砾石或者石渣土层分隔开来,每一层记录了一个古洪水事件。     

Caesium-137 dating applied to slackwater flood deposits of the Llobregat River, NE Spain

During a palaeoflood study of the Llobregat River (NE Spain), analysis of ¹³⁷Cs was carried out on slackwater flood deposits to obtain an improved flood chronology for the most recent flood sediments. At the Monistrol study reach, ¹³⁷Cs was measured in flood deposits preserved in valley side rock alcoves, with a range of ¹³⁷Cs concentrations of 2.80–10.06 mBq/g measured. The ¹³⁷Cs was associated with sediment mobilised from the upstream catchment by erosion and transported to the alcoves during floods. The onset of measured caesium activity in the sedimentary profiles permitted the deposits to be divided between those from floods that occurred before the mid-1950s and those from events after this period. Combining the information derived from the slackwater flood stratigraphy, the minimum discharge estimates associated with the flood deposits, ¹³⁷Cs analysis and the instrumental peak discharge series, it was possible to identify the particular flood events responsible for the majority of the slackwater flood units. At Vilomara, however, ¹³⁷Cs activity was measured in palaeoflood deposits dated to the Late Bronze Age and located at an elevation not reached by the floodwaters of the largest modern events. The data from this site indicated that the ¹³⁷Cs was not associated with sediments transported by floods but was rainfall-derived, the rainwater reaching the deposits through fissures in the rock. To ensure the successful application of caesium dating to slackwater flood deposits preserved within rock alcoves, or caves, some general guidelines are proposed. The technique is best applied: (1) when there is a sedimentary profile of greater than 1 m depth; (2) when the profile is sampled away from zones affected by direct percolation or springwater entering the alcove; and (3) where there are various levels of contrasting textures within the profile.     

渭河下游全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过广泛的野外考察,在渭河下游发现了全新世古洪水滞流沉积物,对其进行了深入观察、地层划分和系统采样。在实验室内进行磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙和粒度成分等多指标的分析测试。结果表明,这些古洪水沉积物以细粉沙为主,性质为粉沙质亚黏土,致密坚硬,具有水平或波状层理,与覆盖在河流阶地面的风成黄土和古土壤有着显著的区别。通过OSL测年断代,发现它们与渭河上游固川镇剖面的古洪水SWD为同一期特大洪水的沉积物。这表明渭河流域在3200—3000aBP发生了一组3次特大洪水事件。这个时期正是全新世大暖期结束之际,也就是中国历史上商代末期。渭河流域特大洪水事件的发生与全球性气候恶化转折密切相关。     

Sedimentary records and luminescence chronology of Late Holocene palaeofloods in the Luni River, Thar Desert, northwest India

River Luni is the only well-integrated river system in the Thar Desert of India. This river catastrophically flooded due to unusually heavy rainfall in the catchment area during July 1979. In order to establish whether floods of this magnitude have occurred in the recent geological past, sedimentary records of palaeofloods occurring in the Sindari Gorge, in the lower Luni Basin were investigated. The principal slackwater flood deposits were observed in a back-flooded tributary near Bhuka. Analysis of the slackwater flood deposits preserved in the back-flooded tributary and their luminescence dating suggests that the Luni River has experienced at least 17 extreme floods during the past millennium. Evidence from the Bhuka site also suggests that no floods comparable in magnitude to the July 1979 megaflood have occurred during this period. This observation is in conformity with the palaeoflood record of central India. Comparison of the long-term monsoon rainfall series for the Luni Basin and the Indian region reveals a clear link between the two, and indicates that the clustering of large floods in the last few decades and during the Medieval warming period is a regional phenomenon associated with wetter conditions. This correlates with a regionally extended episode of landscape stability denoted by stabilization of dunes in this region.     

Historical morphogenesis of the Turia River coastal flood plain in the Mediterranean littoral of Spain

The cross-referencing of sedimentological, stratigraphic, geoarchaeological and radiocarbon data enables us to establish the geomorphologic evolution of the Late Holocene coastal flood plain of the Turia River. The Holocene marine transgression formed a coastal barrier lagoon environment in the coastal plain. During the Late Holocene, increased sediments supplied to the low reach of the river promoted: (a): the progradation of deltaic coastal sandy ridges on the coastline and (b): the aggradation of the floodplain on top of the sedimentary sequence. Four phases are clearly recognised in the geoarchaeological record of the flood plain. (1): High magnitude flooding events (2800 BP to 3rd century BC). (2): Slow riverbed aggradation and progressive levee formation (low energy flood regime) in Roman times (2nd century BC to 5th century AD). (3): Swampy environmental processes (6th to 9th centuries). (4): Second high-magnitude flooding phase (11th century). The navigable channel of the Roman and early Islamic periods became a wide and shallow braided channel in Medieval times. These phases are correlated with others detected by researchers in many areas of the Mediterranean region and with global Holocene climate events.     

Spatial distribution characteristics of organic matter and total nitrogen of marsh soils in river marginal wetlands

Contents of soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) in the surface soils and subsurface soils were measured in five types of floodplains classified with different flood frequencies in river marginal wetlands of Erbaifangzi, China, in 1999. Contour maps and profile maps were constructed to describe the spatial distribution of SOM and TN in order to identify the influences of flood frequency on them. Results showed that spatial distributions of both SOM and TN were very similar in soil profiles (0–120 cm) of the five areas, decreasing gradually with depth except an accumulation peak in the flooded floodplain (B area). Also, the accumulation peak in the soil profile of B area was relevant to water table, nitrogen leaching, denitrification and mineralization. However, their horizontal distributions in surface soils (0–10 cm) were different in the five areas. Although the flood could bring the deposit of nutrients and sands, the highest content of SOM or TN did not appear in B area but in the floodplain with certain flood frequency. For example, SOM content (6.76%) in 5-year floodplain wetland was highest, and the highest content of TN (3666.4 mg/kg) appeared in 1-year floodplain wetland. However, SOM and TN contents in soils of B area were 4.08% and 2605.4 mg/kg, respectively. Soil clay content, wetland plant (Phragmites australis) litter inputs, soil moisture and water table greatly affected the spatial distribution of SOM and TN in floodplain wetlands. The ratios of carbon to nitrogen of wetland soils in this region were relatively lower than those in paddy soils. SOM and TN contents were significantly correlated with total phosphorus (TP) contents in floodplain wetlands except the 100-year floodplain wetland, but they were significantly influenced by soil pH values only in B area. Denitrification and ammonia volatilization were the main mechanisms resulting in nitrogen loss of surface soils in B area. Flood frequency significantly influenced the ecological functions such as nutrient retention and water quality maintenance of floodplains.     

极端暴雨下小流域洪峰对植被和梯田的响应——以山东临朐台风“利奇马”暴雨为例

全球气候变化背景下,极端暴雨事件出现频率增加,研究小流域洪峰形成机理对暴雨洪水预测与防灾减灾具有重要意义。基于2019年9号台风"利奇马"在山东省潍坊市临朐县造成的特大暴雨事件,选取暴雨中心附近的17个小流域,综合应用野外调查、遥感解译等方法,研究了小流域洪峰强度和敏感性对植被和梯田的响应特征。结果表明:该暴雨事件中,小流域洪峰流量为2.36～56.50 m~3/s,洪峰模数为8.00～48.89 m~3/(s·km~2),洪水指数介于3.61～4.55。在相似降雨条件下,洪峰模数、洪水指数与坡耕地比例呈显著的正相关关系(p0.05),洪峰模数与林草地和梯田比例呈显著的负相关关系(p0.05),洪水指数与林草地和梯田比例呈一定的负相关关系。植被和梯田对洪峰影响的有效性随着次降雨量的增大,呈现先增加后降低的非线性特征;在极端暴雨条件下,调查流域对洪水的敏感性属于"Average"水平;增加林草地、梯田等土地类型的面积可提高小流域对极端暴雨的应对能力。     

极端降雨情形下黄土区水土保持治理的减沙效益估算

极端降雨情形下水土流失治理的效益评估对黄河治理具有重要意义,但由于缺乏有效的针对降雨事件尺度的定量评估方法,该问题长期存有争议。2017年陕西榆林"7·26"特大暴雨致灾严重,引发广泛关注。该研究提出了一种适用于事件尺度的减沙效益计算方法,并以岔巴沟流域为研究对象,计算流域水土保持治理在"7·26"暴雨事件中的减沙效益。研究结果表明,在流域未治理时段,高强度降雨事件具有较好的降雨径流关系,并且事件平均含沙量相当稳定,藉此可估计"7·26"洪水发生在未治理时段的产流量和平均含沙量,从而计算出相应的产沙量,估算出流域治理的总减沙效益。进一步,利用坡面措施(包括梯田和植被)和淤地坝减沙机制的不同,可分割其各自的减沙贡献。计算结果表明,"7·26"暴雨中,流域水土保持治理使得洪水平均含沙量减小83%,径流减小55.1%,流域治理的总减沙效益因此高达92.4%,与2007-2017年岔巴沟流域泥沙的减幅相当。总减沙效益中有55.1%来自坡面措施,37.3%来自淤地坝措施,2种措施均发挥重要作用。该方法不仅可以计算流域水土保持治理的总减沙效益,还能够分割不同水土保持措施的效益,可广泛应用于黄土区极端降雨情形下水土流失治理的效益评估。