关于稀土提高巴西橡胶产胶量问题的探讨

本文以胶乳的总固形物、干胶、总还原糖、硫醇和抗坏血酸的含量及胶乳的pH、乳管的堵塞指数、黄色体的破裂指数和排胶初速率等9个生理参数来考察稀土对巴西橡胶产胶量的影响。试验表明稀土不具有显著地提高胶树产胶量的生理基础。本文也讨论了稀土在防治橡胶树死皮中的作用。     

新型排胶调节剂对橡胶树无性系热研8-79胶乳生理参数的影响

合适的采胶强度对于橡胶树持续高产稳产至关重要。最近的大田试验表明,阻断乳管伤口堵塞物积累的一种新型排胶调节剂具有明显的增产效应。以橡胶树无性系热研8-79为材料,通过分析胶乳的几个生理参数,评价该增产效应的采胶强度。结果表明,在8月和10月,新型排胶调节剂处理的第一刀具有明显的增产效应。在测定的几个胶乳生理指标中,胶乳产量显著高于对照,硫醇、蔗糖和无机磷含量以及10月的干胶含量与对照无显著差异,但8月的干胶含量显著低于对照,表明其增产效应主要与胶乳产量增加有关。与0.5%乙烯利相比,施用新型排胶调节剂的不同刀次胶乳生理参数的变化更接近对照,表明采胶强度小于乙烯利。     

橡胶树新种质产排胶特性的初步研究

我国橡胶树新种质创新利用进展缓慢,为了深入全面的鉴定橡胶树新种质,加速其利用进程,笔者采用胶乳诊断方法,测定分析了1986年定植于大田鉴定评价圃的14份橡胶树新种质与产排胶密切相关的干胶含量、干胶产量、排胶初速度、堵塞指数及胶乳硫醇、无机磷、蔗糖及镁离子含量等生理参数.结果表明,种质间存在较大差异,但不能从中直接筛选出可供直接利用的种质材料,参试材料中仅有7和12号2份种质株次干胶产量超过对照,产胶、排胶维持在较平衡的状态.因此,除采用常规的33月龄树皮解剖、试割等方法进行早期选择研究外,有必要探索新的早期预测方法.     

强割对不同排胶特性的橡胶树品系胶乳生理生化参数的影响

以不同排胶特性的巴西橡胶树 PR107 和 CATAS 8-79 无性系的成龄树为材料，研究强割处理对胶乳中橡胶生 物合成相关生理参数和基因表达的影响。结果表明，强割处理的 PR107 和 CATAS 8-79 品系的胶乳中，HblMYC1 基因 表达量均呈现先上升后降低的模式，且在强割第 3~4 刀时达最大值，后期的 HblMYC1 基因表达量低于初始水平。胶乳 干胶含量的变化趋势与 HblMYC1 基因表达量的趋势一致，而排胶时间、胶乳产量和干胶产量这 3 个生理参数也呈现先 上升后降低的趋势，但在强割的第 5~6 刀时达才到最大值，后期恢复到初始水平。对强割处理胶乳中的各项生理参数 及 HblMYC1 基因表达量进行相关性分析，发现 PR107 品系的胶乳产量、干胶含量与干胶产量三者间均呈极显著正相关， 干胶含量与 HblMYC1 基因表达呈极显著正相关；CATAS 8-79 品系的排胶时间与胶乳产量呈极显著正相关，排胶时间、 胶乳产量、干胶含量三者与干胶产量呈极显著正相关。研究结果表明，在强割条件下的胶乳生理参数和 HblMYC1 基因 表达量之间存在相关性，且能够更快速反映出橡胶树品系的橡胶生物合成特性，为利用分子生物学技术指导制定适宜 的橡胶树割胶制度提供理论依据。     

3个橡胶树引进品种的胶乳生理特性研究

以3个橡胶树引进品种为研究对象,‘热研73397’和‘RRIM600’为对照,测定胶乳产量、干胶含量、排胶初速度及胶乳中蔗糖、无机磷、镁离子和硫醇等生理参数,比较分析不同品种的产排胶特性。结果表明,各测定参数在品种间存在较大差异。‘热试09-5’干胶产量高,蔗糖含量、排胶初速度低于‘热研73397’,干胶含量、硫醇含量、无机磷含量差异不显著,认为该品种产胶潜力大,胶乳稳定性好,排胶快,糖利用率高;‘热试09-6’干胶产量一般,与‘RRIM600’相比,干胶含量、堵塞指数高,排胶初速度和蔗糖含量差异不显著,认为该品种有较好的产胶潜力,但胶乳代谢强度低,可考虑通过刺激提高代谢强度,达到增产;‘热试09-7’干胶产量低,与‘RRIM600’相比,干胶含量高,排胶初速度低,蔗糖含量相当,认为该品种排胶障碍,糖的利用效率低,是否可以通过刺激割胶增加产量还需要进一步的试验验证。     

刺激割胶制度对橡胶树死皮病发生的生理效应

当刺激或割胶所造成的生理伤害超过橡胶树能忍受的限度，便引起产胶与排胶生理平衡失调，表现在：干胶含量、总固形物含量、硫醇含量、排胶初速和堵塞指数明显下降，而长流胶比例和反映创伤生活方式的过氧化物酶同工酶活性明显增加。生理平衡持续失调会导致乳管细胞自毁，丧失产胶功能，导致死皮病的发生。结果表明，产胶与排胶的动态平衡是可以通过刺激强度、割胶强度或割胶模式加以调控的，因而死皮病的发生亦是可控的。     

4GXJ-I型电动胶刀采胶对割胶和产胶特性影响的研究

为比较4GXJ-1型电动胶刀采胶与传统推刀在割胶和产胶特性的差异,采用电动胶刀和推式割胶刀对3个品种橡胶树‘热研8-79’(20龄)、‘热研7-33-97’(14龄)、‘PR107’(23龄)进行轮换方式割胶,观测了排胶初速度、干胶产量、耗皮量、灰分含量、伤树率等。结果表明:采用本电动胶刀割胶排胶初速度明显增加(p0.05),树皮总长度明显变短(p0.01),有效皮率高(p0.01)和有效切割率高(p0.05),干胶产量增加,其他参数差异均不明显,4GXJ-1型电动胶刀采胶较传统推刀有明显优势。     

幼龄胶园间种香蕉光合及水分生理生态特性

对比研究幼龄胶园间种香蕉后,橡胶与香蕉的光合及水分生理生态特性。试验结果表明：(1) 间种香蕉的橡胶树幼林净光合速率和蒸腾速率均高于无间种(对照)的橡胶树幼林,水分利用效率间作香蕉的胶树低于无间种的对(照胶)胶树;(2) 橡胶树下间种的香蕉净光合速率与对照香蕉间无明显差异,蒸腾速率以普通对照的香蕉略大,水分利用效率是间作的香蕉略大。幼林胶园间种香蕉,能充分利用林下资源,生态效应良好,值得发展。     

乙烯利刺激对橡胶树低产品系堵塞指数的影响试验简报

橡胶树从割胶后到停止排胶,是由于割胶下方附近的乳管形成某种堵塞作用,阻碍胶乳排流的结果.乙烯利刺激可降低低产品系的堵塞指数,延长排胶时间,提高株次产胶量.我场对橡胶树低产品系采用乙烯利刺激,试验证明:对低产品系的减刀、增产稳产具有积极的意义.     

巴西橡胶树胶乳中的核酸及其生理功能

橡胶树胶乳的核酸调控着腕乳的再生过程，胶乳的产量与其核酸含量呈正相关。死上以的形成与胶乳核酸含量及核酸酶活性的变化具有一定的联系。割胶和乙烯利刺激表现出相似的生理效应，可诱导胶树产丙源乙烯，并对有关基因表达活性的调节，促进胶乳的核酸和蛋白质（酶）的生物合成过程，从而提高胶乳的再生能力及产量。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.