秋水仙素对猪屎豆的诱变及同源四倍体种质创制的研究

猪屎豆是重要的农业植物资源,在绿肥、饲用和药用等方面都有重要的开发潜力,然而目前关于猪屎豆的品种培育还处于空白,生产上缺乏优良品种导致生产性能参差不齐的问题突出,开展多倍体育种研究可为今后猪屎豆种质资源创新利用和培育新品种奠定材料基础。本研究以二倍体猪屎豆为实验材料,通过不同质量浓度秋水仙素和不同处理时间对猪屎豆露白种子进行多倍体诱导,探讨秋水仙素对二倍体猪屎豆的诱变效果,并利用流式细胞倍性检测和根尖染色体核型分析对诱变后代的倍性进行检测,进一步比较分析二倍体和同源四倍体的气孔和保卫细胞大小以及叶片和种子形态等特征变化。结果表明：与对照相比,秋水仙素处理抑制了猪屎豆种子胚根的生长和下胚轴的伸长,使种子胚轴发生诱变而缩短变粗。研究发现以100 mg/L的秋水仙素浓度浸泡12 h时猪屎豆种子四倍体诱导率最高,为13.33%,总体效果最佳。与二倍体相比,同源四倍体植株叶片下表皮的气孔长度和宽度、保卫细胞长度和宽度显著增加而气孔密度显著降低;同源四倍体植株的叶片宽度和叶柄宽度显著增加,而叶片长度和叶柄长度显著缩短;同源四倍体植株的叶形指数显著减小。此外,同源四倍体植株所获种子较二倍体显著增大,种子百粒重较二倍体显著增加。综上所述,本研究掌握了秋水仙素诱导加倍猪屎豆的方法,并成功获得了同源四倍体猪屎豆新种质,为猪屎豆遗传育种及相关基础研究奠定了种质基础。     

橡胶树不同倍性的气孔性状差异研究

以通过流式细胞倍性检测鉴定出的橡胶树二倍体、三倍体、四倍体植株为研究对象,对不同倍性植株的气孔性状进行观察和统计。结果表明:不同倍性间的橡胶树叶片的气孔长度、气孔宽度、气孔密度均存在极显著差异。随着橡胶树倍性的提高,气孔的长度和宽度均增大,而气孔密度减小。二倍体、三倍体和四倍体的气孔长度范围分别为10.65~15.29、14.04~18.89、15.15~19.37μm,气孔宽度范围分别为7.13~10.65、8.58~11.83、10.38~13.83μm,气孔密度范围分别为520.62~867.69、402.53~764.80、381.79~555.32个/mm~2。以气孔长度15.15μm、气孔宽度10.38μm和气孔密度555.32个/mm~2为临界值,可以鉴定二、四倍体混合群体中的四倍体。三倍体和二倍体、四倍体在气孔长度值、宽度值和密度值在分布区间上均存在较大的重复,但以气孔长度14.04μm,气孔宽度8.58μm和气孔密度764.80个/mm~2为临界值,可以筛除二、三、四倍体混合群体中的部分二倍体,提高多倍体鉴定的效率。     

大麦小孢子培养研究进展

大麦小孢子培养技术不但可用来生产单倍体植株和加倍单倍体植株,而且可望成为转基因的理想受体系统。国际上正在朝着把转基因技术、分子杂交技术与小孢子培养系统有机结合的方向努力。从小孢子的预处理方法及机理、胚性发生诱导培养基、培养过程中小孢子内源激素变化以及培养方法等方面综述了大麦小孢子培养的研究进展。     

大麦小孢子培养研究进展

大麦小孢子培养技术不但可用来生产单倍体植株和加倍单倍体植株,而且可望成为转基因的理想受体系统。国际上正朝着把转基因技术、分子杂交技术与小孢子培养系统有机结合的方向努力。从小孢子的预处理方法及机理、胚性发生诱导培养基、培养过程中小孢子内源激素变化以及培养方法等方面综述了大麦小孢子培养的研究进展。     

应用小孢子离体培养技术培育大麦新品系

以大麦F1、F2代为供体材料,通过技术优化,建成了大麦小孢子培养高频再生技术程序。利用大麦小孢子加倍单倍体育种技术平台,二年内就可获得种性稳定的株系,四年内即可参加新品种区试。经过田间严格鉴定与选择,育成了大麦新品系“花98-11”和新株系“花01-3”、“花01-12”。     

木薯成熟种茎多倍体诱导及鉴定

以木薯品种SC205和新选048的成熟种茎为材料,利用秋水仙素对侧芽进行滴液法处理诱导多倍体,使用流式细胞仪鉴定木薯植株倍性,并通过形态学、解剖学、生理学方法鉴定和分析多倍体、嵌合体和二倍体特征特性。结果表明:通过诱变处理获得了木薯四倍体和嵌合体植株,四倍体和嵌合体植株与二倍体相比表现出最上部全展叶第1和第2叶叶形指数降低、叶片厚度增加,气孔密度变小,叶绿体数目增加,气孔长度、保卫细胞长度和宽度增大,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、类胡萝卜素含量、叶绿素总量、SPAD值增高,净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率增大。     

剑麻四倍体诱导与倍性鉴定

以剑麻H.11648愈伤组织为材料,分别采用0、2、4、6、8 g/L浓度的秋水仙碱对愈伤组织进行不同时间(1、2、3、4、5、6 d)的诱导处理,观察处理后的再生植株气孔大小、保卫细胞叶绿体数目、叶长、叶宽、叶形指数、叶片厚度以及苗头大小等,采用流式细胞仪倍性鉴定方法对处理后的再生植株体细胞DNA含量进行了检测。结果表明:用4 g/L浓度的秋水仙碱处理2 d诱变率最高,诱变率为(57.69±6.66)%,不定芽分化率为(63.33±2.89)%,分化系数为(3.55±1.24),加倍后的再生植株叶片下表皮气孔变大,单位叶面积的气孔数减少,叶片变宽变厚,叶形指数变小,植株变粗,突变体再生植株体细胞DNA含量是二倍体的2倍。     

继代培养中离体甜菜的倍性变化与增殖

用卡宝品红法检测了不同来源离休甜菜的不同器官在不同年度间细胞焙性的变化。并统计分析了年度间变化的差异显著性及不同倍性优势细胞比率与增殖能力之间的相关性，结果表明，甜菜离休植株茎尖细胞倍性在继代培养中相对稳定，而根尖细胞倍性在年度间有显著变化。由未授粉胚珠培养再生的胚性细胞团，其细胞染色体容易自然加倍；再生的单倍体植株，其茎尖细胞为单倍体，而根尖细胞为二倍体。在所测年度内，离体甜菜细胞倍性的变化对其增殖能力无明显影响。通过茎尖和不断选择培养是离休甜菜保持遗传稳定性的有效手段。     

木薯品种华南12号（SC12）同源四倍体诱导及鉴定

多倍化可伴随产生一些优良的农艺性状，如抗逆性增强、器官体积变大、生物量增加等，多倍体育种为木薯新品种培育提供了一个重要途径。本研究以木薯品种SC12离体单芽茎段为诱导材料，比较不同浓度秋水仙素对外植体诱导率的影响，并对木薯二倍体与同源四倍体不同株系进行形态学、解剖学和农艺特性比较。结果表明，以0.03 g/L浓度的秋水仙素诱导SC12同源四倍体效率最高，为7.78%；通过流式细胞仪和根尖染色体数目观察对筛选的20个植株进行倍性鉴定，获得了11个同源四倍体和5个嵌合体植株，同源四倍体为检测株系的55%，变异植株为检测株系的80%；二倍体和同源四倍体植株表现出显著的形态和生理差异，在形态上表现为四倍体植株变矮、茎杆变粗、叶尖盾化，叶片由披针形向拱形过渡，同源四倍体裂叶长/裂叶宽显著降低、叶绿素含量显著增加；通过解剖学发现四倍体叶片保卫细胞的长、宽、叶绿体数目均显著增加，分别比二倍体增加2.33%、28.99%、117.79%；气孔数显著降低，比二倍体减少40.06%；四倍体变异株保卫细胞呈椭圆形，二倍体保卫细胞趋近于圆柱形；四倍体叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度均显著高于二倍体，比对照分别增加24....     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子单倍体二倍化技术的研究

采用6种方法系统研究甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus)品系（种）及杂种的小孢子再生苗单倍体染色体加倍技术。结果表明，单倍体苗接种含70－80mg/L秋水仙碱的培养基处理4－5d，植株染色体加倍率50％以上；单倍体小苗移栽前用1－2g/L秋水仙碱液浸泡处理3－6h，加倍率50％以上，由这些方法产生的加倍植株大多是可育花和不育花共生的嵌合体，每株产生的种子很少。分离的小孢子在含10－50mg/L秋水仙三的NLN培养基中处理48h后，接种无秋水仙碱NLN培养基诱导胚状体，再生植株加倍率80％以上，全株的花均能自交结籽，嵌合植株很少。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.