新疆小麦品种黄色素含量基因（Psy A1）等位变异的分子检测

为了给新疆小麦品种面粉色泽改良提供理论依据,利用黄色素含量基因(Psy-A1)的功能标记YP7A检测了247份新疆小麦品种(包括农家品种、国内外引进品种和20世纪60年代以来的自育品种)Psy-A1等位基因Psy-A1a(高黄色素含量)和Psy-A1b(低黄色素含量)的分布情况,探讨了Psy-A1等位基因与面粉黄色素含量和黄度b*值的关系.结果表明,新疆小麦品种中Psy-A1a和Psy-A1b基因型的频率分别为91.9%和8.1%,以高黄色素含量的Psy-A1a基因型为主.新疆小麦农家品种、引进品种和自育品种Psy-A1a基因型的分布频率分别为100%、81.3%和95.3%,外来品种的引进和利用对降低新疆小麦品种黄色素含量起到了积极作用.新疆小麦品种面粉黄色素含量和黄度b*值普遍偏高,冬小麦品种面粉黄色素含量及黄度b*值高于春小麦品种.分析表明Psy-A1a和Psy-A1b两种基因型的面粉黄色素含量和黄度b*值平均值间的差异达到极显著水平.总之,新疆小麦品种面粉色泽改良应该以培育低黄色素含量的Psy-A1b基因型为重点,同时可以直接利用黄色素含量基因(Psy-A1)的功能标记YP7A来提高育种效率.     

俄引及黑龙江春小麦黄色素含量相关基因分析

为了将俄引小麦资源的优良基因快速用于我国春小麦品种的改良,利用与黄色素含量相关的八氢番茄红素合酶(Psy)基因STS分子标记,对250份俄罗斯引进和125份黑龙江主栽过的春小麦品种进行了研究分析,利用7A和7B染色体上的标记进行鉴定。结果显示,俄引小麦有242个品种(96.8%)扩增出高黄色素含量基因Psy-A1a;8个品种(3.2%)扩增出低黄色素含量基因Psy-A1b;黑龙江小麦有73个品种(58.4%)扩增出Psy-A1a基因,52个品种(41.6%)扩增出Psy-A1b基因。俄引小麦有187个品种(74.8%)扩增出高黄色素含量的Psy-B1a等位基因,63个品种(25.2%)扩增出低黄色素含量的Psy-B1b等位基因,15个品种(6.0%)扩增出高黄色素含量的Psy-B1c等位基因,40个品种(16.0%)扩增出Psy-B1d等位基因;而黑龙江小麦有40个品种(32.0%)扩增出Psy-B1a等位基因,85个品种(68.0%)扩增出Psy-B1b等位基因,5个品种(4.0%)扩增出Psy-B1c等位基因,24个品种(19.2%)扩增出Psy-B1d等位基因,所有供试小麦品种中都不存在Psy-B1e等位基因。2个位点不同等位基因组合共有12种,俄罗斯小麦品种中存在10种组合,黑龙江小麦品种中存在11种。其中,就双低含量等位基因组合Psy-A1b/Psy-B1b而言,黑龙江小麦品种较俄罗斯高28.4个百分点。     

小麦品种黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性基因的分子标记检测

为了改良小麦加工品质、提高小麦育种效率,利用位于7AL和7BL染色体上与黄色素含量相关的八氢番茄红素合酶（Phytoene synthase,PSY）基因PsyA1的标记YP7A、YP7A2,基因PsyB1的标记YP7B1、YP7B2、YP7B3、YP7B4,以及位于2AL染色体上的多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol oxidase,PPO）活性基因PpoA1 的标记PPO18,对221份冬小麦品种（系）进行黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性基因的等位变异检测。结果表明: (1) 在所检测的小麦品种（系）中,含低黄色素含量等位基因PsyA1b的材料78份,频率为35.3%;含低黄色素含量等位基因PsyB1b 的材料117份,频率为52.9%;含高黄色素含量等位基因PsyB1c的材料31份,频率为14.0%;含PsyB1d等位基因的材料4份,频率为1.8%;未发现携带PsyB1e的材料。（2）含低PPO活性等位基因PpoA1b的材料119份,频率为53.8%。(3) 在221份材料中,黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性基因型皆符合中国面条和馒头加工品质要求的品种仅25份,聚合多个优良基因的小麦品质改良工作急需加强。本实验使用的标记均为基因特异性功能标记,重复性好,准确率高,可有效地应用于小麦品质改良的分子标记辅助选择。     

三角褐指藻岩藻黄素合成途径及其关键基因对高光照的响应

以三角褐指藻为材料,以岩藻黄素的合成途径中主要的六个酶:八氢番茄红素合成酶、八氢番茄红素脱氢酶、ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶、胡萝卜素异构酶、番茄红素β-环化酶和玉米黄素环氧酶为研究对象,研究高光照胁迫对三角褐指藻岩藻黄素合成代谢途径中关键基因表达量以及岩藻黄素含量的变化规律。以光照强度为500μE/(m2·s),分别照射处理三角褐指藻3h、6h、12h,采用HPLC对岩藻黄素含量进行定量分析。随着光照时间的延长,岩藻黄素含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势;高光照6h样品中岩藻黄素含量为1.85mg·g-1DW(dry cell weight),比高光照0h对照组中岩藻黄素含量增加了2.16倍。qRT-PCR分析结果表明玉米黄素环氧酶基因zep1和八氢番茄红素合成酶基因pys转录本在高光照胁迫6h时丰度最高,与对照组相比提高了近2倍,基因表达量的变化表现出与岩藻黄素含量变化相一致的趋势。高光照处理3h后,胡萝卜素异构酶基因crtiso3、八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因pds、ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶基因zds的表达水平相比于对照组明显降低,表现出应对高光照胁迫的快速响应;番茄红素β-环化酶基因lcyb、胡萝卜素异构酶基因crtiso1的表达水平则在高光照处理12h后明显提高;与zep1和pys相比,lcyb和crtiso1基因的表达对高光照胁迫处理的响应时间要滞后至少6h。本研究揭示了高光照胁迫处理下三角褐指藻中岩藻黄素含量及其合成途径中关键基因的表达模式,表明zep1和pys基因表达水平与岩藻黄素合成量之间存在明显的线性关系。     

小麦品种面筋强度、黄色素含量和PPO活性相关基因的分子检测

为给小麦品质育种筛选亲本材料,并进一步验证相关标记的有效性和实用性,利用5个小麦品质性状基因的分子标记[包括高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)Dx5和By8标记、1B/1R易位系特异性SCAR标记、位于7AL染色体与黄色素含量相关的八氢番茄红素合成酶(Phytoene synthase,PSY)基因 Psy-A1的标记 YP7A、位于2AL染色体的PPO活性基因 Ppo-A1的标记 PPO18]对157份小麦品种和优良新品系进行了基因等位变异检测.结果表明:(1)在所检测的小麦品种(系)中, Dx5、By8、1B/1R易位系、PSY和籽粒PPO活性基因等位变异存在一定差异.其中,含 Dx5的材料29份,占18.5%,含 By8和1B/1R易位系的材料分别为68和69份,占43.3%和43.9%,含低黄色素含量等位变异基因 Psy-A1b的材料42份,占26.8%,含低PPO活性等位变异 Ppo-A1b的等位变异材料78份,占49.7%;(2)157份材料中品质性状基因皆符合要求的只有一个品系(37042),聚合多个优良性状的品质改良工作急需加强;(3)本实验使用的标记均为基因特异性标记,重复性好、准确率高,可有效地应用于小麦品质改良的分子标记辅助选择.     

小麦面粉白度与色泽因子配合力及相关分析

为探讨面粉白度与色泽相关因子的遗传特性及相互关系,选择11个在面粉白度等性状方面具有不同特点的小麦品种作亲本,按5×6不完全双列杂交设计组配杂交组合,对30个F₁杂种和11个亲本的面粉白度与色泽相关因子进行了分析。结果表明,面粉白度、黄色素含量、多酚氧化酶活性在亲本表型值与其一般配合力效应值间存在显著的正相关。在亲本表型值间和一般配合力效应值间,面粉白度与黄色素含量均呈显著负相关,与多酚氧化酶活性间无显著相关性。面粉白度、黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都较高,主要受基因加性效应影响,适合在早代进行选择。德麦3号、济麦22号和济麦20号都能较好地降低后代的黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性,是小麦白度育种中较适宜选择的亲本。在优质中强筋小麦育种中,不应过分追求面粉的白度和亮度,但可通过对低多酚氧化酶活性和低黄色素含量的选择,培育面粉色泽优良的小麦新品种。     

陕西小麦品种（系）籽粒黄色素含量基因的检测及其分布

为了解陕西小麦Psy-A1和Psy-B1位点控制籽粒黄色素含量基因的等位变异组成和分布,利用其功能标记YP7A、YP7A-2、YP7B-1、YP7B-2和YP7B-3,对176份陕西小麦品种(系)的2个位点等位变异进行检测与分析.结果表明,在Psy-A1位点,陕西小麦品种(系)存在2种等位变异,即Psy-A1a(高黄色素舍量)和Psy-A1b(低黄色素含量),各占50.0%,没有发现含Psy-A1c等位变异的品种(系);在Psy-B1位点,陕西小麦品种(系)内存在3种等住变异,其中以Psy-B1b(低黄色素含量)为主(65.3%),Psy-B1a(中等黄色素含量)次之(27.3%),Psy-B1c(高黄色素含量)较少(7.4%),没有发现舍Psy-B1d等位变异的品种(系).不同变异组合类型的平均分布比例表现不同,Psy-A1b/Psy-B1b组合类型所占的比例最高,为39.2%;其次是Psy-A1a/Psy-B1b组合类型,为26.1%;组合Psy-A1a/Psy-B1a(17.6%)、Psy-A1b/Psy-B1a(9.7%)和Psy-A1a/Psy-B1c(6.3%)比例较低,Psy-A1b/Psy-B1c(1.1 %)所占比例最低.不同地区不同等位变异及其组合类型的分布比例不同.总体来看,陕西小麦品种(系)中低黄色素含量的等住变异类型所占的比例较高.陕西不同地区育种目标和种植要求的差异,造成了不同地区小麦品种黄色素含量基因组成的不同.本研究所用分子标记扩增出的PCR奈带清晰,且稳定性好,可作为小麦黄色素含量分子标记辅助选择的有效工具.     

水分利用效率分子标记在小麦不同种质材料中的分布

高水分利用效率（Water use efficiency,WUE）是丰产性和节水性的统一。为给小麦高WUE分子设计育种提供理论依据和技术支撑,利用与WUE相关QTLs紧密连锁的8个分子标记和与叶水势紧密连锁的2个分子标记,通过PCR技术检测了其在小麦进化种质、黄淮海麦区小麦品种（系）、高代小麦新品系和F₁代共81份小麦随机材料中的分布。结果表明,在10份小麦进化种质中,有9个WUE相关分子标记的出现频率均高于70%。在27个黄淮海水旱地区代表品种（系）中,有7个WUE相关分子标记的出现频率高于85%。在44份高代品系和F₁代中,有9个WUE相关分子标记的出现频率高于90%。在晋麦47×京东8号、济麦22×运旱22-23和济麦22×长6878杂交F₁代中实现了WUE相关分子模块组装。在81份小麦随机材料中,有9个WUE相关标记的出现频率高于85%,说明这些分子标记能够稳定遗传,可用于小麦WUE分子标记辅助育种。     

小麦面条加工品质研究进展

本文从面条煮面品质鉴定方法、面条品质与小麦（面粉）品质的关系和小麦面条品质遗传改良等方法阐述了国内外小麦面条加工研究进展。面粉的理化特性对各类面条品质均有重要影响。对日本式加盐白面条而言，淀粉质量较蛋白质（面筋）含量与质量更为重要，淀粉质量对中国面条也有重要作用；面筋强度、淀粉糊化特性、面条色泽及其稳定性是小麦面条品质改良最基本的选择指标。自20世纪80年代以来，国外把面条品质遗传改良的重点放在对淀粉质量的改良上，把淀粉糊化峰值粘度、面粉膨胀体积、直链淀粉含量等做为日本加盐白面条品质改良的选择指标，利用面粉膨胀体积法、凝胶电泳和分子标记法对育种早代材料进行面条品质鉴定筛选。     

新疆小麦黄色素含量基因等位变异的分子检测及其分布

为了明确新疆小麦材料Psy-A1和Psy-B1位点控制籽粒黄色素含量基因的组成和分布以及与黄色素含量的关系,利用7A和7B染色体上Psy-A1和Psy-B1基因的分子标记YP7A和YP7B,对326份新疆冬、春小麦材料中的等位变异进行检测。结果表明,在Psy-A1位点,含有等位基因Psy-A1a和Psy-A1b的品种(系)分别占83.74%和16.26%,两种基因型黄色素含量平均值的差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);在Psy-B1位点,含有等位基因Psy-B1a和Psy-B1b的品种(系)分别占83.44%和16.56%,但两种基因型黄色素含量平均值的差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同变异组合类型的分布比例表现不同,Psy-A1a/Psy-B1a所占比例最高,为69.63%;其次是Psy-A1a/Psy-B1b组合类型,为14.11%;Psy-A1b/Psy-B1a组合类型为13.8%;Psy-A1b/Psy-B1b所占比例最低,为2.45%,没有扩增出Psy-B1c和Psy-B1d基因位点。总体来看,新疆小麦高黄色素含量的等位变异类型所占比例较高,冬、春小麦黄色素含量基因型存在一定差异;YP7A可以作为一个稳定、高效的功能标记用于分子标记辅助选择,而YP7B标记则不能独立作为黄色素含量辅助选择的实用性标记。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.