饲喂低水平DCAD饲粮同时作为体外发酵底物组合对山羊瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在探讨通过饲喂低水平日粮阴阳离子差(dietary cation-anion difference,DCAD)饲粮并以其作为发酵底物对山羊瘤胃发酵是否会产生负面影响。采用自身对照试验设计,以3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的山羊为试验动物,饲粮DCAD水平为高(+121;记为A)和低(-170;记为B),检测瘤胃pH;同时将这2个DCAD水平饲粮作为体外发酵底物(记为C、D),共形成4个饲喂饲粮-发酵底物组合,即A-C、A-D、B-C、B-D,以此进行瘤胃体外发酵试验,检测累积产气量、产气参数、有机物消化率、体外发酵液pH、氨态氮浓度,综合评价低DCAD饲粮在反刍生产实践中的效应。结果显示:饲喂A和B日粮,瘤胃pH差异不显著(P0.05)。B-D组合在2h时瘤胃体外累积产气量(GP)显著高于A-C、A-D组合(P0.05),其余4个组合GP没有显著差异(P0.05)。潜在产气量a+b以B-C、B-D组合较高,显著高于A-C组合(P0.05)。4个组合间有机物消化率未产生显著差异(P0.05)。A-C、A-D组合瘤胃体外发酵液pH高于B-C、B-D组合(P0.05),均处于正常范围。除2、12h外,4个组合对体外发酵液氨态氮浓度在大多数时间点没有产生明显影响,差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,饲喂低DCAD饲粮对山羊瘤胃发酵没有产生明显负面影响,这可为生产实践合理应用低DCAD饲粮提供依据。     

饲粮阴阳离子差对围产期奶牛酸碱平衡、血浆钙浓度及抗氧化应激的影响

本试验旨在研究不同水平饲粮阴阳离子差(DCAD)对围产期奶牛酸碱平衡、血浆钙浓度及抗氧化应激的影响。选用39头经产预产前28 d、体重、年龄相近的荷斯坦奶牛,按单因子随机区组试验设计分为3组,每组13头牛,分别饲喂DCAD为+175、-35、-183的试验饲粮。DCAD水平通过在饲粮中添加阴离子盐配制。试验期60 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期50 d。结果表明,降低DCAD水平可降低尿液pH(P<0.05),提高血浆钙浓度(P<0.05);但对血浆抗氧化应激指标均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。奶牛产后产奶量和乳成分不受产前DCAD水平的影响(P>0.05)。由此可见,降低围产前期奶牛DCAD水平可降低尿液pH,有利于维持血浆钙稳定,对抗氧化应激能力没有影响。     

饲粮添加阴离子盐对山羊瘤胃发酵参数及血钙调控的影响

试验旨在研究降低饲粮阴阳离子差(DCAD)水平对山羊瘤胃发酵参数及血钙水平的影响。试验采用交叉试验设计,将6只体况一致的山羊分为对照组和处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组饲喂对照饲粮(DCAD=157),处理组在对照组基础上添加阴离子盐(MgSO_4·7H_2O,DCAD=-162)。结果显示:两组山羊干物质采食量(940.8 vs. 932.3 g/d)差异不显著(P0.05);添加阴离子盐可显著降低山羊尿液pH(6.4 vs. 7.8,P0.05)。DCAD水平对瘤胃pH(6.80 vs. 6.48)、氨态氮浓度(6.24 vs. 6.46 mg/dL)没有显著影响(P0.05);处理组血浆Ca~(2+)(9.16 vs. 10.29 mg/dL)、维生素D受体(VDR,49.16 vs. 57.62 ng/mL)、甲状旁腺素(PTH,25.52 vs. 33.28 ng/L)与瞬时受体电位通道香草酸受体6(TRPV6,13.88 vs. 16.77 ng/mL)水平高于对照组,差异显著(P0.05);两组山羊血浆1, 25-(OH)_2VD_3(284.94 vs. 299.94 pg/dL)和CT浓度(124.82 vs. 114.23 ng/L)差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,低DCAD饲粮对适口性没有影响,可降低体内酸碱平衡状态,对瘤胃pH、氨态氮浓度没有负面影响,提高血钙及其代谢因子水平。研究结果为生产实践推广添加阴离子盐提供了理论依据。     

微生物发酵饲料对奶牛瘤胃发酵功能及饲粮营养物质体外消化率的影响

本试验旨在用体外法评价不同添加水平微生物发酵饲料对奶牛瘤胃发酵功能的影响,确定其适宜添加水平,并在此基础上研究微生物发酵饲料对饲粮营养物质体外消化率的影响。采用体外发酵试验,培养底物的精粗比为5∶5,微生物发酵饲料添加水平分别为0(对照组)、3%、5%、7%、9%。结果表明:1)7%组的产气量及总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、氨态氮(NH3-N)、菌体蛋白(BCP)浓度平均值显著高于对照组(P0.05),微生物发酵饲料适宜添加水平为7%。2)添加7%微生物发酵饲料提高了饲粮干物质体外消化率(IVDMD)、粗蛋白质体外消化率(IVCPD)、中性洗涤纤维体外消化率(IVNDFD)、酸性洗涤纤维体外消化率(IVADFD),分别比对照组提高0.80%、1.43%、3.76%、1.98%(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加7%微生物发酵饲料可促进瘤胃发酵功能,提高饲粮营养物质体外消化率。     

整粒或粉碎玉米和小麦对于生长肉牛的饲喂价值

通过阉牛咀嚼试验(试验1)、瘤胃和全消化道消化试验(试验2)和饲养试验(试验3)评价玉米和小麦谷实整粒或粉碎饲喂对于阉牛的饲喂价值。试验1采用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦阉公牛(平均体重310kg)按4×4拉丁方试验设计,研究饲粮中玉米和小麦谷实整粒或粉碎饲喂对采食、反刍和咀嚼时间的影响。4种饲粮处理分别为粉碎玉米饲粮(GRC)、整粒玉米饲粮(WHC)、粉碎小麦饲粮(GRW)和整粒小麦饲粮(WHW)。结果表明,饲粮中玉米或小麦的粒度显著影响动物24h期间的咀嚼时间(P<0.02),但咀嚼时间的反应模式随谷物种类的不同而异,其中与饲喂粉碎谷物相比,饲喂整粒玉米延长咀嚼时间76.2min(P=0.065),而饲喂整粒小麦则缩短咀嚼时间126.8min(P=0.009)。试验2是在试验1的基础上,采用与之完全相同的试验动物、饲粮处理和试验设计,研究玉米和小麦谷实整粒或粉碎饲喂阉牛的瘤胃和全消化道营养物质消化率。与饲喂粉碎谷物饲粮相比,饲喂整粒谷物饲粮时瘤胃pH和粪便pH趋于同步提高(P<0.03),但瘤胃发酵产生的总挥发酸浓度降低(P<0.02)。饲喂整粒谷物饲粮较粉碎谷物饲粮提高了尼龙袋小麦秸纤维组分的消化率(P<0.09),但不影响尼龙袋玉米干物质和淀粉的消化率(P>0.3)。饲喂整粒谷物饲粮全消化道DM、OM和淀粉消化率较粉碎谷物饲粮低(P<0     

低蛋白饲粮添加氨基酸对黔北麻羊血液代谢和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

试验旨在探讨低蛋白质饲粮添加过瘤胃赖氨酸（RPLys）与过瘤胃蛋氨酸（RPMet）对黔北麻羊生长性能、血液生化指标和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。将18只体况良好的黔北麻羊随机分为3组（对照组、处理Ⅰ组、处理Ⅱ组），每个组6个重复，每个重复1只羊。对照组饲喂蛋白质水平为12.49%的基础饲粮；2个处理组饲喂低蛋白质水平饲粮（CP=10.25%），处理Ⅰ组饲粮中添加0.5%RPLys和0.2%RPMet，处理Ⅱ组饲粮中添加1.0%RPLys和0.4%RPMet。结果表明：(1)各组间干物质采食量（DMI）、平均净增重（ANG）、平均日增重（ADG）均无显著差异（P>0.05）。(2) 2个处理组血浆尿素氮（PUN）水平均低于对照组（P<0.05），但2组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）；各组间其余生化指标差异不显著（P>0.05）。(3) 3组山羊瘤胃发酵参数差异不显著（P>0.05）。说明低蛋白质水平饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet不影响山羊的生长性能和瘤胃发酵，有利于提高血液氮利用率；在本试验条件下，以添加0.5%的RPLys和0.2%的RPMet为宜。     

不同添加水平的肉桂醛对肉羊饲粮营养物质瘤胃降解特性及体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响

本试验旨在研究不同添加水平肉桂醛(CA)对肉羊饲粮营养物质瘤胃降解特性及体外发酵参数的影响。选取12只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杜×寒杂交成年肉用绵羊,随机分为4组,每组3只。在每千克基础饲粮中分别添加0 (对照组)、200 (200CA组)、300 (300CA组)、400 mg(400CA组)的CA,采用尼龙袋法测定饲粮营养物质瘤胃降解率,采用体外产气法测定体外瘤胃发酵参数。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,200CA、300CA、400CA组的干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃有效降解率显著升高(P 0.05)。200CA、300CA组粗蛋白质(CP)的瘤胃有效降解率显著高于对照组(P0.05),400CA组CP的瘤胃有效降解率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)各组之间总产气量(72 h产气量)、pH及微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度均无显著差异(P0.05)。与对照组相比,200CA、300CA、400CA组的甲烷(CH4)及氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度显著降低(P0.05)。3)各组之间总挥发性脂肪酸浓度以及丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸比例无显著差异(P0.05),300CA组的丙酸比例显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,CA可以调控肉羊的瘤胃发酵,提高饲粮中DM、NDF、ADF的瘤胃有效降解率以及饲粮氮在瘤胃中的存留率,降低CH4产量。在本试验条件下,每千克饲粮中添加300 mg CA时效果最好。     

围产期低能饲粮添加过瘤胃赖氨酸对初乳质量、断奶前犊牛生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究围产期低能饲粮添加过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPL)对初乳质量、断奶前犊牛生长性能和瘤胃发酵的影响。试验采用2×2析因试验设计,即能量(产奶净能)水平设为6.40、5.73 M J/kg DM和RPL添加水平设为0、40 g/(d·头)。选取体况和预产期相近的52头第3胎荷斯坦奶牛,分为4组,分别为基础饲粮(B)组、低能饲粮(L)组、基础饲粮+RPL(BL)组和低能饲粮+RPL(LL)组,每组13头牛。试验从预产期前21天至产后犊牛断奶结束。奶牛产后第1次泌乳时采集初乳,测定初乳中总固形物、蛋白质、脂肪和乳糖、免疫球蛋白(Ig) G、IgM和IgA含量;犊牛出生当天(1日龄)、60日龄测定体重和体尺;犊牛60日龄采集瘤胃液,测定pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度。结果表明:1)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了初乳总固形物、乳糖和IgM含量(P<0.05);围产母牛饲粮添加RPL对初乳乳糖含量有提高的趋势(P=0.068 2),对其他初乳指标无显著影响(P> 0.05)。2)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了母犊60日龄体重、体高、体斜长和胸围(P<0.05),显著降低了公犊60日龄体斜长和初生胸围(P<0.05)。围产母牛饲粮添加RPL有降低公犊60日龄体重的趋势(P=0.073 0)。3)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了母犊初生体躯指数(P<0.05),对母犊60日龄体躯指数有升高的趋势(P=0.059 6),对公犊初生体躯指数有降低的趋势(P=0.099 1),提高了公犊60日龄体躯指数(P<0.05),降低了公犊60日龄体长指数(P<0.05)。围产母牛饲粮添加RPL对公、母犊体尺指数没有显著影响(P>0.05)。4)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了犊牛瘤胃液中总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸浓度(P<0.05)。围产母牛饲粮添加RPL对犊牛瘤胃发酵指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。5)围产母牛饲粮能量水平与添加RPL对奶牛初乳质量指标、断奶前犊牛体重、体尺指标、体尺指数和瘤胃发酵指标均不存在交互作用(P>0.05)。综上所述,围产期低能饲粮降低了奶牛初乳质量、断奶前犊牛体重、体尺及体尺指数和瘤胃发酵指标;围产期母牛饲粮添加RPL对奶牛初乳质量和断奶前犊牛体重、体尺及体尺指数和瘤胃发酵无不利影响;围产期低能饲粮中添加RPL并不能替代正常标准能量水平饲粮。     

低DCAD对经EDTA诱导的低血钙山羊的钙调因子水平及瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究低饲粮阴阳离子差(DCAD,mmol/kg DM)对经乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)诱导的低血钙山羊的钙调因子水平及瘤胃发酵的影响。选择6只年龄、体重差异不显著的健康母羊,将其随机分为两组(对照组、处理组),每组3个重复,每个重复1只羊。饲粮处理分为两个阶段:(1)在基础饲粮中添加2%EDTA引起低血钙;(2)在此情况下,对照组饲喂高DCAD饲粮(DCAD=203 mmol/kg DM),处理组饲喂低DCAD饲粮(DCAD=-170 mmol/kg DM),其中处理组饲粮为在对照组基础上添加45 g/d的阴离子盐(MgSO_4·7H_2O+MgCl_2·6H2O)。结果表明:(1)两组试验羊干物质采食量(DMI)差异不显著(P0.05)。处理组尿液pH显著低于对照组(P0.05)。(2)处理组血浆Ca2+水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,处理组血浆维生素D受体(VDR)、瞬时受体电位通道香草酸受体6(TRPV6)和细胞膜钙泵(PMCA1b)水平显著升高(P0.05)。但血浆钠钙交换体1(NCX1)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平不受影响(P0.05)。(3)除处理组瘤胃丙酸水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),其余瘤胃发酵参数差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加EDTA络合剂引起山羊低血钙后,饲喂低DCAD饲粮有利于血钙水平恢复并可提高钙调因子水平,不影响瘤胃发酵。     

不同营养水平全饲粮颗粒料对绵羊瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸的影响

本试验旨在研究不同营养水平全饲粮颗粒料对绵羊瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度和比例的影响。选用3.5～4月龄,体重15 kg左右的陶赛特(♂)×藏羊(♀)杂交一代公羔15只,采用单因子完全随机试验设计,试验分A、B、C 3个处理,分别为1、0.9、0.8倍NRC水平。预试期15 d,正试期50 d。结果表明:营养水平对绵羊瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度没有产生显著影响(P>0.05),说明饲喂颗粒饲料造成的食糜排出速率提高使瘤胃发酵受限制,但对各种酸的摩尔比产生了显著影响(P<0.05),采食较高营养水平饲粮绵羊瘤胃液中丙酸和其他酸的摩尔比显著较高而乙酸摩尔比和乙/丙比显著较低(P<0.05)。     

Stimulating effects of a diet negative in dietary cation–anion difference on calcium absorption from the rumen in sheep

The concept of feeding anionic salts in late gestation is widely used to prevent milk fever in dairy cows. While the effects of these diets on renal Ca excretion and tissue responsiveness towards parathyroid hormone have clearly been demonstrated, data on a potential impact on gastrointestinal Ca absorption are conflicting. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of feeding a diet negative in dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) on ruminal mineral concentrations, fermentation products, electrophysiological properties of rumen epithelia and Ca flux rates. For this purpose, sheep were kept for 3 weeks on diets that were either positive or negative in DCAD. The induction of a compensated hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis could be demonstrated by increased plasma Cl and enhanced concentrations of ionised Ca, while plasma concentrations of and base excess were decreased with the low DCAD diet. Neither transmural potential differences nor fermentation products were affected, but ruminal concentrations of Cl and Mg as well as the relation of ionised to total Ca were increased. Ussing chamber experiments revealed alterations of electrophysiological parameters and an increase in the electroneutral component of Ca flux rates from the mucosal to the serosal side of rumen epithelium. As plasma calcitriol concentrations were not affected, it can be concluded that the administration of anionic salts results in a vitamin D‐independent stimulation of ruminal Ca transport.     

Influence of varying levels of dietary cation anion difference on ruminal characteristics,nitrogen metabolism and in situ digestion kinetics in buffalo bulls

This study was conducted to examine the influence of varying dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal characteristics, blood acid base status and in situ digestion kinetics in Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. Four iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐caloric diets having ?110, +110, +220 and +330 mEq/kg dry matter (DM) DCAD were formulated which were represented by A (anionic), LC (low cationic), MC (medium cationic) and HC (high cationic), respectively. These diets were used in four ruminally cannulated Nili Ravi buffalo bulls in a 4 × 4 Latin Square Design. Improved nutrient intake was recorded at high DCAD levels while digestibility remained unaffected. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen, rumen pH, acetate and acetate : propionate ratio were higher in buffalo bulls fed MC and HC diets than those fed A and LC diets. Blood pH and HCO₃^‐ also tended to increase as DCAD level was increased in the diet. Serum Ca and Cl concentrations were higher in bulls fed A and LC diets whereas serum Mg, P and S remained unaffected. Urine pH increased with increasing DCAD level. Nitrogen intake and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were also higher in bulls fed MC and HC diets. There was a consistent increase in ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber degradability, rate of disappearance and extent of digestion at high DCAD levels in the diet. However, lag time decreased at high DCAD level. This study indicated that buffalo bulls fed MC and HC diets improved feed intake, ruminal characteristics and digestion kinetics.     

Effects of cooked molasses blocks and fermentation extract or brown seaweed meal inclusion on intake, digestion, and microbial efficiency in steers fed low-quality hay

Five ruminally, duodenally, and ileally cannulated steers (376 +/- 8.1 kg of initial BW) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square to evaluate effects of cooked molasses block supplementation and inclusion of fermentation extract (Aspergillus oryzae) or brown seaweed meal (Ascophyllum nodosum) on intake, site of digestion, and microbial efficiency. Diets consisted of switchgrass hay (6.0% CP; DM basis) offered ad libitum, free access to water, and one of three molasses blocks (0.341 kg of DM/d; one-half at 0600 and one-half at 1800). Treatments were no block (control), block with no additive (40.5% CP; POS), block plus fermentation extract bolused directly into the rumen via gelatin capsules (2.0 g/d; FS), fermentation extract included in the block (2.0 g/d; FB), and seaweed meal included in the block (10 g/d; SB). Steers were adapted to diets for 14 d followed by a 7-d collection period. Overall treatment effect on hay OM intake tended (8.1 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.5 kg/d; P = 0.14) to increase with block supplementation. Total OM intake (8.4 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.5 kg/d; P = 0.01) increased in steers consuming block compared with control. Apparent and true ruminal OM digestibility increased (P = 0.05) with block consumption. Steers fed SB had greater (P = 0.10) true ruminal OM digestibility compared with steers fed POS (61.0 vs. 57.9 +/- 1.6%). True ruminal CP digestibility increased (P = 0.01) with block supplementation compared with control (37.5 vs. 23.6 +/- 3.7%). Addition of fermentation extract did not affect intake or digestion. Treatments did not alter ruminal pH, total VFA, or individual VFA proportions; however, ruminal ammonia increased (P = 0.01) with block supplementation. In situ disappearance rates of hay DM (3.14 +/- 0.44 %/h), NDF (3.18 +/- 0.47 %/h), and ADF (3.02 +/- 0.57 %/h) were not altered by treatment. Seaweed block increased (P = 0.01) slowly degraded CP fraction compared with POS (39.5 vs. 34.0 +/- 2.07%). Similarly, SB increased (P = 0.01) the extent of CP degradability (74.2 vs. 68.9 +/- 1.81%). No treatment effects (P = 0.24) were observed for microbial efficiency. Block supplementation increased intake, and use of brown seaweed meal seemed to have beneficial effects on forage digestibility in low-quality forage diets.     

Pretanned leather shavings in a supplement mixture for steers: I. In situ and in vitro disappearance, ruminal fermentation, and organic matter, nitrogen, and fiber digestion

Two digestion studies were conducted to evaluate the use of pretanned leather shavings as a component of a protein supplement. In Exp. 1, the in situ and in vitro disappearance of pretanned leather shavings and soybean meal was evaluated. Results revealed that less than 18.4% of the pretanned leather shavings was solubilized and disappeared when exposed to McDougall's buffer for 48 h, but there was 90.0% disappearance with 48-h exposure to a .1 N HCl/pepsin treatment and 97.0% disappearance with exposure to a two-stage digestion. In situ disappearance following 72 h in the rumen allowed 6.8% disappearance. Thus, leather shavings seem to be relatively indigestible in the rumen, but postruminal digestion may be possible. In Exp. 2, six Angus x Holstein steers, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square to evaluate ruminal and digestion effects of the following supplements combined with fescue hay at 1.7% of BW (DM basis): no supplementation (control); supplementation intraruminally with soybean meal at .07% of BW (as-fed basis); and supplementation intraruminally with a combination of soybean meal and pretanned leather shavings (17:8 ratio) at .05% of BW (isonitrogenous to soybean meal; as-fed basis). Ruminal fluid passage rate was greater and fluid turnover time was shorter in steers fed leather shavings than in those fed soybean meal (P = .10). Ruminal pH was lower (P = .04) for supplemented steers than for control steers and ruminal NH3 N concentration was greater (P = .01) in steers fed soybean meal than in those fed leather shavings. Total VFA concentration was increased (P = .02) by supplementation. Supplementation with soybean meal increased (P < .05) ruminal molar proportions of butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate compared with leather shavings. Duodenal OM flow and OM disappearing in the intestines were increased by supplementation (P < .10), but not by the type of supplement fed (P > .10). Ruminal digestion of OM and total tract OM digestion were unaffected (P > .10) by supplementation and the type of supplement fed. Flow and digestion of NDF were unaffected (P > .10) by the treatments. Flow of N and the quantity of N disappearing in the intestines were increased (P < .05) by supplementation but did not differ (P > .10) between supplementation groups. Microbial N flow, N utilization for net microbial protein synthesis, and ruminal N disappearance were unaffected (P > .10) by supplementation and the type of supplement provided. Combining pretanned leather shavings with soybean meal seemed to have no deleterious effects on digestion or fermentation and to allow for escape of some N to the lower tract.     

Influence of malic acid supplementation on ruminal pH, lactic acid utilization, and digestive function in steers fed high-concentrate finishing diets

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of malic acid supplementation on ruminal fermentation. In Trial 1, six Holstein steers (300 kg) with ruminal cannulas were used in a crossover design experiment to study the influence of malic acid (MA) on ruminal metabolism during glucose-induced lactic acidosis. Treatments consisted of a 77% steam-flaked barley-based finishing diet supplemented to provide 0 or 80 g/d of MA. After a 13-d dietary adjustment period, 1 kg of glucose was infused into the rumen 1 h after the morning feeding. Ruminal pH was closely associated (R2 = .70) with ruminal DL-lactate concentration. Malic acid supplementation increased (P < .01) ruminal pH 3 h after the glucose infusion. However, there were no treatment effects (P > .10) on ruminal VFA molar proportions or ruminal and plasma DL-lactate concentrations. In Trial 2, four Holstein steers (150 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a crossover design experiment to evaluate the influence of MA supplementation on characteristics of digestion. Treatments consisted of an 81% steam-flaked barley-based finishing diet supplemented to provide 0 or 80 g/d of MA. There were no treatment effects (P > .10) on ruminal and total tract digestion of OM, ADF, starch, and feed N or on ruminal microbial efficiency. Malic acid supplementation increased (P < .05) ruminal pH 2 h after feeding. As with Trial 1, there were no treatment effects (P > .10) on ruminal VFA and DL-lactate concentrations. We conclude that supplementation of high-grain finishing diets with MA may be beneficial in promoting a higher ruminal pH during periods of peak acid production without detrimental effects on ruminal microbial efficiency or starch, fiber, and protein digestion. There were no detectable beneficial effects of MA supplementation on ruminal and plasma lactic acid concentrations in cattle fed high-grain diets.     

Peripartal calcium homoeostasis of multiparous dairy cows fed rumen‐protected rice bran or a lowered dietary cation/anion balance diet before calving

Milk fever is one of the most important metabolic diseases in dairy cattle. Reducing the dietary cation/anion balance (DCAD) with anionic salts is a common prevention strategy. However, many small European farms cannot use total mixed rations (TMR) in the close‐up period. Including anionic salts in compound feeds can result in feed refusals and moderate inclusions to preserve feed palatability results in insufficient DCAD reduction. Rumen‐protected rice bran induces the adaptation of Ca metabolism in dairy cows by a reduction of Ca intake and by a reduction of the availability of dietary Ca. In the presence of a negative control, rumen‐protected rice bran (2.8 kg/day) was compared with a lowered DCAD diet (from 269 to 4 meq/kg DM) in their effect to prevent milk fever. In a randomized block design, 45 multiparous Holstein cows joined the trial sequentially from 21 days before the expected calving date and were observed until the 8th week of lactation. Feed and nutrient intakes were recorded, and Ca, P, Mg in serum and urine, urine pH, serum NEFA and milk production in early lactation were compared. Feeding rumen‐protected rice bran before calving improved the recovery of calcaemia after calving and had a positive effect on DMI after calving. The moderately low DCAD diet did not positively influence serum Ca at calving. Calcaemia recovered even later than in control, and cows showed reduced DMI post‐calving and higher NEFA levels in the first 36 h after calving. This moderate reduction of DCAD did not provide an intermediate prevention level indicating that DCAD needs to be reduced to the recommended levels to prevent milk fever. Rumen‐protected rice bran may be a suitable feed to reduce hypocalcaemia post‐partum and can be included in pre‐calving compound feeds representing a palatable alternative to anionic salts.     

嗜热毛壳菌纤维素酶对小尾寒羊瘤胃代谢的影响

本试验研究不同水平嗜热毛壳菌纤维素酶对小尾寒羊瘤胃代谢的影响。试验动物为4只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年小尾寒羊公羊(平均体重为45 kg),采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,在基础日粮中分别添加0％、0．3％、0．6％和0．9％4个水平酶制剂,采集瘤胃液测pH值、氨氮浓度和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度。试验结果表明:各组试羊瘤胃液平均氨氮浓度的变化范围为10．01-12．80 mg/dL,各组之间相同时间点差异不显著(P>0．05)。瘤胃液平均pH值在6．50-6．80范围内变动,试验组pH值低于对照组(P<0．05),以0．6％水平较好。各组试羊瘤胃乙酸、丙酸及总 VFA浓度的变化规律基本相同,即喂料后逐渐上升,其中乙酸和总VFA浓度在2 h后达到最高点,丙酸浓度在4 h 达到最高点,随后平稳下降于饲喂前降至最低点,再次采食后又重复出现此规律。试验组瘤胃乙酸和总VFA浓度显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0．05或P<0．01),以0．6％水平组最高。     

Effects of crude glycerin supplementation on performance and meat quality of Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets

Forty-eight bulls (335 +/- 8.6 kg of initial BW) were randomly assigned to 4 glycerin levels (0, 4, 8, and 12% of concentrate DM) with the objective of evaluating the effects of glycerin supplementation on performance, ruminal fermentation, metabolism, and carcass and meat quality in Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Concentrates were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric (assuming a glycerin ME content of 3.47 Mcal/kg of DM). Concentrate and straw were fed for ad libitum intake. Bull BW and feed consumption were recorded monthly. Additionally, rumen and blood samples were collected every month. Bulls were slaughtered after 91 d of study (460 +/- 11 kg of final BW). Hot carcass weight, carcass backfat, and conformation were recorded. The area, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and intramuscular fat content of LM were determined. Glycerin level did not affect daily concentrate intake (6.89 +/- 0.34 kg/d of DM), straw intake (1.38 +/- 0.069 kg/d of DM), total DMI (8.27 +/- 0.32 kg/d of DM), ADG (1.36 +/- 0.087 kg/d), or G:F (0.17 +/- 0.009). Similarly, rumen molar proportions of propionic, acetic, and butyric acids, and rumen liquid osmolality were unaffected by treatment. However, a decreased rumen pH (P < 0.05), and greater rumen total VFA concentration (P = 0.09), serum insulin concentration (P < 0.05), and insulin to glucose ratio (P < 0.05) were observed in bulls fed 8% glycerin in concentrate compared with those receiving 0, 4, or 12%. No changes were observed in carcass and meat quality. The ME content of glycerin (86% glycerol) can be assumed to be 3.47 Mcal/kg of DM in Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets. In addition, feeding concentrate containing up to 12.1% of glycerin does not lead to detrimental effects on performance, ruminal fermentation, metabolism, and carcass and meat quality variables.     

Ruminal fermentation pattern, bacterial population and ruminal degradation of feed ingredients as influenced by ruminal ammonia concentration

The effects of ruminal ammonia concentration on bacterial numbers, fermentation pattern and degradation of feed ingredients in the rumen were examined with three nonlactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas. Cows were fed twice daily a complete mixed diet (90% whole plant oat silage and 10% concentrate mixture) containing 11.1% CP on a DM basis. Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) was infused continuously into the rumen at levels of 0, 95, 190 or 280 g/d. Infusion of NH4HCO3 linearly increased (P less than .05) the concentrations of ruminal ammonia and blood urea N. Total VFA concentrations and mixed bacterial numbers also were increased (P less than .05) by NH4HCO3 infusion. Infusions of NH4HCO3 increased (P less than .05) butyrate and decreased (P less than .05) isobutyrate and isovalerate proportions. Infusion of NH4HCO3 increased (P less than .05) rate of degradation of soybean meal DM but did not (P greater than .05) influence degradation characteristics of fish meal and barley grain. In conclusion, supplementation of N by continuous infusion of NH4HCO3 appeared to stimulate bacterial growth and fermentation but it did not influence extent of ruminal degradation of selected feed ingredients.     

不同无机磷添加水平对混合瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响

采用体外法研究无机磷添加浓度对瘤胃发酵的影响。培养液中设0mg/L、30mg/L、60mg/L、90mg/L、120mg/L、150mg/L、200mg/L、250mg/L、300mg/L、350mg/L共10个无机磷水平。体外发酵48h后终止培养,测定培养液的产气量、pH值、挥发性脂肪酸、干物质降解率、NDF降解率。结果表明:无机磷添加水平对48h总产气量和DM降解率影响显著(P0.05),随着无机磷添加水平的提高,48h总产气量和DM降解率显著提高,添加水平为200mg/L时达到最大值,分别为44.30mL和54.80%,随后下降。瘤胃培养液pH值随无机磷添加水平的增加而显著降低(P0.05),无机磷添加水平为200mg/L时达到最小值6.35,随后又上升。不同无机磷添加水平对乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总VFA产量影响显著(P0.05),无机磷添加水平为200mg/L时,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总VFA产量最高,随后下降。