辽西北地区常见造林树种的耐旱性研究

通过对14个造林树种耐旱性相关的部分生理特性进行了测定研究,并通过主成分分析法对各个树种的耐旱性进行了综合评定,抗旱性较强的为五角枫、暴马丁香、荆条、卫茅、花曲柳、黄栌;较差的为紫穗槐、皂角、柠条、火炬树。     

科尔沁沙地5种造林乔木的抗旱特征研究

为探讨科尔沁沙地造林树种对干旱环境的适应能力,采用控水法观察糖槭、五角枫、大叶白蜡、桃叶卫矛和稠李5种科尔沁沙地典型造林乔木的叶片形态,测定相对水分亏缺、丙二醛、可溶性糖和相对电导率的变化,运用隶属函数值法进行植物抗旱性综合评价。结果表明:5种乔木的综合抗旱性排序为桃叶卫矛五角枫大叶白蜡糖槭稠李;桃叶卫矛和五角枫抗旱性较强,更适合在科尔沁沙地困难立地进行野外造林。     

浑河上游水源涵养林的林分结构与功能研究

以浑河上游水源涵养林为研究对象,通过对4种典型林分类型的树种组成、枯落物持水特性和土壤持水特性进行的研究,结果表明:各类型林分的树种组成复杂程度顺序为核桃楸+花曲柳+五角枫混交林冷杉+白桦+五角枫针阔混交林辽东栎+五角枫天然林人工日本落叶松纯林,阔叶混交林和针阔混交林树种结构稳定性更强;不同林分类型枯落物和土壤最大持水量的大小顺序为核桃楸+花曲柳+五角枫混交林(4 003.38thm-2)冷杉+白桦+五角枫针阔混交林(3 838.54t hm-2)辽东栎+五角枫天然林(3 444.15t hm-2)人工日本落叶松纯林(3 208.85t hm-2)。     

几种常被混淆的槭树属树种辨别要点

槭树属树种色彩艳丽,品种众多,人们常把具有观赏价值的枫类种苗统称为红枫,而且总把元宝枫与五角枫、鸡爪槭与青枫或者羽毛枫、糖槭与美国红枫、复叶槭与白腊等树种名称混为一谈。本文对几种树种的生物学特性、生态特性进行了详细的描述和区别。     

哈尔滨金叶复叶槭无性繁殖技术

金叶复叶槭是槭树科槭树属彩化金叶树种,叶片金黄靓丽,极耐严寒,在哈尔滨这样的高寒地区栽培应用,生长表现良好,金叶复叶槭的繁殖主要采用无性繁殖技术:嫁接和扦插,是优良的城乡彩化树种。     

三种槭树叶的组织结构与抗虫性的关系

为了研究槭树叶的组织结构与抗虫性的关系,采用石蜡切片的方法,对复叶槭、五角枫和挪威槭3种槭树叶的组织结构进行了比较研究。数据分析结果表明:3种槭树科植物的叶片总厚度、叶片表皮气孔密度和栅栏组织密度的大小排列顺序均为:复叶槭<五角枫<挪威槭,方差分析结果表明这3项指标均差异显著,且大小排列顺序与植物的抗虫性顺序是一致的。而叶柄木质部与韧皮部厚度比值大小排列顺序为:挪威槭<五角枫<复叶槭,方差分析结果表明此指标差异极显著,且大小排列顺序与植物的抗虫性顺序是相反的。此外,3种槭树科植物叶片表皮及主脉韧皮部中的内含物与植物的抗虫性也可能存在某种联系。     

盐碱地优良造林绿化树种——花曲柳

<正>花曲柳(Fraxinus americana L.)为木樨科白腊属,落叶乔木。小叶通常7枚,卵状长椭圆形,缘具钝锯齿或近全缘,顶端叶较大,叶面具光泽。花单性异株,翅果生于小枝。树干通直,树皮灰褐色,纵裂。展叶时间较晚。花曲柳幼时较耐荫,长大后喜光。幼树植于树荫或林间空地,较植于光照充足处的树生长快,适宜阳性树种疏林地的补植或多树种混交造林。幼树生长缓慢,10 a 左右长势渐快。花曲柳抗逆性较强,耐寒冷,耐高热,不择土壤,耐水湿与干旱,     

金叶复叶槭生长季节芽接和绿枝嫁接试验

金叶复叶槭为槭树科槭树属绿化树种,叶片金黄靓丽,抗寒冷,耐污染,在沈阳地区生长表现优异,是优良的行道树和绿地点缀树种。为探讨金叶复叶槭快速繁育技术,进行了无性繁殖试验,结果表明,＂T＂形芽接成活率最高,绿枝劈接以半木质化新梢为砧木、半木质新梢为接穗的嫁接效果较好。     

包头市外来园林树种对水分胁迫的适应性研究

对包头市14种外来园林树种的光合速率、气孔导度和水分状况测定研究表明:净光合速率水势补偿点和气孔导度变化临界点水势可作为评价树木对水分胁迫适应性的指标。应用净光合速率水势补偿点、气孔导度变化临界点水势、初始失膨点总体渗透势3个耐旱性指标对14个树种进行聚类分析,结果树种可分为5组,耐旱性由强到弱依次为:金山绣线菊;金焰绣线菊、水蜡、金叶复叶槭、金叶山梅花;金叶风箱果、紫叶矮樱、金边复叶槭、花叶复叶槭;金叶裂叶接骨木、紫叶锦带、金叶莸、花叶锦带;红王子锦带。     

几种乔木绿化树种抗寒性比较

本试验以银杏、悬铃木、香花槐、金叶复叶槭和玉兰等5种乔木绿化树种的一年生休眠枝条为试材,通过五个梯度的低温处理(-10℃、-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃),测定丙二醛、可溶性糖与脯氨酸含量和电导率,研究低温胁迫对这几种乔木绿化树种抗寒性的影响。结果表明:不同树种之间抗寒性存在差异性,5种绿化树种的抗寒性由强到弱的顺序为:悬铃木 > 香花槐 > 玉兰 > 银杏 > 金叶复叶槭。       

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。