碱蓬对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)单一及复合胁迫的反应及其吸收累积特征

采用室外盆栽模拟方法,比较并分析了Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)单一及复合胁迫对碱蓬生长的影响及其对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸收和累积规律。结果表明:在单一Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)胁迫下,低浓度时(Pb~(2+)20mg/kg、Cd~(2+)5mg/kg)促进碱蓬生长,高浓度时(Pb~(2+)200mg/kg、Cd~(2+)≥20mg/kg)抑制碱蓬生长,富集系数(BF)均1。Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)复合胁迫时,情况较复杂,既有拮抗作用,又有协同作用,与2种重金属浓度密切相关。碱蓬对Cd~(2+)的BF受Pb~(2+)影响显著,且均1,表明碱蓬是Cd~(2+)的超富集植物;碱蓬对Pb~(2+)的BF主要受Pb~(2+)自身浓度大小的影响,当Pb~(2+)浓度≤200mg/kg时Pb~(2+)的BF1,Pb~(2+)浓度200mg/kg时碱蓬对Pb~(2+)的BF反而减小,且1,加入Cd~(2+)对其影响不显著。碱蓬对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的富集吸收模式基本符合简单二次方程,这为研究碱蓬在Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)复合胁迫下的吸收累积机制提供理论依据,有利于碱蓬被应用于Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)污染的高盐碱地区的植物修复实践。     

放射性银饱和法测定金属硫蛋白

利用金属硫蛋白的热稳定性及其与金属离子的高度亲合性,以(110m)_(Ag)为示踪剂,在参考Scheuhammer等方法的基础上,建立了金属硫蛋白放射性银饱和测定法。试验确定金属离子与金属硫蛋白的相对亲合力大小顺序为Ag~+>Cu~(2+)>Cd~(2+)>Hg~(2+)>Zn~(2+)。应用银饱和法,测定了由锌诱导的大鼠肝脏金属硫蛋白的含量,证明该方法简便快速、灵敏可靠,适用于金属硫蛋白的测定。     

重金属Cd2+、Pb2+胁迫对小白菜生理及其BcMT2a基因表达的影响

为探明小白菜对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)单一及其复合胁迫的响应机理,以不同浓度Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)处理小白菜幼苗,对其生物量、生理指标(POD、SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量)及Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)在小白菜中的富集情况进行研究,同时克隆与重金属富集相关的金属硫蛋白基因BcMT2a并对其表达特异性进行分析。结果表明:除低浓度Cd~(2+)(10mg/L)对小白菜的根长和地上部分生长有一定的促进作用外,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd~(2+)—Pb~(2+)处理对小白菜根长和地上部分生长均有一定的抑制作用,且随着浓度的升高,抑制作用逐渐增强;抗氧化酶系统中,POD与SOD活性较高,且与CAT活性均呈现先升后降的趋势。Cd~(2+)浓度为40mg/L时,MDA含量达到最大值。Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)在小白菜各组织中的积累顺序依次为根茎叶,且Pb~(2+)在一定程度上能够促进Cd~(2+)的吸收。BcMT2a基因编码的蛋白主要存在于细胞核中,属于易突变亲水性蛋白,该基因的相对表达量在一定浓度范围内可随着Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd2—Pb~(2+)浓度的升高而增加,且相对表达量的趋势与抗氧化酶系统结果基本一致,说明小白菜在受到Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd~(2+)—Pb~(2+)胁迫时,抗氧化酶系统与BcMT2a基因有明显的应答,可增加小白菜对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的耐受性。     

小白菜BcGSH的克隆及其与BcMT2a基因的表达分析

镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)污染是最常见的重金属污染,而小白菜(Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis)又是富集重金属较高的叶菜类蔬菜之一。为了探明小白菜对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)单一及其复合胁迫响应的作用机理,本实验采用不同浓度Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)处理小白菜幼苗,对其与重金属富集相关的植物络合素(phytochelatins,PCs)途径关键基因小白菜谷胱甘肽基因(glutathione,BcGSH)进行克隆且对其所编码的蛋白进行生物信息学分析,并对BcGSH基因与金属硫蛋白途径(metallothionein 2a,BcMT2a)的基因进行组织特异性和相对表达量分析。结果表明:克隆获得BcGSH基因(Gen Bank No.MH414515)全长为1 178 bp,编码369个氨基酸,没有信号肽位点,为非分泌性蛋白,亚细胞定位预测,该基因主要存在于细胞质中,为亲水性不稳定蛋白;BcGSH与BcMT2a基因的表达在小白菜中存在组织特异性,BcGSH基因主要在根中表达,BcMT2a基因主要在叶中表达。且二者的相对表达量在一定浓度范围内,随着Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)单一及其复合浓度的升高而增加,当Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)浓度分别为20、300、10/300 mg/L时,BcGSH基因的表达量达到最大值,当Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)浓度分别为40、900、40/900 mg/L时,BcMT2a基因的表达量达到最大值。研究表明小白菜在受到重金属离子Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)胁迫时,BcGSH与BcMT2a基因有明显的应答,可增加小白菜对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的耐受性。本研究为重金属污染的植物修复提供理论依据。     

碳化稻壳吸附严寒地区村镇地下水Fe2+与Mn2+的性能分析

为低温同步净化铁锰地下水,保障严寒村镇饮用水安全,优选600℃碳化稻壳CRH600,基于X射线衍射分析(Xray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、比表面积及孔结构分析(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen sorption,BET-N2)、傅立叶红外线光谱分析(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、Boehm测定法等表征剖析CRH600吸附Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)机理,通过单因素试验确定最佳投加量与溶液p H值,采用吸附等温线-动力学-热力学理论揭示CRH600低温吸附性能,考察CRH600低温再生能力。结果表明:CRH600比表面积大,稻壳碳化后表面官能团含量增多,其中-OH凭借离子交换与表面络合作用对Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)去除贡献最大。10℃时CRH600对溶液中混合的铁锰不存在竞争吸附;最佳溶液p H值分别为5、6,最佳投加量分别为6、10 g/L。吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型与Langmuir模型,受膜扩散与颗粒内扩散控制,饱和吸附量分别为5.85、2.83 mg/g。吸附自发放热、熵减,低温效果佳,物理与化学作用并存。H2SO4为吸附饱和CRH600的最优解吸剂,最佳吸附-解吸循环次数分别为5、3,再生CRH600对Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的平衡吸附量可达解吸前的80%、90%。研究结果为改性稻壳颗粒低温去除地下水铁锰的应用提供了充分的基础数据与理论支撑。     

羟基磷灰石对铅锌矿区土壤吸附Zn2+、Cd2+的影响

为探究羟基磷灰石(HAP)对矿区土壤重金属的固化效果,采用吸附试验,研究施加HAP的铅锌矿区土壤对Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的动力学吸附和等温吸附效果。结果表明:土壤对Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附量随Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)初始浓度的增加而增加;在酸性条件下,其吸附量随pH上升而上升;准二级动力学方程能很好地描述两者的吸附过程,土壤吸附能力随HAP的添加量增大而增强;在Zn—Cd共存体系中,当初始浓度为20mg/L时,土壤对Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附无明显差异,2种金属离子竞争力度小,随着初始浓度上升,竞争明显,对Zn~(2+)的最大吸附量能达到单一体系中的79%～87%,而Cd~(2+)的最大吸附量只有单一体系中的57%～72%,Zn~(2+)的竞争力优于Cd~(2+),Zn~(2+)对Cd~(2+)吸附产生严重的抑制。综上可知,HAP能提高矿区土壤的吸附性能,在Zn、Cd污染土壤中,更能提升土壤对Zn~(2+)的吸附固持能力。     

牛粪矿物混合蚯蚓堆肥中堆制物Pb和Cd吸附性能变化

为促进畜粪和矿物资源的生态循环利用和Pb、Cd污染土壤的原位稳定化治理,以寻求具有良好重金属吸附性能的原位稳定化修复材料为目标,该研究以高钙镁系矿物和海泡石添加下牛粪矿物混合蚯蚓堆肥为研究对象,分析堆制物性状变化及其对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附性能差异。结果表明,高钙镁系矿物及海泡石添加下蚯蚓均可较好生长,蚯蚓处理可使堆制物pH值、C/N比和有机质含量降低,而使其阳离子交换量和比表面积提高;高钙镁系矿物和海泡石添加则均可提高堆制物pH值、阳离子交换量和比表面积。傅里叶红外光谱分析表明,蚯蚓处理后堆制物中醇或羧酸类物质和芳香类物质增多,而脂类和多糖类物质含量减少,且高钙镁系矿物添加使堆制物含有更多的Me-O基团。X射线衍射分析表明,蚯蚓处理后堆制物中含有更多的硅酸盐和可溶性盐;高钙镁系矿物添加则增加了堆制物中的硅酸盐含量及CaO、MgO等组分,而海泡石添加使堆制物中增加了硅酸盐含量及MgO等组分。吸附试验表明,蚯蚓处理后堆制物对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)具有更大吸附量和吸持能力,且以牛粪和高钙镁系矿物混合蚯蚓堆肥中的堆制物对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附效果最好,其吸附率分别为77.8%、59.7%。因此,利用牛粪和高钙镁系矿物混合蚯蚓堆肥生产具有良好Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)吸附性能的堆制物具有一定可行性。     

一株耐镉细菌的分离鉴定及其吸附条件的优化

从镉污染场地筛选分离得到一株耐镉细菌F7,经过形态学观察以及16S r DNA同源性对比分析,鉴定菌株F7属于芽孢杆菌(Bacillus),最大耐Cd~(2+)浓度为50 mg/L。实验研究了Cd~(2+)初始浓度、pH及投菌量对菌株吸附Cd~(2+)的影响,利用FTIR探究菌株吸附的机理。结果表明:菌株F7在Cd~(2+)初始浓度为1.0 mg/L、投菌量为1.0 g/L、pH为6.1时,对Cd~(2+)的吸附率达到93.9%;吸附符合Langumir模型,最大吸附容量为1.83 mg/g。对比分析吸附前后的红外光谱图,发现菌株F7表面的官能团羟基、胺基、烷基、蛋白酰胺Ⅱ带及磷酸基团在吸附过程中起主要作用。     

盐酸羟胺促进分级Fenton氧化土壤长链原油的试验研究

H_2O_2分次投加可以提高石油烃(total petroleum hydrocarbons,TPH)去除率,本试验选用900 mmol/L H_2O_2分3次投加的方式进行分级Fenton氧化修复长链原油污染土壤。在Fe~(2+)、固相铁、Fe~(2+)+盐酸羟胺、固相铁+盐酸羟胺4种催化体系下进行试验,发现在向Fe~(2+)体系和固相铁体系加入盐酸羟胺后,后两级反应·OH强度明显增强,是未加入盐酸羟胺体系下的3倍～4倍,TPH及长链烃氧化量也大幅提高。采用向Fenton体系中加入盐酸羟胺的方式,克服了分级Fenton氧化过程中由于Fe~(2+)不足导致·OH强度较第一级显著降低、TPH及长链烃氧化量大幅下降的缺陷,促进了后两级反应过程中·OH的产生,从而大大提高了后两级TPH及长链烃的去除效果,使后两级去除效果与第一级接近,能够维持在较高水平,为急需短时间进行的土壤修复提供了一定的理论依据。     

香蕉皮改性材料对废水中二价Cd离子的吸附特性与机理

为探究农业生物质制备绿色吸附材料处理含Cd~(2+)废水方法,以香蕉皮为原料,制备改性吸附材料。采用单因素试验,优化了改性工艺条件。通过静态吸附试验,结合等温模型和吸附动力学模型探讨了其对Cd~(2+)吸附过程。利用比表面及孔径分析(brunner-emmet-teller)、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope)、能谱仪(energy disperse spectroscopy)、元素分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)等手段对改性前后材料的表面形态和结构进行表征,并分析了改性和吸附过程的机理。结果表明:改性较佳工艺条件为Na OH浓度为0.25 mol/L,改性时间为30 min。在此条件下香蕉皮改性后,对水中Cd~(2+)的理论饱和吸附量由37.61 mg/g提高到87.15 mg/g,平衡时间由60 min缩短到45 min。吸附符合Langmuir等温模型(R~2=0.998)和准二级动力学模型(R2=0.999)。改性后的香蕉皮对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附以离子交换吸附为主。研究结果可为木质纤维素生物质改性制备绿色吸附材料处理含重金属废水提供理论依据。     

PCR technique for identification of mussel species

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis has been applied to the identification of four mussels species: Mytilus edulis, Mytilus chilensis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and Perna canaliculus. Amplifications of DNA from mussel were carried out using random primers. The most distinctive bands were then isolated, cloned, and sequenced to design specific primers. Finally, DNA from different mussels was amplified with these specific primers, and results allow genetic identification of M. galloprovincialis from the rest of the mussel species.     

Rapid, semimicro method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shellfish by automated gel permeation/liquid chromatography

A simple, rapid, easily automated method is described for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in shellfish such as American lobster (Homarus americanus) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). PAHs are extracted from small amounts (1-8 g) of tissue by saponification in 1N ethanolic potassium hydroxide followed by partitioning into 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. This solution is evaporated just to dryness by rotary evaporation and the residue is dissolved in cyclohexane-dichloromethane (1 + 1) for gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on Bio-Beads SX-3. The GPC procedure is ideal as a screening method in the range 25-18 000 ng PAHs/g tissue. If individual PAH measurements are required, the appropriate GPC fraction is collected and PAHs are separated by reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorometric detection. Individual PAHs at concentrations as low as 0.25-10 ng/g can be determined. Recoveries of added fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were quantitative, with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.0 to 16.9%.     

芹菜对镉、铅胁迫的生理响应及抗氧化酶基因表达特性分析

为探讨芹菜在重金属镉、铅胁迫下的生理变化规律和抗氧化酶基因的表达特性,采用营养液培试验,研究镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)单一及复合胁迫对芹菜体内Cd/Pb富集、叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)活性的影响,并用RT-q PCR技术检测了根尖细胞内抗氧化酶基因(Cat、Gpx、Mn-sod及Apx)的表达特性。结果表明,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)单一及复合胁迫下芹菜茎叶中Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)含量均随胁迫浓度增大而逐渐增大,说明芹菜对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸收互为协同作用;6~8 mg·L-1Cd~(2+)和60~80 mg·L-1Pb~(2+)单一及复合处理对芹菜整个生长期内叶绿素、MDA、GSH含量及SOD、POD活性的影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01);低浓度下单一及复合胁迫对叶绿素合成有促进效应,高浓度、长时间胁迫时,叶绿素含量显著降低;单一及复合胁迫对MDA、GSH含量及SOD、POD活性的影响均为Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)交互Cd~(2+)Pb~(2+),但单一Cd~(2+)浓度≥4 mg·L-1时,叶绿素含量大于Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)交互及单一Pb胁迫;Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)对芹菜叶POD和SOD活性的影响相似,均表现为"低促高抑";MDA、GSH含量随重金属浓度的升高而逐渐增加;单一及复合处理下Cat、Gpx、Mn-sod及Apx表达模式基本一致,其表达量的降低幅度为Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)交互Cd~(2+)Pb~(2+)。综上,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)胁迫对芹菜的生理和抗氧化系统均造成了一定的损伤,二者具有协同性,这为江西省鄱阳湖区芹菜的安全生产提供了理论依据。     

Sublethal effects of oil on mollusc species from the Baltic Sea

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Sublethal effects of Iranian crude oil were studied using molluscs from the brackish Baltic Sea (salinity: 6 to 7%o S). In blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) low...     

Characterization of iron,manganese, and copper synthetic hydroxyapatites by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

The incorporation of micronutrients (e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu) into synthetic hydroxyapatite (SHA) is proposed for slow release of these nutrients to crops in NASA's Advanced Life Support (ALS) program for long-duration space missions. Separate Fe3+ (Fe-SHA), Mn2+ (Mn-SHA), and Cu2+ (Cu-SHA) containing SHA materials were synthesized by a precipitation method. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to determine the location of Fe3+, Mn2+, and Cu2+ ions in the SHA structure and to identify other Fe(3+)-, Mn(2+)-, and Cu(2+)-containing phases that formed during precipitation. The EPR parameters for Fe3+ (g=4.20 and 8.93) and for Mn2+ (g=2.01, A=9.4 mT, D=39.0 mT and E=10.5 mT) indicated that Fe3+ and Mn2+ possessed rhombic ion crystal fields within the SHA structure. The Cu2+ EPR parameters (g(z)=2.488, A(z)=5.2 mT) indicated that Cu2+ was coordinated to more than six oxygens. The rhombic environments of Fe3+ and Mn2+ along with the unique Cu2+ environment suggested that these metals substituted for the 7 or 9 coordinate Ca2+ in SHA. The EPR analyses also detected poorly crystalline metal oxyhydroxides or metal-phosphates associated with SHA. The Fe-, Mn-, and Cu-SHA materials are potential slow release sources of Fe, Mn, and Cu for ALS and terrestrial cropping systems.     

EGCG与Cd2+对前列腺癌细胞PC-3生长的抑制作用研究

采用MTT法检测了EGCG、Cd2+及二者相互作用对PC-3细胞生长的抑制作用;通过倒置显微镜观察了前列腺癌细胞PC-3形态的变化;采用细胞凋亡罗丹明123染色试剂盒检测了PC-3细胞凋亡;利用ESR法检测了PC-3细胞膜流动性的改变。结果表明,EGCG与Cd2+都可抑制前列腺癌细胞的生长;二者都可改变细胞的外观形态;80 µmol/L的EGCG处理并未观察到凋亡的PC-3细胞,20 µmol/L的Cd2+处理主要导致PC-3细胞坏死,而80 µmol/L EGCG与20 µmol/L Cd2+共存可诱导细胞凋亡;同时,EGCG参与的处理都降低了PC-3细胞膜的流动性。     

外源硒对镉胁迫下绿豆幼苗生理特性的影响

采用水培试验方法研究不同浓度Se4+(0.8,1.6,2.4,3.2,4.0mg/L)对Cd2+(10,20mg/L)胁迫下绿豆幼苗超微弱发光及幼苗叶片中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫时间延长,不同浓度Se4+对2种浓度Cd2+胁迫下绿豆幼苗的超微弱发光强度均呈现先升高后降低再升高的趋势,0.8,1.6mg/L的Se4+对2种浓度Cd2+胁迫下绿豆幼苗的超微弱发光强度均有促进作用,但是1.6mg/L浓度的Se4+对2种浓度Cd2+的缓解作用最佳。随着Se4+浓度的增加,2种浓度Cd2+胁迫下,绿豆幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量均呈现出先增加又减小的趋势,当Se4+浓度低于4.0mg/L时,叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量均高于单一Cd2+胁迫下叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量,且在Se4+浓度为1.6mg/L时达到最大。在10mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,随着Se4+浓度的增加,绿豆幼苗叶片中的脯氨酸含量先增加后减小,当Se4+浓度低于4.0mg/L时,脯氨酸含量高于单一Cd2+胁迫下脯氨酸含量,且Se4+浓度为1.6mg/L时脯氨酸含量达到最大;在20mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,随着Se4+浓度的增加,绿豆幼苗叶片中的脯氨酸含量逐渐降低,当Se4+浓度低于2.4mg/L时,脯氨酸含量高于单一Cd2+胁迫下脯氨酸含量,且Se4+的浓度为0.8mg/L时脯氨酸含量最大。研究表明在试验浓度范围内,Se4+浓度低于2.4mg/L时,对10,20mg/L Cd2+胁迫下的绿豆幼苗的毒害均有缓解作用,且浓度为1.6mg/L时缓解作用最佳。     

Flame absorption spectroscopic determination of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc in mussels

A rapid method is proposed for determination of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in mussel samples. The elements are extracted with concentrated nitric acid in borosilicate glass tubes at 90 degrees C for 1 h, and determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Detection limits for a 300 mg sample corresponded to 0.3 microgram Cd/g, 0.7 microgram Cu/g, 33 microgram Fe/g, 0.7 microgram Pb/g, and 6 micrograms Zn/g. The coefficient of variation for 20 independent analyses was 7% for Cd, 7% for Cu, 6% for Fe, 14% for Pb, and 8% for Zn. Recoveries were 107 +/- 3% for Cd, 90 +/- 3% for Cu, 94 +/- 1% for Fe, 90 +/- 5% for Pb, and 96 +/- 3% for Zn. The accuracy of the method was determined by analyzing NBS Oyster Tissues.     

The role of iron in peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in liposomes

This work investigated iron-catalyzed lipid oxidation in marine phospholipid liposomes. Oxygen consumption was used as a method to study lipid oxidation at pH 5.5 and 30 degrees C. The relationship between consumed oxygen and amount of peroxides (PV) and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) formed showed that both Fe2+ and Fe3+ catalyzed lipid oxidation. When Fe2+ was added to liposomes at a concentration of approximately 10 microM, an initial drop in dissolved oxygen (oxygen uptake rate >258 microM/min), followed by a slower linear oxygen uptake (oxygen uptake rate 4-6 microM/min), was observed. Addition of Fe3+ induced only the linear oxygen uptake. The initial fast drop in dissolved oxygen was due to oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ by preexisting lipid peroxides (rate 79 microM Fe2+/min). Fe3+ is reduced by peroxides to Fe2+ at a slow rate (0.25 microM Fe3+/min at 30 degrees C) in a pseudo-first-order reaction. The redox cycling between Fe2+ and Fe3+ leads to an equilibrium between Fe2+ and Fe3+ resulting in a linear oxygen uptake. During the linear oxygen uptake, the interaction of Fe (3+) with lipid peroxide is the rate-limiting factor. Both alkoxy and peroxy radicals are formed by breakdown of peroxides by Fe2+ and Fe3+. These radicals react with fatty acids giving lipid radicals reacting with oxygen.     

Structure and fertilizer properties of byproducts formed in the synthesis of EDDHA

The synthesis of commercial EDDHA produces o,o-EDDHA as the main reaction product, together with a mixture of regioisomers (o,p-EDDHA and p,p-EDDHA) and other unknown byproducts also able to complex Fe3+. These compounds have been obtained by direct synthesis, and their structures have been determined by ESI-MS analysis as oligomeric EDDHA-like products, formed by polysubstitution in the phenolic rings. Short-term experiments show that the iron complexes of samples enriched in these oligomeric byproducts have adequate stability in solution, but a significant amount of them is lost after interaction with soils and soil materials. Mildly chlorotic cucumber plants are able to reduce iron better from o,p-EDDHA/Fe3+ than from the iron complexes of the oligomeric byproducts. In hydroponics, the chlorotic soybean susceptible plants have a lower potential for Fe absorption from these byproducts than from o,o-EDDHA/Fe3+ and from o,p-EDDHA/Fe3+. In the studied conditions, the iron chelates of EDDHA byproducts do not have the long-lasting effect shown by o,o-EDDHA/Fe3+ and present a less efficient fast-action effect than the o,p-EDDHA/Fe3+.