马流感病毒A/马/青海1/94株亚型鉴定及其HA基因序列特征

本试验用AI标准阳性分型血清对我国马流感病毒A／马/青海/1／94进行了血凝素(H)和神经氨酸酶(N)的鉴定，并与马流感病毒吉林株、黑龙江株、北京株及国际标准株A／切ukx／Mgxd／2／63进行了对比，结果显示，1944年在我国青海省暴发的马流感病毒的亚型为H3N8；以反转录。聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增该株的血凝素基因，并克隆到pGEM-Teasy载体上，采用双脱氧末端终止法测定该cDNA片段共1738个核苷酸序列，并推导出其编码的565个氨基酸的序列。利用Genbank blast和基因进化树分析软件分析各毒株之间的亲缘关系，发现A／马/青海/1/94与1992年香港马流感分离株存在较近的亲缘关系。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties.
Equine Fracture Repair AJ Nixon
Equine Neurology and Nutrition , Proceedings of the 18th Bain-Fallon Memorial Lectures, presented by the Australian Equine Veterinary Association
Canine Practice 2, E Boden and M Melling , Saunders & Co
Recent Advances in Microbiology, vol 3 , edited by GL Gilbert
Bluetongue Disease in Southeast Asia and the Pacific , editors TD St George and P Kegao
Handbook of Small Animal Dermatology , Moriello KA & Mason IS
Multiple Choice Questions in Veterinary Medicine , P Brightling and DC Blood
Horse Genetics , AT Bowling, CAB International
Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction     

Retraction

Retraction: The following article from Equine Veterinary Journal, ‘Przewalski's Horses in Western China: When will reintroduction succeed?’ by X. Sheng, H. Zhang, Q. Weng, G. Watanabe and K. Taya , published online on 21 September 2011 in Wiley Online Library ( http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com ), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Celia M Marr and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to the identification of several errors and inaccuracies in the information presented in the article. doi: 10.1111/j.2042‐3306.2011.00463.x     

Advances in equine practice management.

As equine practices move forward in the 21st century, we feel increasing pressure to manage our businesses like business people. This requires outside expertise, in-house business-trained managers, and continuing education on various aspects of practice life. Aside from the AAEP, several other organizations are providing continuing education in management, including the Association of Veterinary Practice Managers, the Veterinary Management Institute offered at Purdue University Krannert Graduate School of Management, the American Animal Hospital Association through (The Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine's) on-line practice management course, and the University of Illinois Equine Practice Management modules.     

Luitpold animal health roundtable discussion on compounding for the equine veterinary profession

I'm Gary White, an Equine practitioner from Sallisaw, Oklahoma. I also own a contract research company and do consulting for pharmaceutical companies, and I've been in practice for 26 years.

I'm Dr Joe Bertone, Professor of Equine Medicine Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine. I am a member of the AVMA Council on Biologic and Therapeutic Agents representing Equine Practice. I spent 5 years as a veterinary medical officer at the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine.

I'm Dr Bob Stenbom, I'm the manager of Equine Professional Services for Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica. I was a practitioner for 14 years before coming to the industry 11 years ago.

I'm Wayne McIlwraith, Professor of Surgery and Director of Orthopedic Research at Colorado State University.

I'm Rick Mitchell, I'm a private practitioner in a group referral practice in Newtown, Connecticut. We are basically devoted to the sport horse. I've served on numerous association committees regarding the regulation of sport horse activities in the USAE, FEI, and have advised numerous drug companies on product development.     

Equine pectinate ligament descemetization is associated with age

Purpose

To evaluate the correlation between equine pectinate ligament descemetization and ocular disease.

Methods

The pathology database of the North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Center was searched from 2010–2021 for all equine globes. Disease status was then assigned as affected by glaucoma, uveitis, or “other” based upon clinical records. The iridocorneal angles (ICA) of each globe were evaluated for the presence of pectinate ligament descemetization, the length of descemetization, as well as for the degree of angle collapse and the extent of cellular infiltrate or proteinaceous debris. One slide from each eye was evaluated by two separate, blinded investigators (HW & TS).

Results

A total of 66 eyes from 61 horses were identified, with a total of 124 sections of ICA of sufficient quality to review. 16 horses were affected by uveitis, 8 by glaucoma, 7 by both glaucoma and uveitis, and 30 horses by other ocular disease, most commonly ocular surface disease or neoplasia, which served as controls. Pectinate ligament descemetization was most prevalent in the control group compared to the glaucoma and uveitis groups. Pectinate ligament descemetization length was positively correlated with age, with an increase of 13.5 μm per year of age (p = .016). Infiltrate scores and angle closure scores were higher in both the glaucoma and uveitis group compared to the control group (p < .001).

Conclusions

Equine pectinate ligament descemetization appears to be correlated with increased age and should not be used as a histologic marker for the presence of glaucoma.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
ECG Manual for the Veterinary Technician , Written by N. Joel Edwards
Manual of Equine Practice . Written by Reuben J. Rose and David R. Hodgson     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Textbook of Veterinary Histology , second edition. Edited by Horst-Dieter Dellmann and Esther M. Brown.
Australian Agriculture. Reconciling Change and Tradition. Keith O. Campbell. Longman Cheshire
Non-arthropod-borne Togaviruses. M. C. Horzinek.
Current topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Volume II. Edited by W. Sybesma.
Equine Clinical Chemistry and Pathophysiology. J. R. Coff-man.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
The Equine Foot edited by John V. Yovich
Textbook of Large Animal Surgery , 2nd edition by Frederick W. Oehme
Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics (Theriogenology ), 6th ed by Geoffrey H. Arthur, David E. Noakes and Harold Pearson     

A possible solution to model nonlinearity in elimination and distributional clearances with α2‐adrenergic receptor agonists: Example of the intravenous detomidine and methadone combination in sedated horses

The alpha(α)₂‐agonist detomidine is used for equine sedation with opioids such as methadone. We retrieved the data from two randomized, crossover studies where detomidine and methadone were given intravenously alone or combined as boli (STUDY 1) (Gozalo‐Marcilla et al., 2017, Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2017, 44 , 1116) or as 2‐hr constant rate infusions (STUDY 2) (Gozalo‐Marcilla et al., 2019, Equine Veterinary Journal, 51 , 530). Plasma drug concentrations were measured with a validated tandem Mass Spectrometry assay. We used nonlinear mixed effect modelling and took pharmacokinetic (PK) data from both studies to fit simultaneously both drugs and explore their nonlinear kinetics. Two significant improvements over the classical mammillary two‐compartment model were identified. First, the inclusion of an effect of detomidine plasma concentration on the elimination clearances (Cls) of both drugs improved the fit of detomidine (Objective Function Value [OFV]: ?160) and methadone (OFV: ?132) submodels. Second, a detomidine concentration‐dependent reduction of distributional Cls of each drug further improved detomidine (OFV: ?60) and methadone (OFV: ?52) submodel fits. Using the PK data from both studies (a) helped exploring hypotheses on the nonlinearity of the elimination and distributional Cls and (b) allowed inclusion of dynamic effects of detomidine plasma concentration in the model which are compatible with the pharmacology of detomidine (vasoconstriction and reduction in cardiac output).     

Calendar of Events

Notice to Contributors
The Journal of Small Animal Practice
The official Journal of the British Small Animal Veterinary Association and the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Sponsored and produced by the British Small Animal Veterinary Association     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Equine Medicine and Surgery, edited by PT Colahan, IG Mayhew, AM Merritt, and JN Moore
Wallaceville Veterinary Laboratory, An Anecdotal History, JD Tenquist, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Technology, New Zealand     

Erratum

In the article, "Penile Amputation and Sheath Ablation in the Horse," by Doles et al (Vet Surg 30:327–331, 2001), the first sentence of the MATERIALS AND METHODS section on page 328 should read: "The records for 25 horses admitted between 1988 and 1997 for penile amputation to either Chino Valley Equine Hospital (1988–1991), Las Colinas Veterinary Clinic (1991–1997), or the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (1991–1997) were reviewed to identify the lesion diagnosis, amount of penis resected, need for exploration of the inguinal lymph nodes, and to determine the type and duration of any postoperative complications."     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Proceedings of the twentieth Bain-Fallon Memorial Lectures, Lameness and Ultrasound , presented by the Australian Equine Veterinary Association
Surgery, Anesthesia, and Experimental Techniques in Swine , M Michael Swindle
Tick Fever and the Cattle Tick in Australia , BM Angus     

Dysautonomia in a six‐year‐old mule in the United States

Equine dysautonomia, also known as equine grass sickness (EGS), is a well documented disease in several countries. To the authors’ knowledge, EGS has not been reported previously in North America. This report describes EGS in a 6‐year‐old female mule in the USA. Failure initially to consider EGS resulted in a delayed diagnosis. EGS should be considered as a differential diagnosis and appropriate diagnostic tests performed in similar cases in North America.     

Equine herpesvirus type 1 tegument protein VP22 is not essential for pathogenicity in a hamster model,but is required for efficient viral growth in cultured cells

VP22 is a major tegument protein of Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) that is a conserved protein among alphaherpesviruses. However, the roles of VP22 differ among each virus, and the roles of EHV-1 VP22 are still unclear. Here, we constructed an EHV-1 VP22 deletion mutant and a revertant virus to clarify the role of VP22. We found that EHV-1 VP22 was required for efficient viral growth in cultured cells, but not for virulence in a hamster model.     

Isolation and cultivation of equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts

Objective  To establish an in vitro model for the investigation of equine corneal wound healing. To accomplish this goal, a protocol to isolate and culture equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts was developed.
Animal material  Equine corneal buttons were aseptically harvested from healthy research horses undergoing humane euthanasia for reasons unrelated to this study. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed prior to euthanasia by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist to ensure that all samples were harvested from horses free of anterior segment disease.
Procedure  Equine corneal stroma was isolated using mechanical techniques and stromal sub-sections were then cultured. Customized media at different culture conditions was used to promote growth and differentiation of corneal stromal cells into keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts.
Results  Cell culture techniques were successfully used to establish a method for the isolation and culture of equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle and F-actin was used to definitively differentiate the three cell types.
Conclusion  Equine corneal stromal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts can be predictably isolated and cultured in vitro using this protocol.     

A life with horses: it's been a great ride!

In 2010 Doug Antczak was the recipient of the Distinguished Veterinary Immunologist Award of the Veterinary Immunology Committee of the International Union of Immunological Societies. Dr. Antczak is the Dorothy Havemeyer McConville Professor of Equine Medicine at the Baker Institute for Animal Health in the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University. His research focuses on immunological and genetic aspects of the fetal-maternal relationship in the horse. This includes studies of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and molecules, the regulation of their expression in the placenta, the composition and function of uterine lymphocytes, and alterations in maternal immune reactivity during pregnancy. For this research Dr. Antczak developed a herd of purpose-bred horses selected for homozygosity at the MHC. These horses are a unique genetic resource in equine immunology. During his career Dr. Antczak has mentored over 20 graduate students and post-doctoral fellows, many of whom have gone on to independent careers in immunology research. Dr. Antczak has made contributions to equine immunology, genetics, and reproduction, and collaborated widely with scientists in each of these disciplines. Through his relationship with the Havemeyer Foundation, Dr. Antczak has been a catalyst for cooperative research through a series of Havemeyer Foundation Workshops initiated over 25 years ago. Since 1995 he has been a principal participant in the international Horse Genome Project collaboration furthering his equine immunology research through genomic applications. In 2009 Dr. Antczak was inducted into the University of Kentucky's Equine Research Hall of Fame.     

马属动物肠道微生物的研究进展

马属动物肠道中的微生物对其消化具有重要的作用,尤其是盲肠中的微生物,它的数量和种类影响机体对营养物质的消化利用,文中主要论述了马属动物肠道微生物在机体的定殖发展的过程以及各种微生物对机体的主要作用,并对粗饲料对肠道菌群的影响进行了综述。     

全球马流感发生的风险状况研究

目的开展在全球尺度上的马流行性感冒(马流感)发生状况的分析。方法基于数据挖掘方法,借鉴地理风险分析和Kolmogorov-Smirnov统计检验的方法,开展对全球马流感发生态势的分析。结果统计分析认为:(1)全球马流感近十年以来发生涉及范围和区域扩大,发病数量增多,发病频次高,发病态势严重。(2)全球马流感发生的区域特征显著,美洲和欧洲是全球马流感发病态势比较严重的区域,而亚洲相对较美欧的发病态势为弱。(3)在近十年以来,全球尺度上马流感的发生在空间和时间上保持较强的连续性和比较平稳的发展态势,但局部时段的马流感的发生呈现较大的跳跃性。结论美洲和欧洲是目前马流行性感冒发生和流行的主要区域,从该区域输入马匹等马属动物及其产品会带来一定的释放风险.