衣分不同陆地棉品种的产量及产量构成因素的遗传分析

选用衣分不同的陆地棉品种配置组合,率先将主基因-多基因联合世代分析与双列杂交试验分析相结合,分别从单个和整体基因水平上对棉花产量及产量构成因素进行了遗传研究。对2个高×低衣分组合的主基因-多基因6世代联合分析结果表明,各产量性状至少在1个组合中检测到主基因的存在,说明产量性状主基因存在的普遍性。由2个组合各产量性状的主基因、多基因遗传率比较得出,产量性状的主基因遗传率比多基因遗传率在不同组合间趋势变化相对较稳定;各性状在2个组合中的主基因、多基因遗传率分量不完全相同。衣分、铃重和籽指在2个组合中分别以主基因遗传为主和以多基因遗传为主;子棉产量和皮棉产量在2个组合中均以主基因遗传为主;衣指在组合I中以多基因遗传为主,在组合II中属于典型的多基因遗传;单株铃数在组合I中属于典型的主基因遗传,在组合II中以多基因遗传为主。双列杂交结果表明,陆地棉产量及产量构成因素都有较高的遗传主效应方差,产量性状受加性效应和显性效应共同控制,其中,衣分、衣指以加性效应为主;子棉产量、铃重和籽指以显性效应为主;皮棉产量和单株铃数以加性和显性效应为主。衣分和衣指的普通广义遗传率和普通狭义遗传率均最高,与联合世代分析两性状的总遗传率平均值结果趋势一致。相关和通径分析一致表明,产量构成因素中单株铃数对皮棉产量的贡献最大,衣分次之,铃重最小。     

转基因抗虫棉产量性状的遗传效应及其杂种优势分析

采用加性-显性与环境互作的遗传模型,分析了9个亲本和36个F1的皮棉产量、单株铃数、铃重和衣分的两年资料,估算了转基因抗虫棉各项遗传方差和成对性状间各项遗传效应的相关性.结果表明,转基因抗虫棉的产量性状受加性和显性效应共同控制,皮棉产量、铃重和衣分都以基因的显性效应为主,而单株铃数是以加性效应为主,单株铃数和衣分还具有基因与环境互作效应.遗传相关分析表明,转基因抗虫棉的皮棉产量与单株铃数的基因型和表现型相关系数都比较大而且比较接近;皮棉产量与单株铃数、铃重和衣分的加性相关系数都达到极显著水平,而且皮棉产量与单株铃数、衣分的数值比较大.利用亲本和F1的资料预测了F2基因型值和杂种优势,结果表明,转基因抗虫棉F2的皮棉产量、单株铃数、铃重和衣分的群体平均优势分别为4.0%、5.1%、-1.3%和3.2%,群体超亲优势分别为-7.3%、-6.0%、-4.2%和-0.5%.     

海岛棉产量性状的遗传效应分析

采用加性-显性的遗传模型，研究海岛稀11个亲本和30个F1杂交组合8个产量性状的各项遗传方差分量和遗传相关。结果表明：单株有效铃数、单株无效铃数、铃重、籽棉产量的加性方差比率分别达到显著和极显著水平，而显性方差比率均不显著，表明这4个产量性状的遗传以加性效应为主，皮棉产量、衣分、衣指则不显著，且普通次义遗传率较低。遗传分析表明：新海14号和99-1111籽棉产量有显著的加性效应，可作为杂交育种的优良亲本。     

持续高温干旱年份陆地棉农艺和产量性状的遗传效应分析

本文采用NCⅡ交配设计方法,以9个陆地棉品种(系)配置16个杂交组合,利用加性—显性与环境互作的遗传模型(ADE模型),分析亲本和F1在2013年持续高温干旱条件下望江、九江2个环境下的农艺和产量性状,估算了各项遗传方差分量,分析了性状间各项遗传效应的相关性和各性状的杂种优势。结果表明,农艺和产量性状易受环境条件影响,子棉产量、皮棉产量、单株铃数和铃重的遗传主要受显性效应控制,衣分同时受加性和显性效应控制,子指主要受加性效应控制。遗传相关分析表明,子棉产量和皮棉产量与铃重和衣分呈显性正相关;铃重与衣分呈显性正相关,衣分与子指的加性和显性均为负相关。杂种优势分析表明,中棉所63的铃重、衣分、子指、子棉产量和皮棉产量的群体平均优势达极显著水平,其皮棉产量的杂种优势可以利用至F3。     

陆地棉高品质系数量性状的遗传变异与选择指数

 研究了20个高品质陆地棉品系12个数量性状的遗传变异、广义遗传力、遗传相关及产量的选择指数。结果表明,单株产量和株铃数具有较大的遗传变异,纤维品质性状的遗传变异较小,说明继续改良高品质系的产量性状潜力较大。纤维品质性状的广义遗传力介于79.07%~89.47%之间,产量及产量组分性状中以衣分和铃重最高,广义遗传力分别为89.1%和81.85%,单株皮棉重最低,为55.05%。单株皮棉重与株铃数、株铃数与果枝数成极显著遗传正相关。利用与单株皮棉重遗传相关较强的多个性状构建的选择指数,比单纯选择单株皮棉重的效果好,其中以单株皮棉重、株铃数、果枝数和果节数结合选择的效果最佳。     

陆海种间杂交铃重和衣分的遗传及其F1群体优势分析

以4个陆地棉品种(系)和3个海岛棉品种为亲本配制不完全双列杂交组合12个,采用包括基因型×环境互作的加性-显性(AD)遗传模型.通过对亲本和F1的2年随机区组试验数据分析,结果为铃重和衣分都存在极显著的加性效应和显性效应.其加性效应和显性效应与环境的互作都很小.铃重以加性效应为主,为 54.3%.显性效应相对较小,为 21.6%.衣分主要由加性效应和显性效应共同控制,其加性效应和显性同等重要.分别是 43.8%和 49.8%.铃重的狭义遗传率和广义遗传率分别为 54.3%和75.8%,衣分的狭义遗传率和广义遗传率分别为 43.8%和 93.6%.铃重和衣分F1均具有显著的负向群体平均优势和群体超亲优势,F1铃重小于中亲值.偏向低亲值;F1表分小于中亲值,接近或小于低亲值.在利用海岛棉的优异性状时,要考虑亲本材料的选择,要考虑到其性状遗传方式的特点,在进行陆海杂交、高代回交辅助选择时必须考虑性状的遗传效应.铃重可以在平世代进行选择,衣分应在中期世代选择效果较好.     

陆地棉产量性状的遗传分析

采用加性-显性与环境互作的遗传模型,分析陆地棉8个杂交亲本和F128个组合的7个产量性状的两年试验资料,估算各项遗传方并非分量和F1、F2的杂种优势.结果表明,产量性状受加性效应和显性效应共同控制,加性×环境各产量性状均极显著,铃重、衣分、籽指还受显性×环境的极显著影响,7项产量性状的广义和狭义遗传率均达到极显著水准.     

优异纤维品质陆地棉与转基因抗虫棉的配合力及遗传效应分析

 利用10个优异纤维品质陆地棉品种和6个转Bt基因抗虫棉品种配组的10×6 NCII交配设计,对其产量、品质及抗虫性的配合力及遗传效应进行了分析。结果表明：Bt基因能在F₁得到显性遗传。以A₈的产量性状一般配合力最高,A₄的纤维品质性状一般配合力最高;A₇×B₅、A₆×B₁等组合的各性状特殊配合力较好;亲本的一般配合力与组合间特殊配合力不存在显著相关性。遗传效应分析表明,基因加性效应对铃重、衣分、2.5%跨长、比强度、伸长率等性状起主导作用;双亲的互作效应对F1产量性状起重要作用;2.5%跨长、铃重、比强度的狭义遗传力较高,产量性状的狭义遗传力最低。     

基于部分NCII交配设计的陆地棉产量和纤维品质性状遗传分析

以60份陆地棉品种（系）和由部分双因素交叉式遗传（North Carolina II,NCII）交配设计配制的180个F₁组合为材料,分析产量和纤维品质性状的遗传效应和相关性。结果表明,皮棉产量、衣分、铃数和铃重的加性效应方差分量分别为0.25、0.62、0.20和0.14,显性效应方差分量分别为0.17、0.13、0.07和0.21;纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和马克隆值的加性效应方差分量分别为0.48、0.60和0.48,显性效应方差分量分别为0.05、0.02和0.06。各性状（除马克隆值外）的显性×环境互作效应均高于加性×环境互作。产量性状中,衣分与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和马克隆值的相关性较强,相关系数分别为-0.35、-0.40和0.48。除铃重之外,陆地棉的产量性状呈现出以加性效应为主的遗传特点;纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和马克隆值的遗传以加性效应为主。部分NCII交配设计可用于同时对大量亲本进行评价。     

陆地棉产量与品质性状的主基因与多基因遗传分析

对(泗棉3号×TM 1)(组合Ⅰ)和(泗棉3号×CARMEN)(组合Ⅱ)的产量与品质性状进行遗传模型分析,得到有关产量与品质性状的最适遗传模型,其中组合Ⅰ子指的最适遗传模型为负向显性主基因+多基因模型,铃重最适遗传模型为等显性主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,衣分、单株铃数的最适遗传模型分别为两对主基因+多基因和一对主基因+多基因模型。组合Ⅱ中衣分、子指、单株铃数、铃重、整齐度和麦克隆值的最适遗传模型均为无主基因的多基因模型,纤维长度、纤维强度和伸长率最适遗传模型均为一对主基因+多基因模型。主基因个数的预测与分子检测的主效QTL个数基本相符。选用P1、P2、F1和F2∶3四个世代联合分析方法,相比于单个分离世代的分离分析法,增加了试验的精确度,保证分析结果的准确性,并可以鉴别多基因的存在。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...