不同利用年限茶园土壤矿化、硝化作用特性

茶叶（Camellia sinensis）是重要的经济作物，茶树具有耐酸耐铝毒等特性，适合在热带亚热带的酸性土壤种植。由于茶园的施肥管理，茶树凋落物归还土壤以及根系分泌物等原因，茶园土壤随着植茶年龄的增加，土壤理化性质会发生一系列变化。如土壤pH值下降，钙、镁等盐基离子和微量元素相对缺乏，而铝、氟和多酚类物质逐渐在茶园土壤中富集，形成了非常独特的茶园土壤生态系统。     

茶园土壤pH变化对土壤中铝特性的影响

土壤中铝的毒性强弱取决于铝的形态。为了解茶园土壤中铝的特性,以江苏省7个长期定位观测茶园为研究对象,采用化学连续提取法测定不同条件下土样中不同形态的铝含量,研究茶园土壤pH升高或降低过程中铝的形态转化及其影响因素。结果表明,茶园土壤在酸化过程中活性铝溶出明显增强,不同形态的铝含量有明显差异,依次为腐殖酸铝(Alh)铝的水合化物和氢氧化物(Aloh)交换态铝(Alex)有机态铝(Alo)水溶态铝(Alw)无机吸附态铝(Alino);土壤pH、有机质和酸容量是影响铝形态的重要因素;茶园土壤酸化过程中铝的水合化物和氢氧化物、无机吸附态铝以及水溶态铝会转化为交换态铝。土壤pH升高,交换态铝转化成羟基铝;有机结合态铝会影响其他铝形态的转化,腐殖酸铝在土壤pH升高时转化为铝的水合化物和氢氧化物。     

pH对土壤吸持磷酸根的影响及其原因

本文选择了浙江、江苏15个性质变化范围较大的土壤样品,研究在两种支持电解质、不同pH条件下对磷酸根的吸持反应。结果表明,加碱提高强酸性土壤的pH值,导致交换性铝的水解和羟基铝聚合物的生成,增加对磷的吸持。磷酸根同酸性土壤的反应,可促进交换性铝的水解,释放出H⁺,降低体系的pH。在CaCl₂介质中,当pH>6时,可能有磷酸钙类盐形成,使溶液中磷浓度显著降低。有机质对土壤吸持磷有重要影响。在低pH下有机质通过与Al³⁺形成络合物,阻碍溶液中A1³⁺的水解,并与磷酸根竞争羟基铝化合物表面的反应点位,从而降低酸性土壤对磷酸根的吸附量。     

生物炭基肥对酸化茶园土壤养分及茶叶产质量的影响

针对多年生茶园土壤酸化严重、养分失衡、茶叶产质量下降等问题,以七年生酸化茶园为研究对象,设置不施肥（CK）、常规化肥（F）、生物炭（B）、低量生物炭基肥（BF1）、中量生物炭基肥（BF2）和高量生物炭基肥（BF3）6个处理,通过大田试验探究生物炭基肥对酸化茶园土壤肥力性状、茶树养分吸收以及茶叶产质量的影响,揭示生物炭基肥对茶叶的增产提质机理。结果表明:与CK相比,BF1 ~ BF3处理显著提高酸化茶园土壤pH以及铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量,且随炭基肥施用量的增加而增大,改土效果明显优于B和F处理;BF1 ~ BF3处理的茶叶养分积累量、SPAD值、产质量以及水浸出物、咖啡碱、氨基酸含量均显著高于CK处理,茶叶酚氨比显著低于CK处理,但与B和F处理的差异不显著;灰色关联分析表明茶叶产质量与土壤pH、铵态氮、速效钾、交换性镁和速效磷以及茶叶SPAD值、氮和镁积累量等因子关联密切,是影响茶叶产质量的主要因子。表明施用生物炭基肥可显著减缓酸化茶园土壤酸性,提高土壤养分有效性,促进茶树对氮、钾和镁的吸收,增强茶树光合作用从而显著提高茶叶的产质量,且以施用2590 kg hm?2生物炭基肥处理的效果较优。     

江苏省典型茶园土壤酸化趋势及其制约因素研究

茶园土壤酸化日趋严重已成为当前茶叶生产中的突出问题。为制定茶园土壤酸化的控制对策,本文采用定位监测的方法,分析了江苏省茶园土壤酸化现状和土壤pH降低速率的动态变化及其与酸雨、土壤性质的关系。2008—2010年间江苏省21个典型茶场调查结果显示:所有被调查的茶园土壤pH值均低于茶树生长最适值5.5,其中pH值低于4.0的茶园比例达42.8%。2003—2010年间,江苏省茶园土壤pH降低速率呈现先逐年增大后减小的变化规律,期间2007年土壤pH降低速率达到最大。茶园土壤酸化及其动态变化受研究区域酸雨强度和频率的影响,同时土壤pH降低速率与土壤有机质、交换性盐基总量呈极显著的负相关,与土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)、黏粒含量存在显著的负相关关系。     

铁观音茶园土壤酸化与交换性镁的现状

明确了酸化茶园中的土壤交换性镁状况,为茶园科学施肥提供支持。在安溪县主要产茶乡镇共采集了297个表层土壤样品,通过测定土壤pH及土壤交换性镁含量,应用描述性统计分析进行了分布特征研究,应用相关分析进行了土壤pH与交换性镁相关性研究。安溪茶区的土壤pH值变幅在3.1～6.7之间,超过68%的茶园土壤pH低于4.5,土壤酸化极其严重;土壤交换性镁含量在1.0～79.0 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均为23.7 mg·kg~(-1),82%的茶园土壤低于40.0 mg·kg~(-1),土壤交换性镁普遍缺乏。土壤pH值是影响土壤镁有效性和空间分布的重要因素,茶园土壤大面积酸化以及土壤交换性镁缺乏是目前茶园生产普遍面临的问题,建议在茶园生产上控制氮肥的投入,同时重视镁肥的补充以确保茶叶优质高效生产。     

信阳茶区土壤养分的演变

为了解信阳茶区茶园土壤养分丰缺现状,为化肥减施提供理论依据,本研究监测了不同植茶年限(0、10、20、30、40年)0~20 cm土壤的养分及土壤交换性离子,分析其随植茶年限的变化特性。结果表明:茶园土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效钾与植茶年限呈显著正相关,有效磷与植茶年限呈显著负相关;茶园土壤有机质含量达36.15 g kg^-1,达理想状态;碱解氮、有效钾、有效磷含量都表现为富集;土壤有机质与碱解氮和有效钾呈显著正相关,与有效磷呈显著负相关;茶园氮肥以铵态氮(NH4^+-N)为主,氮肥形态可影响土壤pH及交换性Al^3+、Ca^2+、Mg^2+的变化,有机质直接影响交换性K^+的变化。信阳茶区茶园土壤养分达到并超过优质高产高效茶园土壤养分需求,其氮磷钾肥明显呈现施入过量后的积累现象。该研究结果可以为茶园土壤可持续利用及茶园减施化肥提供依据。     

重庆茶园土壤酸化及肥力特征的研究

本文主要运用数理统计的方法对重庆茶园土壤的酸化特性和肥力特征作了一系列的相关分析,结果表明茶园土壤在不同pH值区段内的化学性质随pH值的变化差异明显,特别是当土壤pH值处于4.55.0区段时,对于酸化过程的抑制能力明显减弱,其盐基离子的脱除速度也显著增加,交换性阳离子中致酸离子比例增大,而当土壤pH值处于5.0以上区段时,对于酸化过程的抑制能力则明显增强,盐基脱除速度也迅速下降,交换性阳离子中致酸离子比例下降。随着土壤有机质含量的增加,其致酸离子的含量也在增加,这也就促进了土壤盐基的迅速脱除,导致土壤进一步酸化。另外,茶园土壤中的肥力特征在各pH区段也表现出较为明显的差异.在整个茶园土壤中,磷、钾、锌等植物生长所必需的元素均有不同程度的缺失,而以磷、钾的缺失尤其严重,这充分说明土壤酸化程度加剧对茶树生长十分不利。     

武陵秦巴山区不同母质植烟土壤抗酸化性能研究

为探究武陵秦巴山区烟田土壤的抗酸化性能及其影响因素,分别采集区域典型母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤,比较不同母质发育土壤的酸缓冲容量差异,结合模拟酸化实验对不同土壤的潜在酸化风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,土壤初始pH和母质类型均显著影响土壤酸缓冲容量大小。除硅质岩发育黄棕壤外,酸性土壤的酸缓冲容量较相同母质发育的中性土壤低22%～81%。在中性土壤中,碳酸盐类母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤含有较多碳酸盐,酸缓冲容量分别较硅质岩类母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤高44%和16%。酸性黄棕壤和黄壤则呈相反趋势。模拟酸化结果表明,酸缓冲容量较高的土壤,在外源酸输入时,土壤pH下降较为缓慢,土壤溶液铝和交换性铝增幅相对较小,潜在酸化风险较低。12种供试土壤中,泥质岩发育的酸性黄棕壤酸缓冲容量最低,仅为11.79 mmol·pH^-1·kg^-1,对外源酸极度敏感,潜在酸化风险最高。在武陵秦巴山区不同母质发育土壤中,需重点关注泥质岩发育黄棕壤酸度的变化,并采取有效措施增强其抗酸化性能,降低土壤酸化风险。     

植茶年限对土壤pH值、有机质与酚酸含量的影响

土壤pH值和有机质是土壤肥力的重要指标,土壤中的酚酸类物质也是一类重要的有机物质,与pH值和有机质关系复杂。本文以四川省名山区茶园土壤为对象,研究植茶年限对土壤pH值、有机质和酚酸含量的影响,并探讨它们之间的相互关系。结果显示:随着植茶年限的延长,各土层土壤的pH值均呈现不同程度的下降趋势,即植茶10年植茶7年植茶5年植茶3年水稻土,表层土壤酸化明显;随着植茶年限的延长,土壤有机质、总酚和水溶性酚含量均呈增加趋势。相关分析表明,0~10 cm土层土壤中,总酚与土壤pH值呈负相关;10~20和30~40 cm土层土壤中,水溶性酚与土壤pH值呈负相关;10~20 cm土层土壤中,总酚与土壤有机质呈正相关;在10~20、20~30和30~40 cm土层土壤中,水溶性酚与土壤有机质呈正相关。说明植茶土壤酚酸含量的增加是影响土壤pH值下降和有机质含量升高的重要因素。     

单宁酸对不同pH茶园土壤中活性铝形态分布的影响

采集云南省普洱市和江西省南昌县两地典型的茶园土壤,通过添加HCl和Ca(OH)2调节土壤pH,研究不同pH(3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5)茶园土壤添加0.4 mmol·kg 1、2.0 mmol·kg 1、4.0 mmol·kg 1、8.0 mmol·kg 1、12.0 mmol·kg 1单宁酸后,活性铝形态交换态铝(Al3+)、单聚体羟基铝[Al(OH)2+、Al(OH)+2]、酸溶无机铝[Al(OH)03]和腐殖酸铝[Al-HA]的分布特征。结果表明:单宁酸添加量为0~0.4 mmol·kg 1和0~2.0 mmol·kg 1时,江西南昌和云南普洱茶园土壤中交换态铝随土壤pH的增加呈明显下降趋势,而羟基态铝、酸溶无机铝和腐殖酸铝呈逐渐上升趋势;当单宁酸浓度增至2.0 mmol·kg 1以上时,随土壤pH的增加,单宁酸对活性铝释放的抑制作用增强,各形态活性铝含量都较低,且不同pH处理土壤间的差异不显著。0~20 cm土层土壤与20~40 cm土层土壤变化规律大致相似,总体上看,下层土壤活性铝总量高于上层。云南普洱茶园土壤活性铝总量明显高于江西南昌的茶园土壤。相关分析表明,0~20 cm土层土壤中,pH与羟基态铝、腐殖酸铝、土壤酸碱缓冲容量(pHBC)呈正相关(r=0.796,P0.01;r=0.960,P0.01;r=0.852,P0.01);pHBC与交换态铝、羟基态铝呈负相关(r=0.904,P0.01;r=0.645,P0.05),而与腐殖酸铝呈正相关(r=0.795,P0.01)。同时,单宁酸加入浓度为0~0.4 mmol·kg 1时,土壤pH明显上升,之后随着单宁酸加入浓度的增加土壤pH持续下降,土壤pH(YpH)与单宁浓度(CDN)在此阶段基本符合方程:YpH=0.04CDN+3.82(R2=0.95,P0.01)的线性变化趋势,在单宁酸浓度达到8.0~12.0 mmol·kg 1时,土壤pH基本不再变化。     

茶叶氟含量与茶园土壤特性的相关性及其影响因素

通过对青岛地区10个典型茶园中的茶叶氟含量和土壤水溶性氟、p H、交换性酸及交换性阳离子等的测定,分析了茶叶氟含量与土壤特性的相关性,并探讨了土壤水溶性氟和交换性酸的主要影响因素。结果表明,茶园土壤水溶性氟和交换性酸含量与茶叶氟含量呈显著正相关性(P0.05),是影响茶叶氟含量的关键因素。土壤交换性H+和交换性Na+与土壤水溶性氟含量呈显著正相关性(P0.05),是影响土壤水溶性氟含量的主要因素。土壤交换性Al3+与交换性酸呈极显著正相关性(P0.01),p H、交换性Ca2+、交换性盐基总量和盐基饱和度与交换性酸含量呈极显著负相关性(P0.01),是土壤交换性酸含量的主要影响因素。研究结果可为茶园土壤改良及降低茶叶氟含量的质量安全风险提供依据。     

Relationship Between Extractable Metals in Acid Soils and Metals Taken Up by Tea Plants

Abstract

The accumulation of heavy metals in plants is related to concentrations andchemical fractions of the metals in soils. Understanding chemical fractions and availabilities of the metals in soils is necessary for management of the soils. In this study, the concentrations of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in tea leaves were compared with the total and extractable contents of these heavy metals in 32 surface soil samples collected from different tea plantations in Zhejiang province, China. The five chemical fractions (exchangeable, carbonate‐bound, organic matter‐bound, oxides‐bound, and residual forms) of the metals in the soils were characterized. Five different extraction methods were also used to extract soil labile metals. Total heavy metal contents of the soils ranged from 17.0 to 84.0 mgCukg^?1, 0.03 to 1.09 mg Cd kg^?1, 3.43 to 31.2 mg Pb kg^?1, and 31.0 to 132.0 mg Zn kg^?1. The concentrations of exchangeable and carbonate‐bound fractions of the metals depended mainly on the pH, and those of organic matter‐bound, oxides‐bound, and residual forms of the metals were clearly controlled by their total concentrations in the soils. Extractable fractions may be preferable to total metal content as a predictor of bioconcentrations of the metals in both old and mature tea leaves. The metals in the tea leaves appeared to be mostly from the exchangeable fractions. The amount of available metals extracted by 0.01 mol L^?1 CaCl₂, NH₄OAc, and DTPA‐TEA is appropriate extractants for the prediction of metals uptake into tea plants. The results indicate that long‐term plantation of tea can cause sol acidification and elevated concentrations of bioavailable heavy metals in the soil and, hence, aggravate the risk of heavy metals to tea plants.     

南方茶园土壤酸化特征及交换性酸在水稳性团聚体中的分布

通过采集浙江省杭州西湖龙井茶园土壤,研究茶园土壤剖面的酸度特征、养分变化以及交换性酸在水稳性团聚体中的分布特征,以了解南方茶园土壤的酸化过程。结果表明:茶园表层土壤(0-20cm)酸化严重,最低的pHH2O值达到4.0,并且有明显的深层化趋势;表土的有机质和速效磷含量较高,速效磷含量最高可达138.2mg/kg;表土团聚体分级表明茶园土壤有良好的团聚体结构,具有良好的水稳性;除了交换性H+在0.5～0.25mm和0.25～0.106mm水稳性团聚体之间没有明显差别外,交换性酸总量、交换性H+和交换性Al 3+含量均随着水稳性团聚体粒径的减小而降低;水稳性大团聚体中交换性Al 3+相对交换性H+占有明显的优势,而在0.106～0.05mm水稳性微团聚体中交换性H+占有明显的优势。交换性酸总量、交换性H+和交换性铝主要分布于>2mm和2～0.5mm水稳性团聚体中,同时在不同粒级团聚体中的分布随粒径的减小而降低。     

SOIL FLUORINE

The development of techniques for measuring soluble and labile soil fluoride using a specific-ion fluoride electrode are described. The methods evolved were used to assess the fluoride status of numerous agricultural soil samples in addition soils which had received known fluoride additions. Two soil profiles were analysed with respect to distribution with depth of soluble and labile fluoride. The equilibrium-fluoride concentration was determined after shaking the soil with a 0.01 M CaCl, solution. Isotopically exchangeable (labile) soil fluoride was determined by use of the radioactive fluorine isotope ¹⁸F. These labile fluoride values were well correlated with the amount of soil fluoride extracted by an anionexchange resin, and the latter method was consequently adopted for further determinations of labile soil fluoride. Nearly half the 1OO agricultural soil samples examined gave fluoride concentrations < 0.2 ppm in 0.01 M CaCl, extracts whereas labile fluoride values were evenly distributed around a mean of 20 ppm. For any given pH value, there appeared be an upper limit to the solubility of soil fluoride. Application to soil of superphosphate (in the field) or of fertilizer containing fluoride (in the laboratory) brought about increases in soluble soil fluoride.     

Changes in soil chemistry associated with the establishment of forest gardens on eroded,acidified grassland soils in Sri Lanka

Topsoil properties were determined in forest gardens established about 20 years ago on eroded grassland soils (abandoned tea lands) in the wet zone of the Sri Lankan highlands. They were compared with adjacent, eroded grasslands (abandoned tea lands) on strongly weathered soils vs soils at earlier stages of pedogenic development in a two-way analysis of variance. Soil pH in forest gardens was, on average, 6.1, nearly one unit higher than in the adjacent grasslands. In the garden soils, the cation exchange capacity (CEC measured at pH 4.8) was nearly double, exchangeable calcium concentrations five times and exchangeable magnesium three times as high as in the grasslands soils. Total soil N content was found to be nearly 40% higher in the gardens. Topsoil gravel contents in the gardens were less than half as high as in the grasslands. The increases in exchangeable bases and N in gardens, relative to grasslands, were attributed to increased nutrient retention and acquisition. Higher retention was partly due to the higher CEC_pH4.8, and probably to reduced erosion and increased, continuous fine root density in the garden topsoils. Higher field CEC in gardens was likely to result from generally higher C contents and from the reversal of acidification, presumably caused by base accumulation and decomposition processes. Our results suggest that forest garden establishment on degraded grasslands can lead to accumulation of mobile nutrients in the topsoil, probably due to increased nutrient retention, subsoil uptake and litter input exceeding nutrient uptake by the standing biomass.     

Effect of crop residue biochar on soil acidity amelioration in strongly acidic tea garden soils

Strongly acidic soil (e.g. pH < 5.0) is detrimental to tea productivity and quality. Wheat, rice and peanut biochar produced at low temperature (max 300 °C) and differing in alkalinity content were incorporated into Xuan‐cheng (Ultisol; initial pH_{soil/water = 1/2.5} 4.12) and Ying‐tan soil (Ultisol; initial pH _{soil/water = 1/2.5} 4.75) at 10 and 20 g/kg (w/w) to quantify their liming effect and evaluate their effectiveness for acidity amelioration of tea garden soils. After a 65‐day incubation at 25 °C, biochar application significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil pH and exchangeable cations and reduced Al saturation of both tea soils. Association of H⁺ ions with biochar and decarboxylation processes was likely to be the main factor neutralizing soil acidity. Further, biochar application reduced acidity production from the N cycle. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in exchangeable cations and reductions in exchangeable acidity and Al saturation were observed as the rate of biochar increased, but there were no further effects on soil pH. The lack of change in soil pH at the higher biochar rate may be due to the displacement of exchangeable acidity and the high buffering capacity of biochar, thereby retarding a further liming effect. Hence, a significant linear correlation between reduced exchangeable acidity and alkalinity balance was found in biochar‐amended soils (P < 0.05). Low‐temperature biochar of crop residues is suggested as a potential amendment to ameliorate acidic tea garden soils.     

四环素类抗生素在土壤和堆肥中的吸附和降解

Two agricultural soils were collected from Dahu and Pinchen counties and swine manure compost (SMC) from Ping-tung County in Taiwan, China to investigate the sorption and dissipation of three tetracyclines (TCs), i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), in compost, soils and soil/compost mixtures with different organic carbon (OC) contents. There were seven treatments in total. TCs were most strongly adsorbed to SMC in all treatments due to the high OC content. When SMC was present in the soils, the sorption of TCs was significantly enhanced, which might be attributed to the increased OC content and CEC. The adsorption of TCs showed non-linear adsorption isotherms and fitted well to the Freundlich model. After 49 d of incubation at 25 ℃ in soils and soil/compost mixtures in the dark, TCs elapsed in all substrates, with the time required for 50% degradation (DT₅₀) between 20 and 41 d, and the time for 90% degradation (DT₉₀) between 68 and 137 d. Soil amended with compost enhanced the stability of TCs and reduced their mobility. The dissipation of TCs in a soil environment was slow, indicating that these compounds might be persistent in soil.     

EFFECT OF SOIL pH AND ORGANIC MATTER ON LABILE ALUMINIUM IN SOILS UNDER PERMANENT GRASS

The rates of extraction of Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Al with 1M NH₄ NO₃ from the mineral-and organic-rich layers of some Park Grass (Rothamsted) soils were measured at the pH of the soil. Below pH 3.7 exchangeable Al, derived from the kinetics curve, increases with decreasing soil pH and is less in the organic-rich layer. The sum of the basic exchangeable cations, ∑(Na + K + Mg + Ca), increases with increasing soil pH and is more in the organic-rich layer. The extraction of exchangeable Al obeys first order kinetics, the rate constant being similar for all the soils (mean value 36 ± 7 × 10^?6|s^?1), which implies that exchangeable Al is released from surfaces with similar properties for the adsorption of Al, and that the rate is not affected by soil pH and organic matter. The rate of extraction of non-exchangeable Al is the same in the mineral-and organic-rich layers of each soil, and is maximal at about pH 3.7, decreasing sharply at more and less acid pH values.     

施氮对茶园土壤氟和茶树新梢氟含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了不施肥(CK)、施氮360 kg?hm?2(T1)、施氮720 kg?hm?2(T2)处理下茶园土壤无机氮、p H、各形态氟含量的动态变化和春、夏、秋茶树新梢一芽四叶、一芽五叶氟含量,探讨茶园施氮对土壤和茶树新梢氟含量的影响。结果表明:1)茶园施氮后短期内(20~30 d)土壤水溶态氟含量显著降低,土壤交换态氟和铁锰结合态氟含量降低;长期(45~50 d)土壤水溶态氟含量的降低作用减弱,土壤交换态氟和铁锰结合态的含量增加;在试验结束时(164 d),与CK处理相比,T1处理0~20 cm土壤各形态氟含量降低,T2处理0~20 cm土壤各形态氟含量增加。2)0~20 cm茶园土壤水溶态氟、铁锰结合态氟与NH4+-N分别呈极显著负、正相关(P0.01),20~40 cm土壤水溶态氟、交换态氟与NO3?-N分别呈极显著正、负相关(P0.01)。土壤p H与土壤水溶态氟含量极显著负相关(P0.01),与其他3种形态氟含量相关性不显著。土壤铁锰结合态氟与交换态氟、有机结合态氟呈显著、极显著正相关,但与土壤水溶态氟均无显著相关性。3)春茶前后施氮可以降低春、夏、秋茶树新梢一芽四叶、一芽五叶氟含量,但未达显著水平。T1处理新梢氟含量的降低值为夏茶(25.15~27.95 mg?kg?1)秋茶(21.06~24.31 mg?kg?1)春茶(18.58~21.03 mg?kg?1),T2处理的降低值为秋茶(18.64~22.34 mg?kg?1)夏茶(7.79~14.14 mg?kg?1)春茶(3.52~7.30 mg?kg?1)。春、夏、秋茶树新梢氟含量主要受0~20 cm土壤无机氮和20~40 cm土壤p H的影响。因此推测施氮通过影响茶树根系氟的吸收和氟在叶片中的累积过程调控茶树新梢氟含量,该研究成果为合理利用施氮技术降低茶园土壤和茶树新梢氟含量提供了理论依据。