抗冻基因CBF2表达载体构建及转化紫花苜蓿的研究

本研究以拟南芥基因组DNA为模板,用PCR方法扩增目的基因,连接到PGEM-T Easy Vector载体上构建成克隆载体T-CBF2.用BamHI和Sacl分别对克隆载体T-CBF2和植物表达载体PBIl21进行双酶切,获得目的片段和线性质粒.在T4 DNA连接酶的作用下进行定向连接,构建成植物表达载体P-T-CBF...     

抗冻蛋白基因AFP表达载体构建及转化紫花苜蓿初报

以胡萝卜基因组DNA为模板,用PCR方法扩增目的基因,连接到PGEM-T Easy Vector载体上,经XbalⅠ和SacⅠ双酶切,将目的片段连接到PBI121工程质粒上,通过农杆菌介导法转化和田苜蓿,为提高紫花苜蓿的抗冻性奠定基础.结果表明,成功克隆出抗冻蛋白基因AFP,并构建成AFP植物表达载体.获得了具有卡那霉素抗性的苜蓿愈伤组织,和田苜蓿愈伤组织的最佳Kan筛选浓度为60 mg/L.经PCR技术鉴定,AFP抗冻蛋白基因已整合到苜蓿基因组中.     

新城疫病毒HN基因的克隆及在苜蓿中的表达

为了克隆新城痤病毒LaSota株HN基因,构建原核重组表达质粒pBI121-HN,使HN基因在苜蓿中表达,将新城疫病毒LaSota株接种于鸡胚,培养、纯化后收获鸡新城痤病毒,提取病毒RNA,经反转录后通过PCR扩增HN基因,克隆得到重组质粒pBI121-HN,井其通过电转化导入根癌农杆菌中,以根癌农杆菌为介导将HN基因导入苜蓿细胞.最终成功构建了重组表达质粒pBI121-HN,并通过根癌农杆菌转染苜蓿细胞将其在苜蓿中成功表达.本试骑为家禽的植物件苜蓿疫苗的研究奠定了基础.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2基因植物表达载体的构建

采用含传染性法氏囊病病毒(HK46毒株)VP2基因的质粒FA-pAlter为模板，根据其序列设计引物进行PCR扩增，得到1．3kb左右的VP2基因产物；用Bgl Ⅱ和Nhe Ⅰ酶切后纯化，并在T4DNA连接酶的作用下，将其定向克隆到经Bgl Ⅱ和Nhe Ⅰ不完全酶切后的pcAMBIA3301质粒上，构建成VP2植物表达载体。以电击转化法将重组质粒导入根癌农杆菌LBA4404中，并用PCR方法进行了鉴定，为下一步的植物转基因研究生产可食用疫苗打下了基础。     

东方山羊豆GoGID基因表达载体构建及紫花苜蓿转化

根据已经克隆得到的东方山羊豆赤霉素受体(GoGID)基因,扩增编码区cDNA.以pBI121为基础载体,采用酶切连接法,构建植物超表达载体pBI121-GoGID.酶切鉴定表明:目的基因已经正确插入载体中,超表达载体构建成功.采用CaCl₂冻融法将重组载体转入农杆菌菌株中.以叶片为外植体,采用农杆菌介导的愈伤组织培养法,转化紫花苜蓿(Medicage sativa),得到抗性苗.对载体携带的nptⅡ基因、GUS基因进行PCR检测均成阳性,表明目的基因已成功导入紫花苜蓿基因组中.同时对转基因植株进行Southern-blot及RT-PCR检测,并均得到目的条带.本研究为进一步分析GoGID基因对紫花苜蓿生物量影响奠定了基础.     

紫花苜蓿蓝光受体CRY2B过表达载体构建及转化

短日照是影响苜蓿秋眠性的主要因素,即光周期效应。根据转录组测序的结果,对主要的蓝光受体隐花色素CYR2 B基因和苜蓿秋眠性之间关系的研究可以从光受体途径来揭示苜蓿秋眠性调控机制,本试验首先克隆紫花苜蓿1级品种‘驯鹿'隐花色素CRY2B基因的完整开放阅读框(696~2553 bp),设计1对含有酶切位点的特异性引物CRY2 B-F,CRY2 B-R,通过多次酶切和连接,将克隆目的片段连接到植物表达载体p CAMBIA3301上得到重组载体p CAMBIA3301-CRY2B,成功地构建了紫花苜蓿CRY2B的过表达载体,并利用农杆菌介导p CAMBIA3301-CRY2 B成功转化苜蓿植株,为进一步研究CRY2 B调控苜蓿秋眠性分子机制奠定基础。     

紫花苜蓿MsPOD基因的克隆及对拟南芥的转化

利用RT-PCR技术从紫花苜蓿中克隆出过氧化物酶基因,命名为MsPOD,并通过DNA重组技术将其连接到载体pBI121上,成功构建植物表达载体pBI-MsPOD;将表达载体转化到感受态农杆菌株GV3101中,利用花序浸泡法获得具有卡纳抗性的转基因拟南芥植株.对其中3个再生植株进行PCR检测表明,目的基因已经成功整合到拟南芥基因组中,通过RT-PCR和GUS染色检测分析,初步证明目的基因在拟南芥中成功表达.     

日本血吸虫铁蛋白基因在油菜中的表达

根据GenBank日本血吸虫铁蛋白基因(SjFer)的序列设计1对特异性引物,利用PCR从cDNA文库中扩增SjFer基因,与T载体连接并测序。常规方法构建植物表达载体SjFer/pBI121,采用根癌农杆菌介导法转化油菜子叶,组织培养卡那霉素抗性筛选,获得转化植株。转化植株通过PCR和Northern-blot杂交进行鉴定。结果表明SjFer可在油菜中正确表达。该研究为进一步研究转基因油菜工程疫苗奠定了基础。     

紫花苜蓿MsZIP基因超表达载体的构建及转基因苜蓿检测

根据已经克隆得到的MsZIP基因(GenBank序列号:HQ911778),扩增编码区cDNA,构建植物超表达载体PBI-MsZIP。酶切鉴定表明,目的基因已经正确的插入到载体中,超表达载体构建成功。采用CaCl₂冻融法将其转入农杆菌菌株中,然后采用农杆菌介导的方法,转化紫花苜蓿,共得到11株抗性苗,对其中的4株进行卡那霉素基因PCR检测,均得到了目的条带。同时对这4株抗性苗进行目的基因的RT-PCR检测,均得到了目的条带。说明MsZIP基因已经成功在苜蓿中超表达。为了进一步验证该基因的功能,分别用200 mmol/L NaCl和25 μmol/L PEG-6000处理转基因苜蓿,3 d后进行生理指标的测定。结果表明,MsZIP基因在苜蓿中超表达可以提高苜蓿的耐盐性和耐旱性。     

K88-ST融合基因的克隆及真核表达载体的构建

利用DNA重组技术,将编码K88-ST融合基因的序列片段克隆到植物表达载体pCAMBIA1302中,成功的构建了植物重组表达质粒pCAMBIA-K88-ST。并将其转化农杆菌EHA105,为K88-ST基因的进一步研究奠定基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.