甜菜新品种新甜16号的选育

新甜16号是甜菜遗传单粒二倍体杂交种。在2003～2004年的新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,12点次的平均块根产量为79927.6kg/hm2,比对照种KWS5075增产4.1%;平均含糖率为15.06%,比对照提高1.37度;平均产糖量为11867.4 kg/hm2,比对照增产17.5%。该品种抗褐斑病、根腐病性强。2005年通过新疆农作物品种审定委员会审定命名。     

甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种甜单301选育研究

甜单301为中国农业科学院甜菜研究所育成的甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种,在1999～2001年的黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验中,原料根平均产量为39791.9～40868.2kg/hm2,比对照种甜研303提高13.74%～17.05%;平均含糖率为16.45～17.16度,与对照种甜研303比提高-0.77～0.35度;原料根产糖量为6545.8～7013.0kg/hm2,比对照种甜研303提高10.9%～16.42%。甜单301的上述经济指标亦优于目前主栽的甜单二号。甜单301单粒率高、发芽势强、适应性广,适与甜菜育苗移栽和机械化精量点播等集约化栽培技术配套使用,原料生产的保苗密度(收获株数)以72000～78000株/hm2为宜。甜单301适宜在黑龙江省的友谊、讷河、海伦、宁安和依安等甜菜产区推广种植。     

甜菜单粒型三倍体杂交种吉洮单162的选育

吉洮单162是以单粒二倍体雄性不育系JTD-2A为母本,多粒四倍体品系TL1-3为父本,按31∶比例自然杂交而成。该品种在2002～2003年黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验中,平均根产量为40985.55kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研303增产19.38%;含糖16.59%,比对照品种低0.45度;产糖量为6847.28kg/hm2,比对照品种增加16.44%。吉洮单162稳定性好,抗褐斑病,耐根腐病,适宜在黑龙江和吉林省及其它气候、土壤类似地区种植。     

丰产优质抗病甜菜新品种ZM202的选育

ZM202是美国BetaSeed公司和中国农业科学院甜菜研究所合作选育的甜菜二倍体多胚雄不育杂交种。该品种丰产性突出,含糖性状优良,抗丛根病,耐根腐病和褐斑病,适应性广,块根品质好。在2005～2006年的黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验中,两年14个试验点次平均根产量44019.2kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309提高37.2%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.8度;平均产糖量7285.6kg/hm2,比对照品种提高31.7%;对丛根病、根腐病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2007年的黑龙江省甜菜品种生产试验中,5个试验点ZM202平均根产量45754.2kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309提高48.7%;平均含糖率17.1%,比对照品种低0.2度;平均产糖量7729.2kg/hm2,比对照品种提高45.2%。该品种适宜在黑龙江省的齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、大庆、黑河等甜菜产区种植推广。     

甜菜新品种新甜18号的选育

新甜18号是石河子甜菜研究所选育的抗丛根病二倍体雄性不育多粒型杂交种,在2006～2007年新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年14个点次的块根产量平均为82156.5kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产3.99%,含糖率平均15.21%,比对照低0.09度.产糖量平均12745.5kg/hm2,比对照增糖4.3%.在丛根病抗性鉴定中,两年平均块根产量为102182.3kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产33.92%,含糖率15.10%,比对照低0.08,度产糖量平均18475.5kg/hm2,较对照增糖35.0%.该品种丰产性能稳定,抗病性强,适应范围广.     

甜菜品种H809引种鉴定试验

H809是黑龙江省九三科研所引自荷兰安地公司的二倍体单粒型杂交种。2008年进行鉴定试验,平均块根产量52364.8kg/hm2,比对照甜研309增产28.9%;平均含糖率为17.7%,比对照低0.7度;平均产糖量9268.6 kg/hm2,比对照品种增糖24.0%。2009-2011年,参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,平均根产量分别为55987.9 kg/hm2和57260.2 kg/hm2,比对照品种增产13.1%和11.1%;平均含糖率分别为15.9%和17.3%,比对照品种分别高0.1和0.4度;平均产糖量分别为8959.7 kg/hm2和9865.9 kg/hm2,比对照提高13.9%和13.7%。该品种丰产性好、产糖量高、抗褐斑病、根腐病,糖汁纯度高。适宜种植区域:哈尔滨、绥化、佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、黑河等地。     

甜菜多倍体新品种甜研310的选育

甜研310是以四倍体红色胚轴品系甜4N092R为母本,二倍体绿色胚轴品系甜202G为父本,按31∶比例配制而成的多胚三倍体杂交品种,在2003～2004年黑龙江省品种区域试验中,甜研310平均根产量39925.2kg/hm2,比统一对照甜研309增产9.6%;平均含糖率17.68%,高于对照0.07度;平均产糖量7151.7kg/hm2,比对照提高10.3%。多点试验表明,该品种适宜种植地区为黑龙江、内蒙古、新疆等甜菜主产区。2006年2月通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定命名。     

优良甜菜新品种Beta866的引进

Beta866是美国BetaSeed公司选育,中国农业科学院甜菜研究所引进的甜菜二倍体单胚雄不育杂交种。该品种丰产性好,块根含糖较高,属标准偏丰产型品种;抗丛根病和褐斑病,耐根腐病;块根形状整齐,品质好,出糖率高,产质量稳定,适应性广。在2010—2011年的国家甜菜品种区域试验中,全国三大甜菜产区两年42个试验点次平均根产量72506.8kg/hm2,比对照品种提高25.4%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.4度;平均产糖量11867.8 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高23.2%;对丛根病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病、根腐病、黄化毒病和白粉病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2009—20011年的黑龙江省区域试验中,Beta866两年15个点次平均根产量55565.3 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高9.8%;平均含糖率16.0%,比对照品种高0.2度;平均产糖量8910.1kg/hm2,比对照品种提高11.8%。该品种适宜在黑龙江的绥化、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、佳木斯、黑河、牡丹江,河北的张北,内蒙古的包头,新疆的伊犁、昌吉等地区种植推广。     

甜菜丰产型多倍体杂交种吉洮303的选育

吉洮303系以生物法获得的纯四倍体TL1为母本,高糖品系HQD3为父本,按3:1比例自然杂交而成.该品种在2003年吉林省甜菜品种生产示范试验中,平均根产量为43360.6kg/hm2,比对照品种增产18.7%;含糖17.84%,比对照品种提高0.46度;产糖量为7783.4 kg/hm2,比对照品种增加23.0%.2002～2003年在新疆玛纳斯、二十二团、塔城、霍城的引种试验中,平均根产量高达80940.0 kg/hm2,含糖比当地主推品种提高0.28度,表现出了较高的生产潜力.吉洮303稳定性好,抗褐斑病,耐根腐病,适宜在吉林、新疆和内蒙中东部等地种植.     

甜菜单胚新品种STD0903的选育

STD0903是石河子农业科学研究院甜菜研究所选育的标准偏丰产型遗传单胚雄性不育二倍体甜菜杂交种。在2012-2013年新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年15点块根平均产量81306.0 kg/hm2,较对照KWS2409增产16.5%;平均含糖率14.32%,较对照KWS2409增糖0.22度;平均产糖量11643.0kg/hm2,较对照KWS2409增产18.3%。该品种农艺性状突出,丰产性能稳定,抗病性强,适应性广。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.