日本环境保全型耕地农业系统对中国耕地保护的启示

为解决中国农业长期粗放经营问题,研究中国耕地与生态文明协同保护体系,采用文献研究法和归纳演绎法,分析东亚地区代表国家环境保全型农业下的耕地农业协同体系。研究表明,日本的耕地农业环境保护支付制度、生态补偿市场认证体系、耕地农业法律制度保障,是建立在生态补偿原则上,经过实践检验行之有效的,能够提升市场参与度及农民自主性投入的耕地生态协同保护措施。中国在推广耕地合理利用实践方面做出了不懈努力,但是在建立耕地生态协同保护的休耕制度、因地制宜建立生态补偿体系、加快推进耕地生态协同保护专项基金的设立等方面还需进一步坚持和完善。     

生态脆弱区耕地集约利用变化的能值分析

为了进一步分析生态脆弱区农地集约利用变化对区域农业经济和生态环境的影响,利用综合研究方法定量表征农业投入、产出、产投比的研究显得十分必要。以处于典型农牧交错区的宁夏盐池县为案例区,利用能值分析的计算方法探讨了研究区实施生态退耕后的2001-2008年耕地劳动力和农资投入、产出、产投比的动态变化特征。结果表明：随着种植面积的变化,单位面积劳动力投入总体呈下降趋势,而农资投入呈波动上升趋势;单位面积产出大幅度波动,而产投比呈波动下降趋势;产投比的波动方向受劳动力投入、农资投入和降水量的制约明显。研究结果显示,生态退耕后,单纯注重增加农资投入、扩大种植面积,而忽视高素质劳动力的投入以及因地制宜利用气候条件,可能是耕地产投比波动下降的原因;同时,研究区农资投入强度的增加,使农业面源污染风险加大。     

Can regional collaborative innovation improve innovation efficiency? An empirical study of Chinese cities

The relationship between collaborative innovation and innovation efficiency has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. However, few studies have integrated intra-regional and inter-regional collaborative innovations (IRCI) into a unified framework to analyze the overall impact of regional innovation efficiency. To fill this gap, this paper uses an improved Data Envelopment Analysis Model to measure the innovation efficiency of Chinese cities from 2003 to 2016 based on the regional innovation capability. Using the Coupling Coordination Degree Model to measure the degree of intra-regional collaborative innovation, we constructed a Capability Structure Model to measure the degree of IRCI, then used the Spatial Durbin Model to empirically analyze the influence of intra-regional and IRCI on regional innovation efficiency. The results show that: (a) both intra-regional and IRCI promote regional innovation efficiency, but the internal factors are the primary influences on regional innovation efficiency; (b) intra-regional collaborative innovation not only promotes local regional innovation efficiency but also promotes innovation efficiency in other regions effectively, although its driving effect on the local region is higher than on other regions; (c) there is a time lag in promoting regional innovation efficiency through the cooperation and interaction among innovation in knowledge, technological, industrial, and service, and environment capabilities. The regional innovation capacities can result in good collaborative innovation effects only after a certain period of cooperation.     

Spatio-temporal dynamics of technical efficiency in China’s specialized markets: A stochastic frontier analysis approach

China’s specialized markets as a special form of bottom-up capital agglomeration have played a key role in fostering regional development. It once exhibited positive externalities with high efficiencies. However, given the rapid proliferation of specialized markets and the penetration of E-commerce, their advantages may have shifted and the understanding of this shift is limited. The paper explores the spatio-temporal dynamics of China’s specialized markets in terms of technical efficiency. Based on turnover data from Statistical Yearbooks of China Commodity Exchange Market from 2000 to 2016, technical efficiencies in specialized markets are measured by a Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach using panel data. The results show that (a) the technical efficiencies in China’s specialized markets are significantly divergent in space over time; (b) labor input has notable effect on efficiency increase, while capital input has no significant effect; (c) informatization level, cluster size, and degree of market openness are identified to have a positive effect on specialized market’s technical efficiency. This paper argues that specialized markets should be taken seriously in the cluster evolution research. The role of proximity and the bounded links between specialized markets and their local clusters is the key to understanding their changing forms, performances, and trajectories.     

The impacts of fiscal decentralization on environmental innovation in China

Environmental innovation is the fundamental support for sustainable development. Exploiting Chinese provincial panel data from 2007 to 2017, this study investigates the impacts of fiscal decentralization on environmental innovation. In particular, we discuss the regulating role of government’s environmental protection expenditures relying on the mediator effect model. The empirical analyses show that fiscal decentralization cannot only directly promote environmental innovation, but also indirectly weaken environmental innovation through the environmental protection expenditure of the local government. The overall performance is that fiscal decentralization promotes environmental innovation. It is noteworthy that there is regional heterogeneity in the impact of fiscal decentralization on environmental innovation. The impact in the east is significantly higher than in the central and western regions in China.     

University‐industry‐government triple helix relationship and regional innovation efficiency in China

By utilizing panel data of provinces in China from 2012 to 2018, this paper measured innovation efficiency of each regional innovation system and the triple helix relationship of the university‐industry‐government system, then, empirically investigated the influence of the triple helix relationship on regional innovation efficiency. It has been found that: (1) the regional innovation efficiency in China increases slightly year by year, the regional differences are obvious, and university–industry bilateral cooperation is the tightest; (2) cooperation between universities and industries is most beneficial to improve regional innovation efficiency, cooperation between universities and governments significantly promotes scale efficiency in the long run, cooperation between industries and governments significantly promotes regional innovation comprehensive efficiency and pure technical efficiency, meanwhile inhibits scale efficiency, coordinated relation among universities, industries, and governments is beneficial to improve regional innovation comprehensive efficiency and scale efficiency. The research results provide useful theoretical support and policy enlightenment for improving regional innovation efficiency.     

Environmental Impact Modeling of Urban Sprawl in Beijing, P. R. China

City expansion is a major driving force altering local and regional hydrology and increasing non point source (NPS) pollution. To explore these environmental consequences of urbanization, long term runoff and NPS pollution were assessed in Beijing, P. R. China. The assessment was based on land use types, soil hydrology, and long term precipitation data. The environmental impact model L THIA was used. The outcomes indicate that the area likely would be subjected to impacts from urbanization on runoff and some types of NPS pollution. Urban sprawl will increase runoff volume considerably and significantly increase losses of COD and certain heavy metals such as Pb, Zn in runoff. The results of this study have significant implications for urban planning and decision making efforts to protect and remediate water and habitat quality in the Beijing area. The techniques described herein can be used in other areas.     

九江市农业农村水污染的现状、防治困境及对策分析

乡村水美是美丽乡村建设的关键,随着乡村振兴的持续推进,乡村水环境得到了较大改善,但由于农业农村水污染具有分散面广、落实治理主体责任困难、治理资金缺乏等核心问题难以解决,其水污染防治的效果并不理想。本研究首先调查了解了九江市农业农村的水污染现状,详细地分析讨论了该地区不同污染物导致水污染的地域差异和特点;其次在剖析了农业农村水污染的核心原因的基础上,探讨了水污染防治在法律法规、机制体制、责任主体及治理模式等4个方面所存在的困境;最后,从完善法律法规、建立健全长效的体制机制体系、强化落实污染防治责任主体和优化完善治理模式4个方面提出了九江市农业农村水污染防治对策。     

国内土壤环境污染防治进程及展望

综述以中国2005—2019年土壤污染防治进程的3个阶段为主线,总结土壤污染防治发展过程中管理模式、治理体系、管控要求、机构改革、立法支持等5个方面重要转变,分析国家和地方土壤环境保护标准、法律法规政策和主要土壤污染治理成效。针对国内土壤污染防治未来发展趋势,从完善土壤环境标准及管理制度、建设监测及预警大数据平台、加强土壤生态环境国际合作、持续推进土壤修复技术攻关和先行区经验推广等方面提出建议,以期为生态环境高水平保护和经济社会高质量发展提供参考。     

Analysis of the influence of land finance on haze pollution: An empirical study based on 269 prefecture-level cities in China

Under the system of political centralization and economic decentralization, the expanding scale of land finance and the increasingly severe environmental pressure have jointly become crucial features of China's urban development. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the intrinsic mechanism of land finance on haze pollution for China's economy to achieve kinetic energy transformation and green development. This paper empirically analyzes the impact of land finance on haze pollution using a dynamic spatial Durbin model based on panel data of 269 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2017. The statistical results show that haze pollution has a significant “snowball effect” and space spillover effect. Land finance has a significant positive effect on haze pollution. Land transfer both by agreement and by bid invitation, auction, and listing have significant positive effect on haze pollution. However, the promoting effect of land transfer by agreement on haze pollution is significantly higher than that of land sale by bid invitation, auction, and listing. Furthermore, regional heterogeneity implies that for cities in the eastern region, land finance is conducive to alleviating haze pollution. In contrast, for cities in the central and western regions, land finance significantly promotes haze pollution.     

Between ‘state’ and ‘society’: Commune authorities and the environment in Vietnam's craft villages

Maintaining a liveable environment in Vietnam's polluted craft villages is a daily challenge for state authorities and residents. Neighbouring urban populations demand that the state effectively curtails and manages pollution, while local residents prioritise their livelihoods and routinely flout regulations. The commune official, tasked with the seemingly impossible task of environmental regulation, occupies a fraught position, torn between the imperatives and constraints of craft producers and state regulatory demands. This study of water pollution in northern Vietnam's craft villages finds that commune officials' conflicted role in environmental governance is a central factor in the failure of the current environmental governance regime, and reflects the internally conflicted nature of the Vietnamese state.     

Fragmentation and Sprawl: Evidence from Interregional Analysis

Recent years have witnessed widespread expansion of state and regional planning programs in the United States. A major purpose of these efforts is to reduce urban sprawl—low density, discontinuous, suburban–style development, often characterized as the result of rapid, unplanned, and/or uncoordinated growth— by promoting jurisdictional cooperation and regulatory consistency across metropolitan areas. This paper evaluates the efficacy of this approach by examining the relationship between governmental fragmentation and several measurable outcomes of urban development: density, urbanized land area, property value, and public expenditures on infrastructure. The four dimensions are modeled in a simultaneous equations framework, providing substantive evidence on how fragmentation and other exogenous factors affect metropolitan growth patterns. Fragmentation is associated with lower densities and higher property values, but has no direct effect on public service expenditures; less fragmented metropolitan areas occupy greater amounts of land due to the extensive annexation needed to bring new development under the control of a central municipality. The findings of the analysis lend support to state and regional planning efforts aimed at increasing cooperation among local governments, but also suggest that further research is needed in order to evaluate whether or not they produce their intended effects.     

Analysis of the Impact of Ownership Structure on the External Corporate Governance

Taking-over market, the main component of external corporate governance, affects the performance of corporate governance significantly. Through taking-over activities between companies, the market assumes its role in the governance mechanism. This paper analyzes the taking-over market of listed company in China from the view of ownership structure. By looking into the indirect taking-over activities between companies, the authors research the impact of specific ownership structure on the effectiveness of external corporate governance deriving from such activities. It is concluded that innovation of ownership structure is the key for taking-over market to take its role in external corporate governance more effectively.     

基于多元主体协同供给的山区农业生产性服务业发展研究

国内农业生产性服务业的发展具有一定的阶段特征和区域特色。当前,我国农业生产性服务业发展处于初级阶段,尤其是广大中西部山区相比平原地区更加滞后。笔者阐述了农业生产性服务业的主体参与机制,归纳出山区推进农业生产性服务业市场主体积极性不高、政府主体投入有限、社会主体参与不足等问题,普遍存在区位条件制约、服务利益关联机制缺失、村域间服务基础设施滞后、文化资本和社会资本积累不足等制约。笔者认为充分发挥各类服务主体的作用,有效组织各类资源,是促进区域农业生产性服务业健康发展的关键。为弥补山区区位劣势,应该加强各类新型服务主体培育、建立协同机制、政府有效引导、培养农业服务业人才和营造良好的协同供给环境。     

中国开征化肥税的政策设想

随着中国社会主义市场经济的建立和税制改革的进一步深化,传统农业的发展模式受到考验,开始向都市农业转型,进而使农村面源污染问题不断升级;在农村面源的污染源中,化肥污染的态势得不到有效的抑制,已经形成了以水污染、土壤污染、空气污染为主的化肥面源污染域。化肥的污染治理逐渐引起了社会的广泛关注,在政府管理的过程中已经由传统的行政手段和微观管理为主的模式向宏观、间接手段为主,直接手段为辅的多元化模式转变。通过课征化肥税来保护环境,已成为保护农业环境尤其是面源环境的必然要求。研究面源环境治理,以相关理论基础为立脚点,从理论层面和实践层面分析了开征化肥税的必要性,根据化肥税设立的原则提出了化肥税的基本思想,并探讨了开征化肥税需要解决的关键性问题,促进各级政府有效发挥其职能,对所处的环境进行有效的管制,发展经济的同时保护环境。     

Empirical Analysis on Stock Market and Real Estate Market Wealth Effect in China

Based on the Modigliani's Life-Cycle Hypothesis of consumption,and relevant data,the paper empirically studies stock market and real estate market wealth effect in China by using the method of unit root test and cointegrating regression.The results show that,regardless of short-run effect and long-run effect,the stock market wealth has significantly negative effect on civil' consumption level,but real estate market wealth or housing market wealth has significantly positive effect on civil' consumption level.     

Urban regeneration in urban functional areas in Poland as an instrument of implementation of the EU Cohesion Policy

This study examines the role of urban regeneration policies in planning and governance within urban functional areas (UFAs) in Poland, in the context of the EU Cohesion Policy (CP). The empirical part of this study is based on comparing the approaches adopted in two Polish regions: Pomerania and Silesia. We describe the first successes but also the bottlenecks of the process, from negotiations and programming up to the implementation of the first tranche of integrated projects. We consider the factors that strengthen planning and governance within UFAs, while simultaneously influencing the local development, and territorial impacts of the EU Cohesion Policy in the given regions. This study is based on interviews with national, regional, and local actors. It defines the role of urban regeneration policies in shaping local socio-economic and spatial development in these regions and identifies the conditions required for the implementation of urban regeneration in functional areas. We also draw lessons for the future CP programming period from the experience of Polish regions, among the main beneficiaries of the EU Cohesion Policy. By evaluating the influence of Cohesion Policy at different government levels, our study may influence the discourse on its future, particularly in the context of strengthening the cooperation and multilevel governance.     

Scaling the environmental commons: Broadening our frame of reference for transboundary governance in Southeast Asia

The transboundary environmental commons in Southeast Asia are normally conceived in terms of shared resources and environmental impacts that transcend national borders. The Mekong's ‘fugitive resources’ of water, fish and sediment and the issue of Indonesia's smoke haze drift into Malaysia and Singapore dominate discussion. Assumed national interests shape actors and institutional arrangements for transboundary commons governance. Failure to address the governance challenges is explained in terms of their politico‐cultural failings (e.g. the ‘ASEAN Way’ of non‐interference), the weak regulatory remit of agencies with a specific transboundary governance role (Mekong River Commission), the dominant developmental agenda of subregional cooperative arrangements (Greater Mekong Subregion) or the geopolitical dominance of China (Lancang–Mekong Cooperation). This article builds on these critiques by considering the relationship between the local commons impacted by transboundary projects and the framing of the commons at an inter‐governmental level. It shows that neglect of the local commons and the impacts on them of projects with transboundary effects is partly to be explained by the institutional scaling of the transboundary commons at a country‐to‐country level. It also argues for an expanded notion of transboundary, including investment and governance flows as well as the material environmental footprint of large‐scale investments.     

The threshold effect of the efficiency of science and technological services on regional environmental governance in China

Through panel data for every province in China from 2006 to 2016, this paper studies the impact of the efficiency of science and technological services and the level of economic development on environmental governance, with the efficiency of science and technological services as the threshold variables. The results of the research indicate that the efficiency of science and technological services in China's provinces is low, while the regional gap is expanding. When the efficiency of science and technological services is the threshold variable, single threshold results are significant. When the efficiency of science and technological services is the threshold variable and when the efficiency of science and technological services is lower than the threshold value, there is a significant impact on environmental governance. If the efficiency of science and technological services crosses the threshold value, the impact of science and technological service efficiency on environmental governance becomes insignificant. For the level of economic development, it is a core explanatory variable and has a significant impact on environmental governance only when the efficiency of science and technological services is below the threshold value. According to the empirical results, this paper proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.     

Labor Market Segmentation in Urumqi,Xinjiang: Exposing Labor Market Segments and Testing the Relationship between Migration and Segmentation

Labor market segmentation and migration are two phenomena that are dramatically reshaping the spatial, economic, and social relationships of many urban cities in both developed and developing countries. To this point, the bulk of Chinese literature falls within the context of area studies, without much effort to link Chinese migration and emerging labor market outcomes to larger global trends and discourse. This research attempts to link the body of internal Chinese migration and emerging labor markets to labor market segmentation theory, primarily developed by urban economists and sociologists. My findings provide evidence that applying labor market segmentation theory to examine emerging markets in China offers fruitful results that help to identify the new urban stratification that exists in China. I employ a set of quantitative methods using employee‐level field data that I collected in Urumqi in 2008 to identify distinct segments within Urumqi's labor market and argue that migration is a major driver of labor market segmentation. Cluster analysis shows Uyghur minorities and women are found to be overwhelmingly concentrated in the lower sector, composed mostly of “bad” jobs. Discriminant analysis reveals that migrant status and ethnicity are the most important variables that deepen the gap among the labor market segments. The social inequality created as a result of market segmentation can partially explain Uyghur discontent in the region and the July 2009 riots, one of the worst riots in Xinjiang's modern history.