气象干旱监测指标在青海高原的适用性分析

基于1986—2013年青海高原114个干旱个例和1981—2015年逐月、四季和年SPI指数、PA指数、K指数和MCI指数,通过对比逐年、四季不同等级干旱出现频率和实际干旱的吻合情况,评估不同干旱监测指数对典型干旱发展过程的刻画能力,主要得出以下结论：（1）SPI指数和K指数对总干旱发生频率的年代际变化具有很好的监测效果,但SPI对不同等级干旱的监测能力最强,K指数次之,PA指数、MCI指数对干旱年代际变化的监测能力较差。（2）SPI指数和K指数对春旱和夏旱的监测效果很好,对秋、冬季的干旱监测效果不理想,PA指数和MCI指数对四季干旱的监测结果有较大偏差。（3）SPI能很好地监测出干旱的发生区域和干旱的程度,K指数和PA指数监测的干旱程度有偏差,而MCI指数对干旱范围和程度均有很大的偏差。（4）SPI指数和K指数的监测结果符合干旱发生、发展过程,对干旱发生、发展过程的刻画较为合理,而PA指数和MCI指数基本不能反映干旱的发生发展过程。（5）综合来看,SPI指数对春旱和夏季监测效果最优,K指数次之,PA指数和MCI指数最差。     

冬小麦综合干旱评估指标建立及应用

为提高冬小麦干旱监测和定量灾损评估的准确性,以半干旱黄土高原陇东地区为例,利用15个冬小麦种植县1965—2020年逐日降水资料、MCI指数,1978—2020年冬小麦产量资料、干旱灾情资料,以及1981—2014年生育期观测资料,探索建立冬小麦干旱灾损评估新指标WDI,以因旱减产率和干旱指标之间的关系参考历史灾情确定等级阈值,基于WDI分析陇东地区冬小麦干旱时空分布特征。结果表明：WDI在评估干旱对冬小麦产量影响方面优于气象干旱指数;从3个代表站WDI年际变化看,环县波动幅度最大且数值最小,其次是西峰,处于阴湿地区的华亭波动幅度最小且数值最大。20世纪90年代初至21世纪初波动最剧烈。从年代变化看,20世纪90年代全生育期、拔节~开花期WDI平均值分别为-10.6、-5.4,为各年代最低,处于干旱期;21世纪10年代WDI平均值则分别为4.4、2.6,为各年代最高,处于相对湿润期。在空间分布上,干旱频率由东南向西北增大,重度以上干旱主要发生在陇东西部和中北部。冬小麦全生育期、拔节~开花期轻中旱发生频率分别为34%~52%、41%~57%,重度以上干旱频率均为4%~18%,评估结果与历史实况基本一致。WDI兼顾气象学与生物学意义,能较好表征冬小麦产量损失、干旱时空特征分析,可用于冬小麦干旱监测和评估业务。     

CI指数的改进及其在陕西省的适用性分析

利用陕西4个站点2002—2012年逐日降水、气温资料和气象干旱指数,结合测墒站建站至2012年墒情数据,通过增加变量和调整权重系数对CI进行改进,统计分析改进前后的综合气象干旱指数在陕西干旱过程描述、频率及强度等方面的应用情况和改进效果,并比较了与同期土壤相对湿度的相关性差异。结果表明:改进的综合气象干旱指数(CInew)监测的干旱日数较CI偏少,春夏季尤为明显。各等级干旱发生频率CInew较CI偏低0.1%~8%,年干旱强度较CI平均偏低64.2,但改进前后的综合气象干旱指数在年干旱日数、频率、强度的总体变化特征方面并没有显著差异,均能反映出陕西干旱频率及强度的变化特征。CInew在具体干旱过程监测中的不合理跳跃次数明显减少,克服了CI对弱降水的骤然反应,保留了对强降水的敏感性,CInew与土壤相对湿度的相关性达0.9,较CI明显偏好,监测过程更符合实际干旱的演变规律,程度更贴近实际。因此,CInew可以作为陕西干旱监测与评估指标之一在业务中推广应用。     

山西南部季节性干旱特征及综合防御技术

采用标准化降水指数(SPI)为干旱指标,计算了山西省运城市49年(1958—2007年)各月干旱指数,并在此基础上分析了山西南部地区季节性干旱特征。研究表明,干旱强度与干旱频率在不同年代际表现特征不同。与运城地区49年同期均值相比,进入20世纪90年代后,春旱发生频率、干旱强度分别提高了29.0%、5.1%;夏旱发生频率提高41.9%,干旱强度下降了7.4%;秋旱发生频率下降了23.8%,干旱强度提高了7.7%;冬旱发生频率下降了26.6%,干旱强度下降了37.5%。干旱的季节性特征为春旱和夏旱有加重趋势,秋旱和冬旱有减弱趋势。春旱(3—5月)和伏旱(7—8月)作为可预见性干旱,可采用土壤墒情监测、干旱预警、制定系统性抗旱措施等综合防御技术。对于不可预见类型干旱,可采用建立抗旱水源、储备抗旱机械等策略。     

效率系数和一致性指数及其在干旱预测精度评价中的应用

基于关中平原2003—2014年Aqua-MODIS数据的条件植被温度指数的干旱监测结果,引入效率系数和一致性指数对自回归求和移动平均(ARIMA)模型和季节性ARIMA模型的预测精度进行了评价,并分析了其在干旱预测精度评价中的适用性。两种干旱预测模型的精度评价结果为ARIMA模型与季节性ARIMA模型的效率系数分别为-0.04与-4.27,一致性指数分别为0.40与0.37,表明ARIMA模型对干旱的预测精度高于季节性ARIMA模型,这与均方根误差、皮尔森相关系数及Kappa系数等的评价结果一致,且效率系数对不同干旱预测模型的预测性能的区分效果尤为显著,对干旱预测模型的精度评价比一致性指数更为合理。因此,效率系数更适合用于遥感干旱预测模型的精度评价。     

基于加权马尔可夫模型的条件植被温度指数预测研究

条件植被温度指数(VTCI)是一种近实时的干旱监测指标。利用加权马尔可夫模型对陕西关中平原的条件植被温度指数(VTCI)时空变化序列进行了2步预测,并将预测结果与实际监测结果进行对比分析,结果表明,预测的干旱监测结果与实际的干旱监测结果空间分布特征基本一致,进一步的误差分析显示,2步预测的误差平均值分别为0.042和0.152。     

吉林省夏季区域性干旱事件时空特征及评估

利用1961-2014年资料,采用K指数、Ren、正态分布等方法对吉林省夏季区域性干旱事件的时空特点进行了分析,确定了干旱事件评估指标,对干旱事件进行了监测和试评估。结果表明:1961-2013年吉林省出现87次夏季区域性干旱事件,干旱事件的持续时间一般在7-30d,最大影响范围集中在25-40站,干旱事件呈初夏后夏多盛夏少的特点,本世纪以来吉林省夏季区域性干旱事件处于多发阶段。干旱事件多发区出现在吉林省中西部。干旱事件的监测及评估指标业务应用较好。     

基于空间信息的内蒙古农业干旱监测研究

综合利用遥感信息和地面观测资料,研究建立了适合内蒙古自治区特点的干旱遥感监测模型,通过查阅干旱指数监测的历史干旱状况,结合地面实测数据分析,形成对区域干旱监测的分级遥感图。针对干旱监测评估中定量服务所面临的困难,文中研究应用大量的社会经济信息,基于GIS的空间分析功能,对干旱影响面积、影响范围以及影响的各类社会经济指标...     

基于加权马尔可夫模型的标准化降水指数干旱预测研究

基于不同时间尺度标准化降水指数的干旱监测结果,以规范化的各阶白相关系数为权重,采用加权马尔可夫链方法对未来干旱状态进行预测和分析.以关中平原和渭北旱塬36个气泉站39年逐月降水量为分析数据.系统地分析了该方法在不同时间尺度(从1个月到1年)上的预测能力及存在的问题.结果表明:对所选的5个时间尺度该方法都有一定的预测能力,并且随着时间尺度的增加,预测正确率也相应提高.同时,该方法对无旱的预测比较准确.对干旱的发生也有一定预测能力,可以作为早期干旱预警的参考.但是,该方法对干旱状态突变的预测能力较弱;随着干旱程度的加重其预测能力也逐渐降低.     

内蒙古干旱监测评估方法综合应用研究

在内蒙古土壤墒情和干旱监测评估服务中,通过土壤含水量地面观测与卫星遥感监测的有机结合,达到优势互补,使内蒙古的干旱服务工作达到准确及时。利用土壤相对湿度划分干旱等级,方法简单精确,容易业务化;卫星遥感监测在春季(6月1日以前)采用热惯量法,夏季(6~8月)利用植被指数法,秋季以地面监测服务为主。另外,卫星遥感受监测时间和植物生长特性的影响,监测结论难免出现滞后,尤其对干旱初期的判断就更加模糊,卫星遥感监测更适合在连续大旱的情况下对干旱的动态进行监测评估服务。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.