特种野猪胴体及肉质性状的研究

特种野猪是将优良纯种野猪与瘦肉型家猪杂交后,经过人工选育、驯化得到的野猪新品种。特种野猪保持了纯种野猪瘦肉率高、肉质鲜美醇香、适应性强的特点,又兼具家猪饲料利用率高、繁殖力强、生长迅速等优点。特种野猪肉营养价值高、风味独特,越来越受到人们的关注和青睐,逐渐成为一种新型的绿色保健肉食品。但到目前为止,特种野猪还未经猪品种委员会评定,其生物学特征及肉质特性还未能确定。为研究含75％野猪血缘的特种野猪的胴体性状和肉质性状,特进行本次屠宰测定,为广西乃至全国特种野猪的肉质开发与合理利用提供参考。     

不同能量、赖氨酸水平对特种野猪生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

试验以体重为(13±1)kg的健康含野猪血液为75%的特种野猪为试验动物,采用2(能量)×3(赖氨酸)因子完全交叉设计,研究不同能量、赖氨酸水平对特种野猪生长期生产性能及胴体品质的影响。试验结果表明:①在生长性能方面,不同能量、赖氨酸水平对末重、料重比均有显著影响(P<0.05),且对平均日增重有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对平均日采食量和总采食量均有极显著的影响(P<0.01)。②在屠宰性能方面,不同能量、赖氨酸对屠宰率、背膘厚和瘦肉率有显著影响,对胴体体长和眼肌面积均无显著影响(P>0.05)。综合各项指标,当能量12.5 MJ/kg、赖氨酸为1.0%时,特种野猪生长最好,屠宰性能最佳。     

浅议特种野猪饲养管理

特种野猪是以纯种野山猪为父本、瘦肉型猪为母本进行杂交,经过多次选育、驯化的一种野猪,称特种野猪。这种特种野猪,既保持了野山猪瘦肉率高、肉质鲜嫩、抗病力强、适应性广的优势,又保持了瘦肉型猪瘦肉率高、生长发育快、饲料利用率高、繁殖力强、性情温驯、好饲养的特点,并克服了野山猪体形小、生长慢、季节性繁殖、产仔少的缺陷。所以,特种野猪养殖,已成为养殖业中的热门选项。     

浅议特种野猪饲养管理

特种野猪是以纯种野山猪为父本、瘦肉型猪为母本进行杂交,经过多次选育、驯化的一种野猪,称特种野猪.这种特种野猪,既保持了野山猪瘦肉率高、肉质鲜嫩、抗病力强、适应性广的优势,又保持了瘦肉型猪瘦肉率高、生长发育快、饲料利用率高、繁殖力强、性情温驯、好饲养的特点,并克服了野山猪体形小、生长慢、季节性繁殖、产仔少的缺陷.所以,特种野猪养殖,已成为养殖业中的热门选项.     

特种野猪ESR基因、FSHβ基因的多态性分析

研究利用PCR和PCR-RFLPs等技术检测了特种野猪72个样品的繁殖(ESR和FSHβ)性状的主要功能基因的多态性分布,ESR基因运用PCR-RFLPs法研究它们的遗传变异,FSHβ基因直接采用PCR进行检测,检测这两种基因不同基因型在特种野猪群体中的分布频率。并对其进行群体遗传学分析,结合特种野猪的繁殖性能记录,建立合理统计分析模型,旨在研究ESR和FSHβ这两种基因对特种野猪产仔数性状的影响,从基因角度寻找特种野母猪繁殖力低的原因,寻找其解决办法,利用分子遗传标记手段提高特种野母猪的繁殖性能。结果表明:FSHβ基因和ESR基因可以作为控制猪高繁殖率的候选基因。注意提高ESR基因中等位基因B的频率,将能显著提高猪群的繁殖性能。     

特种野猪开发前景与繁育技术要点

特种野猪是以纯种野山猪为父本,以杜洛克为母本进行杂交,经过多次选育、驯化,基因较稳定的一种野猪,称特种野猪.这种特种野猪集双亲所表现出特强的杂交优势,既保持了野山猪瘦肉率高、肉质鲜嫩,抗病力强,适应性广的优势;又稳定了杜洛克猪瘦肉率高,生长发育快,饲料利用率高,繁殖力强,性情温顺,好饲养的特点,并克服了野山猪体型小、生长慢、产仔少、繁殖力低的缺陷.……     

特种野猪仔猪哺乳期补充饲料配方研究

试验选择含75％野猪血缘的特种野猪8日龄仔猪,通过对特种野猪仔猪饲料配方进行研究,研究开发特种野猪8～50日龄仔猪哺乳期补充饲料配方.通过本试验可以确定:消化能12.3274 MJ/kg、代谢能11.3313 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质15.6430％补充饲料的营养水平和配方作为特种野猪哺乳期仔猪补充饲料的基本营养水平和基本配方.     

影响特种野猪繁殖率的因素及对策

特种野猪肉因其肉质鲜美,瘦肉率高而受到广大消费者的好评,然而在特种野猪生产的过程中,其低繁殖率一直是一个困扰着广大科研工作者与养殖户的大问题,并且在一定程度上制约了特种野猪规模化的生产。本文主要从影响特种野猪繁殖率的因素以及提高特种野猪繁殖率策略两大方面进行综述。     

提高特种野猪仔猪成活率的几项措施

为了提高特种野猪仔猪的成活率,增加规模养殖场的经济效益,推广特种野猪家养的技术,笔者在吉林省通榆县天兴牧业特种野猪养殖场推行产前处理、专人接产、培育健壮仔猪等综合措施,仔猪成活率由原来49%提高到75%。     

发展野猪养殖前景广阔

１概述特种野猪是选用优良山林雄性野猪与优良瘦肉型家猪进行杂交后，经人工选育后的野猪新品种，其基因稳定，后代可长期做种繁殖而基因不变。特种野猪集有猪、野猪之长，显示出很好的杂交优势，既保持了野猪瘦肉率高、肉质鲜美、抗病力强、适应性广等优势，又攻克了野猪季节性发情，产仔少和不易饲养等特点。特种野猪销售市场异常好，将成为整个特种养殖业最热门的项目，大有独霸市场之势，国家科技部已把它列为星火计划推广项目，农业部有关人员指出，特种野猪市场前景十分广阔，发展野猪养殖商机无限。２食用价值特种野猪肉鲜嫩香醇，野…     

Progress in the control of bovine tuberculosis in Spanish wildlife

Despite the compulsory test and slaughter campaigns in cattle, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is still present in Spain, and the role of wildlife reservoirs is increasingly recognized. We provide an update on recent progress made in bTB control in Spanish wildlife, including aspects of epidemiology, surveillance, host-pathogen interaction and wildlife vaccination. At the high densities and in the particular circumstances of Mediterranean environments, wild ungulates, mainly Eurasian wild boar and red deer, are able to maintain Mycobacterium bovis circulation even in absence of domestic livestock. Infection is widespread among wild ungulates in the south of the country, local infection prevalence being as high as 52% in wild boar and 27% in red deer. Risk factors identified include host genetic susceptibility, abundance, spatial aggregation at feeders and waterholes, scavenging, and social behaviour. An increasing trend of bTB compatible lesions was reported among wild boar and red deer inspected between 1992 and 2004 in Southwestern Spain. Sporadic cases of badger TB have been detected, further complicating the picture. Gene expression profiles were characterized in European wild boar and Iberian red deer naturally infected with M. bovis. The comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in wildlife hosts in response to infection advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis, revealed common and distinctive host responses to infection and identified candidate genes associated with resistance to bTB and for the characterization of host response to infection and vaccination. Ongoing research is producing valuable knowledge on vaccine delivery, safety and efficacy issues. Baits for the oral delivery of BCG vaccine preparations to wild boar piglets were developed and evaluated. The use of selective feeders during the summer was found to be a potentially reliable bait-deployment strategy. Safety experiments yielded no isolation of M. bovis BCG from faeces, internal organs at necropsy and the environment, even after oral delivery of very high doses. Finally, preliminary vaccination and challenge experiments suggested that a single oral BCG vaccination may protect wild boar from infection by a virulent M. bovis field strain.     

Efficacy of lyophilised C-strain vaccine after oral immunisation of domestic pigs and wild boar against classical swine fever: first results

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of lyophilised C-strain vaccine in domestic pigs and wild boar after oral application. A new spherical bait form (diameter 3 cm) containing lyophilised vaccine virus and the recent vaccine baits were used for animal experiments. Four vaccination groups were established in experiment 1 (group 1: recent liquid bait vaccine; group 2: spherical baits containing one dose of the lyophilised vaccine; groups 3 (domestic pigs) and 4 (wild boar): spherical baits containing two doses of the lyophilised vaccine) and two groups in experiment 2 (group 1: recent liquid bait vaccine; group 2: spherical baits with two doses of the lyophilised vaccine). Challenge was carried out with the highly virulent virus strain "Alfort 187" (using 100 TCID50 in the first and 1.000 TCID50 in the second experiment). Our results showed that the animals vaccinated with lyophilised C-strain vaccine developed high neutralising antibody titres comparable to those obtained after vaccination with the recent bait vaccine. All pigs which picked up the baits remained healthy after challenge. Neither clinical symptoms nor viremia or virus shedding were observed after infection except in one pig (group 2, experiment 2) which had not consumed the vaccine bait. The surviving domestic pigs and wild boar were tested negative for CSFV and viral RNA at the end of the study. This result demonstrates that lyophilised vaccine may become an effective vaccine formulation for oral immunisation of wild boar against CSF in the near future.     

Experimental infection of wild boar and domestic pigs with a foot and mouth disease virus strain detected in the southeast of Bulgaria in December of 2010

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) was detected in a wild boar in Southeastern Bulgaria in December 2010. The occurrence and spread of the disease in wild cloven-hoofed animals may pose an unexpected and significant threat to FMD virus (FMDV)-free areas within and outside the European Union. So far, only one well documented experimental infection with FMD in wild boar has been published. In order to obtain more epidemiologically relevant data regarding the disease in wild boar we conducted an experiment with the 2010 Bulgarian FMDV type O isolate. Two young wild boar were challenged while two domestic pigs and two additional wild boar served as contact controls. While the domestic pigs developed severe clinical signs of FMD, the wild boar showed relatively mild course of the disease. Viremia started in contact wild boar 2 days post exposure (DPE) and lasted until 6 DPE. The virus shedding lasted until 9 DPE. On 27 DPE, when the animals were slaughtered, viral RNA was detected in lymphoid tissues and oropharyngeal fluid but no virus could be isolated. Commercial ELISAs and virus neutralisation tests detected antibodies against FMDV on 8 or 6 DPE, respectively. The data of the present study will help to understand FMD in wild boar populations and can be used in models to evaluate the potential role of wild boar in FMD epidemiology.     

长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代血清生化参数的研究

本实验选取长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代20头，对其血清中10项生化指标进行了测定，结果表明：长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代的GLU、CREA、TG、AST、ALT均高于家猪，说明长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代GLU代谢高，肌肉代谢产物较多，氨基酸代谢旺盛。UN含量与家猪含量基本接近，说明长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代的蛋白质代谢一切正常。TP、AKP、CHOL含量均低于家猪，说明长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代生长较家猪慢，瘦肉率高于家猪。     

Familial Hepatitis E Outbreak Linked to Wild Boar Meat Consumption

An HIV‐infected patient was diagnosed with acute hepatitis E infection in our hospital. An epidemiological inquiry was performed to collect demographic, food and animal exposure variables in order to identify the potential route of transmission. The patient reported that his family traditionally hunted wild boar for food. All family members were analysed for hepatitis E virus infection. Additionally, route of transmission by wild boar meat consumption and prevalence of HEV infection among wild boar from the same hunting area were investigated. In all‐family members (n = 8), HEV‐RNA was amplified. Two wild boar meat slices consumed was analysed, showing the presence of HEV. The virus isolated was consistent with genotype 3, revealing 100% homology between family members and meat. Additionally, we tested nine wild boar hunted in the same hunting area. All of them were RNA‐HEV positive, isolating the same HEV genotype 3 viral strain. We demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis zoonotic transmission of HEV by wild boar meat consumption. The prevalence of HEV infection among wild boar found in our study suggests that this species is an important route of transmission to human.     

家养野猪副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定及16S rRNA序列分析

对江西省某家养野猪场临诊疑似副猪嗜血杆菌（Haemophilusparasuis,Hps）感染的病例进行细菌分离鉴定,PCR扩增分离菌株的16SrRNA并进行测序分析,并对分离菌进行细菌形态、生化鉴定和PCR鉴定及序列比对分析。结果显示,获得1株家养野猪源Hps分离株（命名为HPJXYZ01）,该分离株与国内外参考菌株序列之闻的同源性为93．1％～99．2％,与本实验室江西省家猪源分离株的同源性为84％～92．1％。结果表明,江西省家养野猪中存在Hps感染,分离株与国内外家猪源Hps间的16SrRNA序列差异不大,Hps16SrRNA核苷酸序列比较稳定,其进化不存在明显的地域相关性。     

全模拟自然生态条件下杂交野猪繁育与肥育性能测定

为了研究杂交野猪的生长性能、繁育水平与养殖环境、运动量、饲料配制的关系,根据野猪生活习性,对杂交野猪放养区内生活环境进行模拟(包括野猪巢穴、生态环境、植被),使杂交野猪能够有更多的运动范围和获取野外食物的机会。结果表明,放养模式下的杂交野猪产仔率(P<0.05)、仔猪存活率(P<0.01)均高于圈养模式杂交野猪,但增重速度显著(P<0.05)低于圈养模式下饲养杂交野猪。由试验结果可以得出,圈养模式下杂交育肥野猪增重速度显著高于放养杂交野猪,饲养管理难度较低,适合集约化大规模饲养。     

Production,performance, slaughter characteristics,and meat quality of Ziwuling wild crossbred pigs

Wild boars, because of their large size and ability to survive adverse conditions, are usually used to cross with domestic breeds to improve the quality of domesticated pigs. This study aimed to investigate the growth performance, slaughter performance, and meat quality of Ziwuling crossbred pigs. Crossbred pigs in four groups (n = 8 per group, 4 boars and 4 sows, all aged 100 days), F₁ [wild × B (Bamei)], F₁ × B, F₁ × Y (Yorkshire), and F₁ × F₁, were selected at a commercial pig farm. Growth performance, slaughter performance, and meat quality of these crossbred pigs were determined. Characteristics of fatty acids, amino acids, and longissimus muscle fiber in relation to growth, carcass, and meat quality traits were also investigated. Pigs in F₁ and F₁ × F₁ groups had lower average daily weight gain, water and storage loss rates, larger meat color score, higher muscle amino acid levels, larger muscle fiber diameter, and higher ratio of flavor amino acids to unsaturated fatty acids compared to other groups. Crossbred pigs with higher rate of wild boar’s consanguinity could improve production performance, slaughter performance, and meat quality. Thus, crossbreeding wild pig with domestic breeds might be an effective method to improve meat quality and flavor.