大豆芽花生内酯豆腐制备工艺的研究

为得到大豆芽花生内酯豆腐最优制备工艺,以绥化寒地黑土地产大豆、花生为主要原料,大豆经发芽脱腥、花生经烘烤处理,以葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯(GDL)作为凝固剂制作一种新型内酯豆腐。采用单因素和正交试验研究基料(大豆芽和花生)与水比例、大豆发芽时间、凝固剂(葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯)添加量,以内酯豆腐的感官评分和失水率为评价标准确定最佳工艺配方。结果表明:大豆芽与花生配比为4∶1,基料与水配比为1∶6,大豆发芽时间为48 h,GDL添加量为2.3%,并采用感官定量描述分析(QDA)方法对比最佳工艺配方条件下生产的大豆芽花生内酯豆腐与市售内酯豆腐的风味特性(豆香味、花生香味、顺滑、细腻、弹性、涩味、酸味),结果表明:大豆芽花生内酯豆腐表面组织较均匀细腻、洁白、口感较好、营养丰富、且具有大豆和花生特有的香味。     

采用HS-SPME/GC-MS/GC-Olfactometry/RI对绿茶和绿茶鲜汁饮料香气的比较分析

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)提取绿茶和绿茶鲜汁饮料样品中的挥发性成分,用气相色谱/质谱联用技术(GC-MS)结合气相色谱-嗅觉测量法(GC-Olfactometry)以及挥发性化合物的保留指数(RI),鉴定了绿茶和饮料中的主要风味化合物,并对二者香气组成及相对含量差异进行了比较。结果表明：采用GC-MS/GC- Olfactometry/RI法能有效地鉴别和确认绿茶和绿茶鲜汁饮料中香味化合物的类别、香味强度及其对总体香气的贡献;绿茶和绿茶鲜汁饮料的香气成分在组成和含量上存在差异,绿茶中有34种嗅感物质,其中叶醇、2-乙基己醇、苄醇、1-辛醇、芳樟醇、芳樟醇氧化物、苯乙醇、己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛、苯乙酮等是其主要呈香物质;绿茶鲜汁饮料含有37种嗅感物质,主要呈香物质为芳樟醇、芳樟醇氧化物、苯乙醇、香叶醇、橙花醇、橙花叔醇、(Z)-2-庚烯醛、苯甲醛、苯乙酮等。     

基于柱前衍生化GC-MS的炒青绿茶加工过程中初级代谢物变化规律研究

茶叶中的一些初级代谢产物前人研究较少,为了探明在炒青绿茶加工过程中这些初级代谢产物的变化规律,本研究以龙井43品种为原料制作了炒青绿茶,并采用了基于柱前衍生化的气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对其进行测定。结果共鉴定出60种化合物,其中相对含量较高的为有机酸类、糖类、糖类衍生物。偏最小二乘法判别分析模型可成功区分炒青绿茶各个加工工序,并筛选出了关键差异化合物26种,聚类分析结果表明,这26种化合物在加工过程中的含量变化规律可分为以下3类:高→低:2-酮戊二酸、阿拉伯糖、没食子酸、吡喃葡萄糖醛酸、甘油葡萄糖苷、核糖、半乳糖、果糖、葡萄糖、磷酸、4-酮葡萄糖、核糖酸-1,4-内酯、甘露醇;高→低→高:尿黑酸、蔗糖、肌醇半乳糖苷、苏糖酸、松二糖、核糖酸、肌醇和柠檬酸;低→高→低:赤藓糖-1,4-内酯、磷酸氧丙基酯、焦谷氨酸、奎尼酸、己二酸。有机酸主要呈现先上升后下降趋势,糖类除蔗糖外主要呈现下降趋势。     

红香椿内酯豆腐生产工艺的研究

以红香椿和大豆为原料,以葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯为凝固剂,采用单因素及正交试验方法,研究了红香椿豆腐的加工工艺条件,讨论了香椿提取液添加量、豆浆浓度、凝固剂用量、凝固温度与时间对豆腐品质的影响.结果表明:红香椿提取液添加量为15.0%时,按豆浆浓度(豆∶ 水=1∶ 5)添加0.30%的葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯,在90℃下凝固35 min后冷却即可得到浅绿而有光泽、凝固性和保水性好、口感细腻,具有典型香椿香气和豆香的红香椿豆腐.     

红茶菌菌种主要代谢产物的试验研究

介绍了红茶菌中几种主要代谢产物的生成特性，不同菌种及其不同组合所产生的代谢产物的种类和数量都各不相同。结果表明，菌种A22具有很强的代谢葡萄糖生成酸的能力，可以产生大量的D-葡萄糖二酸-1，4-内酯，是红茶菌中的主要功能因子；另外，A22还可产生较多的其他有益成分，如葡萄糖酸、葡萄糖醛酸和葡萄糖二酸等，而乙酸的含量适中。因此，该菌种是生产具有解毒、抗癌作用的红茶菌功能性饮料的理想菌种。     

绿茶饮料中茶多糖的构成

用高压液相色谱法(HPLC)测定绿茶饮料中茶叶游离多糖和复合多糖的构成和含量。结果显示，茶多糖总量约为绿茶饮料固形物的3．5％，游离多糖和复合多糖分别为1．9％和1．6％；其中包含了6种糖类：鼠李糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖；而半乳糖和阿拉伯糖在游离多糖和复合多糖中均占80％以上。     

茶叶中特异成分1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖含量变化影响因素及其与没食子酸的关系

天然水解单宁类物质1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖(1,2,6-TGGP)具有重要的药用价值。本试验探讨了缙云黄茶的制作原料中黄1号、中黄2号在不同栽培方式和加工工艺下1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖及没食子酸含量的变化规律。结果发现品种、基肥处理、覆膜处理、采摘轮次及加工工艺对1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖含量都有显著影响。中黄1号和中黄2号的1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖含量显著高于茶树品种白叶1号及白鸡冠。基肥处理,多施有机肥有利于提高1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖含量,而微生物肥则作用较差。催芽肥对1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖含量影响不明显。采摘前覆膜可以显著提高1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖含量。同时1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖含量随采摘轮次下降。绿茶工艺(扁形茶、炒青)有利于保持高1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖含量,而红茶工艺导致1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖向没食子酸的转化,制作高1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖茶宜采用绿茶工艺,而制作高没食子酸茶可采用红茶工艺。1,2,6三没食子酰葡萄糖与没食子酸含量具有较强的关联性。本试验结果为缙云黄茶特异成分产品的开发奠定了重要基础。     

PVPP吸附茶多酚特性及其在绿茶饮料中的应用

本文研究了PVPP吸附茶多酚特性及其在绿茶饮料中的应用。结果表明:PVPP能有效去除绿茶中过多的茶多酚,而基本不影响其他品质化学成分。PVPP对茶多酚的吸附在2min内达到吸附平衡容量的70%,25min内达到吸附平衡。在15~95℃、pH值3.5~6.5范围内,PVPP对茶多酚有着稳定的吸附容量。茶汤提取时同步添加PVPP(10min)是将PVPP应用于绿茶饮料工业化生产的最佳处理方法。PVPP处理能有效减少绿茶饮料中的茶多酚,对游离氨基酸浓度影响较小,从而降低酚氨比,优化绿茶饮料滋味;能显著提高绿茶饮料亮度,改善汤色和澄清度。通过绿茶饮料生产中的常规过滤工艺——布袋过滤和高速离心两个步骤能去除茶饮料中的PVPP残留。     

炒青绿茶干燥工艺的探讨

炒青绿茶的干燥作业是散发水分,炒紧茶条,促进香气、滋味等内含成分转化的重要过程,不同的干燥工艺对茶叶品质的影响很大。为提高炒青绿茶品质,探明干燥工艺与茶叶色、香、味、形的关系,笔者对中、下档绿茶进行了试验。 材料与方法 试验材料:选用大生产上的二级鲜叶(代表中档原料)、四级鲜叶(代表低档原料)。 试验方法:将两种供试鲜叶分别按相应的常规工艺予以贮青、杀青、摊凉和揉捻,然后分别进行烘—炒—烘、炒—烘—炒、烘—炒—炒三种组合方式的干燥工艺比较试验。     

油菜素内酯与杀菌剂互作对棉花苗期病害的影响

油菜素内酯拌种能提高棉子活力 ,幼苗根长、芽长、鲜重都明显提高 ,最佳拌种浓度为 0 .5 mg·kg-1;温室盆栽试验表明 :油菜素内酯+三唑酮、油菜素内酯 +丙环唑对棉苗红腐、炭疽、立枯三种病害防治均有增效作用 ;油菜素内酯+多菌灵对棉苗红腐和炭疽病防治有增效作用 ;油菜素内酯 +其它杀菌剂对三种病害防治均为相加作用。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.