安庆地区大气降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

【目的】研究安庆地区大气降水氢氧同位素特征、水汽来源和运移过程,为揭示安徽沿江地区森林生态系统水循环过程对气候变化的响应机制提供科学依据。【方法】运用氢氧稳定同位素技术测定安庆地区2015年6月至2017年6月(25个月)共155个大气降水样品的氢氧同位素组成,得出大气降水线方程;建立安庆地区大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素值与气温、日降水量相关关系,分析影响该地区降水中氢氧同位素组成变化的主要因素;计算大气降水过量氘值用以示踪水汽来源,并运用HYSPLIT气团轨迹模型进一步验证水汽来源结果的可靠性。【结果】安庆地区大气降水氢同位素(δD)与氧同位素(δ~(18)O)关系为δD=(8.08±0.06)δ~(18)O+(10.84±0.48)(R~2=0.99,n=154);降水δD和δ~(18)O均与气温显著负相关(P0.01),与日降水量无显著相关关系;大气降水过量氘值接近全球平均值(10‰),表明该地区水汽主要受海洋季风的影响;HYSPLIT气团轨迹模型结果进一步表明,安庆地区春季的水汽主要来源于我国华北、华南地区的大陆性气团及局地蒸发水汽,降雨量较大时也会受到太平洋东南季风的影响,而夏、秋、冬季的水汽主要受我国南海气团、印度洋西南季风及太平洋东南季风的影响。【结论】安庆地区大气降水由海洋水汽主导;不同于经典大气降水稳定同位素理论中的温度效应,安庆地区大气降水稳定同位素呈现显著的反温度效应,这可能与其所处纬度有关,表明不同地理位置会对大气降水的氢氧稳定同位素组成产生影响,今后研究中需加以区分。     

汤浦水库湿地森林区大气降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

[目的]研究汤浦水库湿地森林区大气降水中的氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源,为定量阐明降水在会稽山-汤浦水库过渡带湿地森林生态系统水文循环过程中的分配和转化规律及绍兴饮水源水质的保护和管理提供科学依据。[方法]采集2015年7月至2017年7月2个水文年166个大气降水样品,利用稳定同位素技术,分析降水氢氧同位素组成,并阐明其与环境因子(温度、降水量)的关系;采用HYSPLIT模型中的后向轨迹法模拟追踪该地区降水气团的运输过程,判断气团的运移轨迹和水汽来源。[结果]汤浦水库湿地森林区大气降水δD与δ18O关系式:δD=8.36δ18O+14.92(R2=0.966,n=166,P0.01);大气降水中的δD值变化范围-147.52‰~2.71‰,均值-38.13‰±27.61‰;δ18O值变化范围-19.05‰-1.17‰,均值-6.34‰±3.24‰,且不同季节的大气降水氢氧同位素值明显不同;过量氘(d值)(12.61‰)高于全球d值的均值(10‰),呈现干季高湿季低的现象;大气降水δD、δ18O温度效应不显著,但降水量效应显著。[结论]汤浦水库湿地森林区大气降水线与全球及我国大气降水线有差异,降水中的δD、δ18O值有明显的季节变化;根据大气降水中的δD、δ18O值、d值及后向轨迹法模拟结果得出,汤浦水库湿地森林区干季(10月—次年4月)大气降水的水汽主要来源于内陆地区,湿季(5月—9月)的水汽主要来源于西太平洋和印度洋。     

西鄂尔多斯荒漠夏季大气降水氢氧同位素特征与水汽来源

[目的]内蒙古西鄂尔多斯荒漠生态环境脆弱、气候变化较敏感,探究该地区大气降水氢氧稳定同位素组成及其水汽来源,对揭示我国西鄂尔多斯荒漠生态系统水循环过程、减缓或防止土地沙漠化和制定区域水资源合理利用策略等具有重要的理论意义。[方法]本研究运用稳定同位素技术,分析了西鄂尔多斯荒漠夏季大气降水的δD和δ18O组成、关系及其影响因素,同时,运用HYSPLIT气团轨迹模型判定了该地区夏季大气降水的水汽来源。[结果]西鄂尔多斯夏季大气降水氢氧稳定同位素关系为δD=7.287δ18O+1.170;大气降水δD(δ18O)与降水量呈负相关关系(P0.05),与温度无显著相关性(P0.05);大气降水过量氘(d-excess)均为正值且小于全球平均d值(10‰),表明该地区受到了海洋季风作用的影响;HYSPLIT气团轨迹模型得出西鄂尔多斯荒漠在6月和8月的水汽来源于大量局地蒸发和西北方向的水汽,特大暴雨(30 mm)是受到东南季风的影响;而7月的水汽来源于东南和西南方向海洋性水汽团。[结论]西鄂尔多斯荒漠大气降水经历了一定程度的蒸发作用;西鄂尔多斯夏季降水量效应显著,温度效应不显著;夏季降水受到西北方向、东南和西南方向季风以及局地蒸发水汽的共同影响。     

卧龙地区大气降水氢氧同位素特征的研究

根据四川卧龙自然保护区2003年7月-2005年6月 2个水文年大气降水的氢、氧同位素组成,提出卧龙地区大气降水线方程为δD= 9.443δ18O 28.658(r = 0.943, n=74,p＜0.05);实测雪水δD-δ18O的线性回归方程为δD=9.376δ18O 33.245(r = 0.959,n=31,p＜0.05);与全球降水线方程δD=8δ18O 10比较偏离较大.实测夏季(6-9月)降水δD-δ18O的线性回归方程为δD=8.165δ18O 9.480(r = 0.961, n=29,p＜0.05),卧龙地区夏季实测降水线与全球降水线吻合,揭示了该降水线方程的特征.对全年氘过量值(d)及夏季(丰水季)和冬季(枯水季)年氘过量值(d)及降水线特征研究表明,卧龙地区冬季降水主要来源于大陆性气团,即卧龙地区内部局部水汽蒸发所产生;夏季降水主要来源海洋性气团,并受东南季风的影响.夏季降水事件中出现一些极低的d值,主要是受到了大陆性冷气团的袭击和季风的影响.卧龙地区夏季(丰水季)降水中δ18O的降水量效应明显,且季风气候抑制和掩盖了温度效应.     

四川卧龙亚高山暗针叶林降水分配过程的氢稳定同位素特征

应用稳定氢同位素技术对四川卧龙巴郎山亚高山暗针叶林不同降水条件下3群落类型中降水、林冠穿透水和壤中流的变化动态进行跟踪研究。结果表明:降水δD与降雨量负相关显著(R2=0.456,p=0.043),降雨氢同位素存在显著的雨量效应。降水δD与林冠穿透水δD差异不显著(p=0.863)。壤中流δD与降水δD有明显差异(p=0.049),表明壤中流补给来源是降水,但不一定是当日当次降水直接补给。降水量的升高或降低引起壤中流δD升高或降低。当降水量0～10mm时,影响在降雨后第4天发生;当降水量在10～20mm时,影响在降雨第2～3天后发生;当降水量在20～30mm时,影响在降雨1～2天后发生。显示出亚高山暗针叶林对壤中流有显著的调控作用。降水δD与林冠穿透水δD的差值(用ΔδD表示)在3个不同群落中随着降雨量的增大呈现偏正态分布,当降水量在4.91～25.25mm时,ΔδD>0;当降水量<4.91mm及>25.25mm时,ΔδD<0;当降水量为12.65mm时,δD最大,这主要是林冠层蒸散过程和大气降水过程相互作用的结果。     

鼎湖山大气降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

[目的]鼎湖山自然保护区地处我国热带与亚热带交汇处,在全球气候变化研究中占居独特而重要的地位。全球气候变化背景下,降水格局变化将影响区域森林生态系统内部小气候。降水是森林生态系统水循环过程中重要的输入因子,研究鼎湖山大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征和水汽来源,对探讨该地区森林生态系统水循环过程、森林群落演替动态及区域水资源合理利用和管理等具有重要理论和实践意义。[方法]运用氢氧稳定同位素技术,研究和分析鼎湖山2013年8月~2014年8月13个月108个大气降水的氢氧同位素组成及与环境因子的关系,并运用HYSPLIT模型后向轨迹法模拟大气降水气团传输途径和过程,判定该地区水汽来源。[结果]鼎湖山大气降水线方程为:δD=7.863δ~(18)O+9.664(R~2=0.975,n=108);δD和δ~(18)O值范围分别为-118.26‰~-15.52‰,-16.05‰~2.25‰,均值分别为-34.44‰,-5.58‰;大气降水过量氘(d)显示出冬高夏低的季节变化;鼎湖山降水量效应显著,温度效应不显著。[结论]鼎湖山大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征存在明显的季节性变化;干季的气团主要来自局地蒸发、中国华北地区及寒冷干燥的亚欧大陆,湿季的气团主要来自温暖湿润的西太平洋、南海和印度洋。     

绍兴淡水湿地森林土壤水氘同位素对降水的响应

【目的】以浙江省绍兴市汤浦水库库区3种淡水湿地森林(阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林)为研究对象,分析不同量级降水后其土壤水氘同位素的时空变化规律,定量阐明降水对各层土壤水的贡献率,为揭示降水在该淡水湿地森林生态系统水循环中的分配规律提供科学依据。【方法】利用稳定同位素技术研究3类淡水湿地森林土壤水氘同位素值在3次不同量级降水后的动态变化,分析比较土壤水与其潜在水源(大气降水、浅层地下水等)的氘同位素值(δD),判断林中土壤水来源;运用二元线性混合模型计算不同量级降水对这3种湿地森林中枯枝落叶层及各层土壤水的贡献率。【结果】绍兴汤浦水库库区淡水湿地森林中的土壤水δD在3次不同量级降水后均介于大气降水δD和浅层地下水δD之间,表明该库区土壤水主要来源于降水和浅层地下水;小雨(7.5 mm)后,3个林地0～60 cm土层土壤水δD值较雨前对照略有升高,而60～100 cm深层土壤水δD值变化很小,表明7.5 mm降水可入渗补给到0～60 cm土层;中雨(14.5 mm)后第1天,阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林0～100 cm土层土壤水δD均值分别降低了9.5‰±4.0‰,9.3‰±4.1‰和7.0‰±2.6‰,中雨后9天内,3个林地各层土壤水δD值随采样天数的增加逐渐升高并接近雨前对照,表明降水δD对土壤δD的影响逐渐减小;大雨(35.0 mm)后第1天,3个林地枯枝落叶水和表层(0～20 cm)土壤水δD值接近降水δD值;不同量级降水对3个林地枯枝落叶水的贡献率最大,0～20 cm表层土壤水次之,随着采样天数增加,降水对各层土壤水的贡献率皆呈现减小的趋势;降水事件(不同量级降水)是影响雨后土壤水δD以及该次降水对土壤水贡献率的主要因子。【结论】浙江绍兴汤浦水库库区不同类型淡水湿地森林中枯枝落叶层水δD对降水δD的响应最显著,0～20 cm表层土壤水δD的响应次之;单次降水量越大,降水对各层土壤水的影响越明显,贡献率也越大,大雨(降水量20 mm)影响各层土壤水的时间超过9天;该地区淡水湿地森林对小雨(降水量≤10 mm)和中雨(10 mm降水量≤20 mm)在土壤剖面的入渗具有一定的调控作用,且降水在针阔混交林土壤中存留时间最长,针叶林最短,可见,浙江绍兴汤浦水库混交林(阔叶林和针阔混交林)对小雨及中雨的调控作用略优于纯林(针叶林)。建议今后在长三角地区进行人工淡水湿地森林植被恢复和构建时应考虑多树种混交种植。     

吉兰泰盐湖氢氧同位素及湖水来源分析

研究内蒙古吉兰泰盐湖流域不同水体的同位素,分析判断其水分补给来源特征。采用氢氧稳定同位素方法和水化学特征法,研究了吉兰泰盐湖稳定同位素δ¹⁸O和δD特征。结果表明:吉兰泰盐湖δD、δ¹⁸O平均值为-47.86‰和-6.4‰,黄河水δD、δ¹⁸O的平均值分别为-59.95‰和-7.7‰,水库水δD、δ¹⁸O的平均值分别为-59.26‰和-5.4‰,浅层地下水δD、δ¹⁸O的平均值分别为-69.69‰和-9.3‰,深层地下水δD、δ¹⁸O的平均值分别为-82.7‰和-10.85‰;吉兰泰盐湖蒸发趋势线方程为δD=7.54δ¹⁸O+1.87(R^2=0.96)。湖水的氢氧同位素值最大,其次为水库水、黄河水和浅层地下水,深层地下水氢氧同位素值最小;大气降水对地下水直接补给作用很小,黄河水补给方式为侧渗;西侧的巴彦乌拉山和南侧的贺兰山都以地下水的形式补给吉兰泰盐湖。     

四川卧龙亚高山暗针叶林土壤水的氢稳定同位素特征

根据2003年夏季测得的四川卧龙自然保护区亚高山暗针叶林地区3个不同群落的降水、土壤水、浅层地下水(泉水)氢稳定同位素含量(δD),分析土壤剖面各层次土壤水氢稳定同位素的变化规律及其与水分迁移的关系.结果表明:1)土壤表层(枯枝落叶层)水δD受降水δD的直接影响,并且与降水δD有相同的变化趋势;2)A、B、C群落土壤垂直剖面的土壤水δD空间分布形式反映了降水δD的时间变化特征.0～20 cm上层土壤水δD值很低,20～40 cm时迅速升高,50～60 cm时基本稳定,50～60 cm深层土壤水δD受浅层地下水δD的影响增强;3)土壤水δD介于降水δD与浅层地下水δD之间,表明卧龙亚高山暗针叶林土壤水源于降水与浅层地下水.在一次性降水14.8 mm后5天内,降水对枯枝落叶层的贡献率最高为75.49%～99.91%,对0～5 cm土壤水的贡献率次之为66.68%～83.01%,对30～40 cm土壤水的贡献率为24.50%～80.57%,对50～60 cm土壤水贡献率最低为21.22%～29.17%;4)浅层地下水δD受降水δD的直接影响不明显,变化幅度很小,浅层地下水δD的稳定性说明地下水代表了多年降水的平均状态.     

利用氘同位素研究太行山南麓枣树水分利用的季节性变化

通过测定水中氘同位素的比值来研究枣树在不同水分条件下水分利用的季节性变化.试验结果显示:深层土壤δD值比较稳定,表层土壤水因蒸发而产生氢同位素的分馏,氘同位素富集,旱季表层土壤δD值与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关(R2=0.69,P＜0.01).枣树枝条δD值与表层土壤δD值呈极显著的正相关(R2=0.75,P＜0.01),与深层土壤δD值相关性不强,表明来源于表层土壤的水分能显著地影响到枝条δD值变化.雨季的降水不但增加表层土壤水分含量,也促使表层新根的生长.其根长比旱季增加621.46%,尤其是细根(平均直径0.16mm),从而提高根系对表层土壤水分的吸收.枣树枝条中的水分有一半以上来自于深层土壤,表层土壤水分的贡献决定枣树体内的水分平衡和受胁迫的程度.枝条中的δD值与枝条栓塞程度、叶片水势和光合速率显著相关,枝条δD值可以作为水分生理状态的一个指标.利用枝条δD值来量化植物水分欠缺程度,可以为植物水分利用效率研究提供参考.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。