The significance of sheep and goats as carriers of zoonoses in this country]

The significance of sheep and goats in this country in connection with the zoonoses rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, contagious ecthyma, Q-fever, chlamydiosis, brucellosis, campylobacteriosis, echinococcosis and toxoplasmosis is discussed.     

口蹄疫新型疫苗的研究现状

口蹄疫是当今世界列为A类疫病的家畜传染病之一,危害牛、猪、羊等偶蹄动物,传播迅速,感染率高,一旦流行,往往造成严重的经济损失,对全世界畜牧业影响极大。目前大多数流行口蹄疫的国家采取以计划免疫为主的措施预防和控制口蹄疫。由于传统疫苗免疫期短,存在散毒、毒力"返祖"等可能,所以人们正在积极探索安全有效的新型疫苗的研究。近年来,随着分子生物学技术的飞速发展,口蹄疫新型疫苗如亚单位疫苗、可饲疫苗、合成肽疫苗、蛋白质载体疫苗、基因缺失疫苗、活载体疫苗、核酸疫苗等不断涌现,本文就这一方面作一综述。     

The cell count in sheep and goat milk]

The udder health of 404 sheep from 23 flocks and 397 goats from 15 herds in Lower Austria was examined. In order to determine cell levels, the Schalm Test (equivalent to the California mastitis test) and a fluoroscopic "Fossomatic" cell count appliance were employed. The resultant physiological median levels of somatic cell content were established as 71,000 cells/ml for sheep milk and 415,000 cells/ml for goat milk. Significant factors influencing the cell count levels were the milking technique in both species and age in sheep but not in goats. The pathogens most frequently isolated as causes of chronic or latent mastitis were coagulase-positive and -negative cocci.     

The problems of vaccination against chlamydial abortion in sheep]

Different vaccines used against chlamydial abortion in sheep are described. Problems associated with insufficient immunity after vaccination are discussed. Reasons for failure of certain vaccine preparations are addressed. Finally new developments in vaccine production are introduced which might be useful in solving problems still existing in the prevention of chlamydial abortion in sheep by vaccination.     

The significance of pregnancy-induced ketonuria in sheep and goats

The last third of pregnancy in sheep and goats is characterized by a considerable reduction in the volume of the rumen. When the animal is carrying more than one fetus there is thus a latent ketosis caused by starvation. A discrete hypoglycemia is in close correlation to this. If other special factors like increasing age of the pregnant animal, chronic liver disease, unbalanced nutrition containing too little carbohydrates are also present, the latent starvation ketosis can give rise to an acute gestation ketosis. The clinical picture is described in detail and contrasted with the gestation hypocalcemia. Furthermore, the parameters relevant to laboratory diagnosis will be discussed.     

The significance of the structural characteristics of the agent for the problems of immunization against blue tongue]

Bluetongue virus (BTV), an arthropod-borne virus, is transmitted primarily by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. Some insect species, which might serve as a potential vector, are prevalent in Central Europe. In sheep, bluetongue is acute and mortality is high, whereas in cattle, goats and most wild ruminants the infection is usually clinically inapparent. Viremia is of short duration in sheep, but cattle experience a prolonged viremia and provide a reservoir for the dissemination of BTV. At least 24 different BTV serotypes have been identified. Antigenic variations occur in the polypeptides of the outer viral capsid and the segmented nature of the viral genome provides the potential for evolution of the virus by a mechanism of reassortment. This renders the use of polyvalent vaccines inefficient and emphasizes the significance of import/export restrictions on ruminants from BTV endemic areas.     

Parasitic diseases in sheep and goats in Germany

A review is presented on the species spectrum, biology and epidemiology of endo- and ectoparasites of sheep and goats in Germany. Current therapeutic, prophylactic and metaphylactic measures are given and discussed.     

口蹄疫的研究进展

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒感染引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病,该病以流行快、传播广、发病急、危害大为特征,对我国乃至世界畜牧业生产带来极大的威胁。现就口蹄疫病毒的发现,病原特征、流行病学、临床症状、防治措施、疫苗研究等方面进行全面阐述,以供同行参考。     

国内外口蹄疫的流行情况及防制

口蹄疫是一种高度传染性疾病,以传播迅速和发病率高而被国际兽医局列为法定报告动物疫病之首。该病不但严重危害畜牧业和经济,还对国家声誉、国际关系也有很大影响。本文在查阅近几年国内外有关口蹄疫文献的基础上,对其流行情况、防制策略等方面进行了总结,为该病的预防和控制提供参考和依据。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒实验室诊断技术的研究

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratorysyndrome virus,PRRSV)是一种严重危害种公猪和繁殖母猪及其仔猪的一种接触性传染病,是我国重要猪病病原体之一。为了预防和控制该病,建立有效实用的诊断技术是一个重要环节,文章就其免疫学诊断和分子生物学诊断的进展情况做一综述。     

Therapy of central nervous system listeriosis in sheep]

Twenty-two sheep and 4 goats suffering from central nervous listeriosis were treated with a therapy that had proved to be successful in cattle. For one week they received daily subcutaneous injections of 50,000 IU Procaine Penicillin G per kg live weight and 5 to 10 mg Vitamin B1 per kg body weight. The base excess was tested by blood gas analysis, and it was compensated by intravenous infusion of Na-bicarbonate. Animals that could not eat or swallow received water and rumen liquid by stomach tube. Eight of 26 patients (31%) were healed. The prognosis of central nervous listeriosis depends mainly on the time of initial treatment and on the degree of general disturbances: More than 90% of the animals that were recumbent (16 of 17) or showed dysphagia (12 of 13) at the beginning of treatment died or had to be euthanized because of persistent central nervous disturbances. The correction of blood-pH was of no therapeutic benefit when the disease was already in progress. Treatment of central nervous listeriosis seems to be effective as long as the patients can stand and swallow. When patients received care at this early stage of disease, 77% (7 of 9) were healed and returned to the flock.     

Treatment of contagious ecthyma in chamois

The infection with ecthyma contagiosum in chamois and the successful treatment with hexachlorocyclohexane are reported.     

Duck plague: clinical aspects, diagnosis, control

A predominantly acute, highly contagious disease of the waterfowl is called duck plague or virus enteritis of ducks. The pathogenic agent is a herpes virus, type A. The clinical course of the disease and its pathological-anatomical findings are described and the possibility of prophylactic immunization is discussed. The results of lab trials demonstrate the effectiveness of a vaccine against the duck plague.     

Economics of vaccination against enteric redmouth disease of salmonids

Abstract. The use of vaccines as a cost-effective means of controlling bacterial disease is now widely accepted in the trout and salmon farming industries. This paper quantifies the savings obtained from vaccination against enteric redmouth disease using published data for the performance of commercial vaccines under field conditions. Costings are made on the basis of prices current in January 1986. A model is derived which enables the value of vaccination to be determined at any particular site and some comparisons are made with antibiotic therapy.     

转基因动物技术的研究进展

转基因动物是现代生物技术中一个举足轻重的研究领域,目前已有转基因小鼠、猪、牛、鱼、鸡等多种转基因动物问世。文章论述了转基因动物技术的原理、技术方法,以及转基因动物应用的领域,如生产药用蛋白、抗病育种,作为器官移植供体等,同时也指出了转基因动物存在的不足,展望了其发展前景。     

小反刍兽疫研究进展

小反刍兽疫是一种急性高度接触性传染病,主要感染小反刍动物,具有高发病率和高死亡率等特点。给发生该病的国家,尤其是非洲、中东、近东和南亚等有牛瘟存在的大多数国家的外贸经济遭受了巨大的损失;而且,自该病首次发生以来,不断向全世界蔓延,对没有该病发生的国家,尤其是对与呈地方性流行国家的临近国家造成的威胁正逐渐加大,2007年我国首次在西藏发生。近年来,该病作为一种重大跨国动物疫病,对其研究取得了长足的发展,本文从病原学、流行病学、诊断和防制四个方面对该病的最新研究进展进行了阐述。     

Modified extracellular product antigens of Aeromonas salmonicida as potential vaccines for the control of furunculosis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Abstract. Extracellular product (ECP) antigens of Aeromonas salmonicida were modified in an attempt were tested on an antigen-induced proliferation assay, for the ability to induce antibodies as measured by dot blot dot assay and as vaccines in vaccination/challenge trials. Modifications tested included particularization on to polystyrene beads, coating on to sheep red blood cells, mixing with BCG vaccine as adjuvant, and attachment to the T-independent carrier Fieoll. The only modification that resulted in increased protection levels was the particularization on to polystyrene beads.     

鸡大肠杆菌病病原的分离与鉴定

无菌采取病死雏鸡肝、脾、肺等脏器病料,进行了大肠杆菌病原的分离培养与鉴定。综合流行病学、临床症状、病理变化和实验室诊断,确诊为鸡大肠杆菌病。同时,通过药敏试验筛选出敏感药物,为以后的治疗与预防提供理论依据和实际应用参数。     

小反刍兽疫流行情况及防控措施

小反刍兽疫是小反刍动物的一种急性或亚急性高度接触性传染病,自从首次发生以来一直呈扩大趋势,几乎每年都出现新的疫病国,已成为一种国际间传播的动物疫病,对没有该病发生的国家,尤其是与呈地方性流行国家的临近国家造成的威胁正逐渐加大。本文主要阐述该病的流行情况及综合防控措施,为该病的研究和有效防控提供依据。     

不同能量水平日粮对中卫山羊泌乳母羊消化率的影响

选择10只胎次相近,出生时间相近,健康母羊和羔羊的平均体重差异不显著(P>0.05),随机分为二组,每组5只。分为泌乳前后两个时期以不同能量水平日粮饲喂各组母羊,结果表明:第一组试验羊的能量和后期蛋白质消化率稍高于第二组试验羊,第一组试验羊前期的蛋白质消化率稍低于第二组。