甘蓝型油菜含油量及皮壳率的QTL分析

【目的】通过构建甘蓝型油菜遗传连锁图谱，对含油量及皮壳率进行QTL分析。【方法】以黄籽亲本GH06和黑籽亲本P174杂交得到的F2:6家系的188个株系为作图群体，利用SRAP、SSR、AFLP及TRAP四种标记构建遗传连锁图谱，在此基础上采用复合区间作图法（CIM）对含油量及皮壳率两个性状进行QTL分析。【结果】图谱包含19个连锁群、300个标记位点，总长为1 248.5 cM。共得到7个与含油量相关的QTL，单位点遗传贡献率在3.73%～10.46%之间；4个与皮壳率相关的QTL，单位点遗传贡献率在4.89%～6.84%之间。【结论】黄籽油菜具有高含油量的优势；皮壳率对含油量有显著影响；SRAP标记具有较好的检测QTL位点的能力。     

基于EST-SSR标记甘薯连锁图谱构建及淀粉性状的QTL定位

【目的】利用分子标记技术,构建甘薯遗传连锁图谱,并分析甘薯淀粉含量性状的QTL位点,为高淀粉含量甘薯种质资源利用及甘薯分子标记辅助育种提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以高淀粉含量品种万薯5号为母本、低淀粉含量品种商丘52-7为父本建立杂交群体,利用EST-SSR标记,采用"双假测交"策略和运用Join Map4.0软件,分别构建双亲遗传连锁图谱,并结合F1(2012、2013年)群体表型数据采用区间作图法对淀粉含量性状进行QTL检测。【结果】利用1 679对EST-SSR引物筛选出的1 045对多态性引物检测F1群体的标记基因型,获得了1 418个标记位点。分别对上述获得的父母本多态性标记进行遗传连锁分析,在LOD≥5.0情况下,分别构建父母本的连锁遗传图谱。采用642个标记的多态性位点构建母本连锁群74个,其中,215个标记位点位于连锁图谱上,占标记多态性位点总数的33.5%。每个连锁群上有2—11个标记位点,连锁群长度在0.6—129.4 cM,图谱总长为3 826.07 c M,标记间平均距离为17.80 c M。属于父本的776个标记位点构建了80个连锁群,共有252个标记位点构建在连锁图谱上,占标记总数的32.5%,每个连锁群上有2—24个标记位点,连锁群长度在2.0—156.8 c M,图谱总长为3 955.0 cM,标记间平均距离为15.7 c M。以F1杂交群体构建的遗传连锁图谱,结合2012年、2013年2个环境,利用QTL作图软件MapQTL5.0,采用区间作图法进行分析,共检测到17个与淀粉含量性状相关的QTL,贡献率在8.4%—40.5%。其中qWsc-1、qWsc-2、qWsc-3 3个QTL位于母本万薯5号连锁群上,且在2年环境中均可检测到;14个QTL位于父本商丘52-7连锁群上,qSsc-1、qSsc-2、qSsc-3、qSsc-4、qSsc-8、qSsc-10、qSsc-11、qSsc-12是在2个环境均检测到的QTL。qSsc-5、qSsc-6、qSsc-7、qSsc-9、qSsc-13、qSsc-14是只在1个环境检测到的QTL。标记GDAAS0603在双亲中和2个环境中均同时检测到,这些环境稳定QTL可用于分子标记辅助选择。【结论】分别构建了亲本EST-SSR分子标记连锁群图谱,丰富了构建甘薯图谱的标记类型,定位了17个与淀粉含量相关的QTL位点。     

QTLs for Sugar Content of Stalk in Sweet Sorghum （Sorghum bicolor L.Moench）

High sugar content of sorghum stalk is an important factor in the sorghum silage production. To identify the genomic regions controlling sugar content and to develop molecular markers linked to sugar content in sweet sorghum, we used an F2：3 segregating population consisting of 207 individuals derived from a cross between a high sugar content inbred line, Early Folger, and a normal inbred line, N32B, for genetic linkage mapping and quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis. We constructed a genetic linkage map spanning 983.5 cM based on a total of 327 markers comprising 31 restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP） markers, 254 amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers, and 42 simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers. In the 20 linkage groups detected, 98.2% of markers aligned to the 10 linkage groups of sorghum. Variations in sugar content at different growth stages and among internodes suggested that the sugar content of middle internodes is stable and suitable for measuring at early dough stage. The broad sense heritability （hB0 of sugar content was 0.64 and 0.62 estimated from the data of F3 families and each parent in 2003 and 2004. We identified one and two QTLs accounting for 22.2 to 25.0% of phenotypic variance using simple interval mapping method in 2003 and 2004, respectively. These two QTLs showed a negative additive effect, and over-dominance effect. A QTL on LG-D was detected in both two years. Above results will be help us to understand the genetic mechanism of sugar content in sorghum and the QTL detected in this study might be useful in the improvement of sugar content by marker-assisted selection.     

Identification of QTLs for Starch Content in Sweetpotato （Ipomoea batatas （L.） Lam.）

Sweetpotato （Ipomoea batatas （L.） Lam.） breeding is challenging due to its genetic complexity. In the present study, interval mapping （IM） and multiple quantitative trait locus （QTL） model （MQM） analysis were used to identify QTLs for starch content with a mapping population consisting of 202 F1 individuals of a cross between Xushu 18, a cultivar susceptible to stem nematodes, with high yield and moderate starch, and Xu 781, which is resistant to stem nematodes, has low yield and high starch content. Six QTLs for starch content were mapped on six linkage groups of the Xu 781 map, explaining 9.1-38.8% of the variation. Especially, one of them, DMFN 4, accounted for 38.8% of starch content variation, which is the QTL that explains the highest phenotypic variation detected to date in sweetpotato. All of the six QTLs had a positive effect on the variation of the starch content, which indicated the inheritance derived from the parent Xu 781. Two QTLs for starch content were detected on two linkage groups of the Xushu 18 map, explaining 14.3 and 16.1% of the variation, respectively. They had a negative effect on the variation, indicating the inheritance derived from Xu 781. Seven of eight QTLs were co-localized with a single marker. This is the first report on the development of QTLs co-localized with a single marker in sweetpotato. These QTLs and their co-localized markers may be used in marker-assisted breeding for the starch content of sweetpotato.     

Construction of a genetic linkage map and QTL analysis for some leaf traits in pear (Pyrus L.)

The major incompatibility barriers to specific inbred lines and the long generation duration in Pyrus L. may hinder the Pyrus breeding process. A genetic linkage map provides the foundation for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and molecular marker-assisted breeding. In this study, we constructed a genetic map with 145 F₁ populations from a cross of two cultivars, Yali and Jingbaili, using AFLP and SSR markers. The map consisted of 18 linkage groups which included 402 genetic markers and covered 1395.9 cM, with an average genetic distance of 3.8 cM. The interval mapping was used to identify quantitative trait loci associated with four leaf agronomic traits in the F₁ population. The results indicated that four QTLs were associated with leaf length, two QTLs with leaf width, two with leaf length/leaf width, and three with petiole length. The eleven QTLs were associated with 9.9%–48.5% of the phenotypic variation in different traits. It is considered that the map covers almost the whole genome, and molecular markers will be greatly helpful to the related breeding.     

Identification of QTLs Associated with Total Soyasaponin Content in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Soyasaponins are valuable compounds in certain drugs, industry, food additives and surfactants. Selecting cultivars with higher-soyasaponin content along with agronomic traits is a main goal for many soybean breeders. The aim of the present study was to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with total soyasaponin content through a F₂ population, which was derived from a cross between Ha 91016 (higher soyasaponin content cultivar, 16.8 mg g⁻¹) and N98-9445A (lower soyasaponin content, only 5.7 mg g⁻¹). A genetic linkage map including a total of 162 simple sequence repeat markers was constructed, which covered the total length 2 735.5 cM, and the average distance between markers was 16.96 cM. Two QTLs associated with total soyasaponin content were identified. One, qSAP_1 (located in sat_044-satt102 of linkage group (LG) K), could explain 12.6% of phenotypic variance. The other, qSAP_2, was located between satt368 and sat_413 of LG D1a, which could explain 15.8% of phenotypic variance. It was concluded that the two QTLs would have some potential value for marker-assisted selection for high-soyasaponin content breeding in soybeans.     

节瓜分子遗传图谱的构建与始雌花节位性状定位

【目的】构建节瓜分子遗传图谱,标记始雌花节位性状基因,为建立相关分子标记辅助育种体系、克隆雌性相关基因和转基因提供理论依据。【方法】以节瓜全雌系K36及弱雌系G4组配得到的115个F2单株为群体,利用AFLP、RAPD和SRAP标记技术构建节瓜的分子遗传连锁图谱,并定位始雌花节位性状基因。【结果】该图谱共包含13个连锁群,涉及93个AFLP标记、16个RAPD标记、35个SRAP标记。该图谱覆盖基因组1651.9cM,标记间平均距离为11.47cM。利用QTL Network2.0分析,检测到3个控制始雌花节位的QTL位点:fn1、fn2和fn3,其中fn1位于连锁群LG1上,fn2和fn3位于LG6上。这些QTL位点对雌花节位性状表型变异的贡献率分别为62.54%、0.2%、37.39%。【结论】本研究首次构建了节瓜的分子遗传图谱,并定位了3个控制始雌花节位性状的QTL位点,为进一步克隆雌性相关基因及分子标记辅助选择育种提供科学依据。     

QTLs for Sugar Content of Stalk in Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.Moench)

High sugar content of sorghum stalk is an important factor in the sorghum silage production. To identify the genomic regions controlling sugar content and to develop molecular markers linked to sugar content in sweet sorghum, we used an Early Folger, and a normal inbred line, N32B, for genetic linkage mapping and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. We constructed a genetic linkage map spanning 983.5 cM based on a total of 327 markers comprising 31 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, 254 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, and 42 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In the 20 linkage groups detected, 98.2% of markers aligned to the 10 linkage groups of sorghum.Variations in sugar content at different growth stages and among internodes suggested that the sugar content of middle internodes is stable and suitable for measuring at early dough stage. The broad sense heritability (hB2) of sugar content was 0.64 and 0.62 estimated from the data of F3 families and each parent in 2003 and 2004. We identified one and two QTLs accounting for 22.2 to 25.0% of phenotypic variance using simple interval mapping method in 2003 and 2004, respectively.These two QTLs showed a negative additive effect, and over-dominance effect. A QTL on LG-D was detected in both two years. Above results will be help us to understand the genetic mechanism of sugar content in sorghum and the QTL detected in this study might be useful in the improvement of sugar content by marker-assisted selection.     

大豆蛋白质和油分含量QTL定位及互作分析

【目的】定位大豆蛋白质和油分含量QTL及互作分析,为大豆品质性状QTL精细定位和分子辅助育种提供基础。【方法】以Charleston和东农594为亲本,构建了含147个株系的重组自交系,以F2:19-F2:20代重组自交系为试验材料,利用Windows QTL Cartographer V. 2.5软件的复合区间作图法和多重区间作图法,对该群体的蛋白质和油分含量进行QTL定位分析,并利用QTL Network 2.1软件分析QTL间的上位性效应及环境互作效应。【结果】采用CIM和MIM 2种算法在2011和2012年哈尔滨、红兴隆、佳木斯和牡丹江每年3个地点共6个种植环境下共定位了9个蛋白质和11个油分含量QTL。蛋白质含量QTL分布在6个连锁群,分别在A1、C2、D1a、G、H和O连锁群上,对表型效应的贡献率为5.3%-18.6%,在H连锁群上的qPro-H-1贡献率最大,为18.6%,在D1a连锁群上的qPro-D1a-2贡献率最小,为5.3%,在单种植环境下有5个蛋白质含量QTL被2种算法同时检测到,分别是qPro-O-1、qPro-A1-1、qPro-D1a-1、qPro-D1a-2和qPro-C2-2。油分含量QTL分布在8个连锁群,分别在A1、A2、B1、C2、D1a、E、L和M连锁群上,对表型效应的贡献率为7.1%-24.4%,在B1连锁群上的qOil-B1-2贡献率最大,为24.4%,在C2连锁上的qOil-C2-3贡献率最小,为7.1%,在单种植环境下有2个油分含量的QTL被2种算法同时检测到,分别为qOil-C2-1和qOil-M-1。另外,有2个油分含量QTL在2个以上种植环境重复检测到,为2011年哈尔滨和2011年红兴隆2个种植环境下同时检测出的qOil-A1-1,2011红兴隆、2011牡丹江和2012哈尔滨3个地点同时被检测出的qOil-B1-2。在互作效应分析中,共检测出3对蛋白质上位效应QTL和4对油分上位效应QTL,在蛋白质上位性分析中,上位效应值在0.2068-0.3124,贡献率在0.0227%-0.0265%,分布在A1、C2、D1和E连锁群上,其中,qPro-A1-3与qPro-C2-1效应值为负,其余2对效应值为正,连锁群A1,D1a均有2个QTL发生互作。在油分上位性分析中,上位效应值在0.0926-0.1682,贡献率在0.0294%-0.0754%,分布在A1、C2、I、J、N和O连锁群上,其中,qOil-C2-4与qOil-N-1效应值为负,其余3对效应值为正,在N连锁群的qOil-N-1同时与2个QTL发生互作,分别是C2连锁群上的qOil-C2-1和qOil-C2-4。在与环境互作中,qPro-D1a-3与qPro-E-1在2012年佳木斯地点没检测出,其余6对都检测出与环境的互作效应,贡献率分别为0.0001%-0.0378%,互作效应都较小,明显小于自身的加性效应。【结论】定位到9个蛋白质相关QTL和11个油分相关QTL,并发现3对蛋白质含量上位性效应QTL和4对油分含量上位性QTL。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes controlling seed pigments of rapeseed

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important source of edible vegetable oil and feed protein; however, seed pigments affect the quality of rapeseed oil and the feed value of the residue from oil pressing. Here, we used a population of rapeseed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the black-seeded male parent cultivar Zhongyou 821 and the yellow-seeded female parent line GH06 to map candidate genes controlling seed pigments in embryos and the seed coat. We detected 94 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed pigments (44 for embryos and 50 for seed coat), distributed over 15 of the 19 rapeseed chromosomes. These included 28 QTLs for anthocyanidin content, explaining 2.41–44.66% of phenotypic variation; 24 QTLs for flavonoid content, explaining 2.41–20.26% of phenotypic variation; 16 QTLs for total phenol content, accounting for 2.74–23.68% of phenotypic variation; and 26 QTLs for melanin content, accounting for 2.37–24.82% of phenotypic variation, indicating that these traits are under multigenic control. Consensus regions on chromosomes A06, A09 and C08 were associated with multiple seed pigment traits, including 15, 19 and 10 QTLs, respectively, most of which were major QTLs explaining >10% of the phenotypic variation. Based on the annotation of the B. napus “Darmor-bzh” reference genome, 67 candidate genes were predicted from these consensus QTLs regions, and 12 candidate genes were identified as potentially involved in pigment accumulation by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis. These preliminary results provide insight into the genetic architecture of pigment biosynthesis and lay a foundation for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying seed coat color in B. napus.     

油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量的种子胚与母体植株QTL定位

【目的】利用甘蓝型油菜TN DH群体分别与双亲Tapidor和Ningyou7回交构建的BC1F1 1和BC1F1 2两个群体,分析油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量的种子胚和母体植株两套不同核基因组的QTL及其遗传效应,以明确QTL在不同遗传体系中的分布状况以及连锁的分子标记,研究环境互作效应对不同遗传体系QTL定位的影响,探讨相应品质性状分子标记辅助选择的最优策略和方法。【方法】按照常规田间试验方法种植202个TN DH群体材料与双亲,采用2年、2次重复、随机区组试验设计,开花时通过双向回交构建BC1F1 1和BC1F1 2两个群体,收获双亲和回交群体的种子。利用可分析含油量和蛋白质含量的近红外分析模型和方法测定油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量。结合甘蓝型油菜分子标记连锁遗传图谱以及新创建的双子叶作物种子品质性状两套遗传体系的QTL定位方法和作图软件,对不同年份BC1F1 1和BC1F1 2油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量进行QTL定位分析。【结果】共检测到7个与油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量相关的QTL,分布在A1、A4、A6、A7、C2和C5连锁群上,其中,4个与含油量相关的QTL和3个控制蛋白质含量的QTL对表型的总贡献率分别为49.1%和59.6%。检测到的QTL均具有极显著的胚加性主效应和母体加性主效应,其中4个QTL具有显著或极显著的胚显性主效应、2个与含油量相关的QTL具有极显著的环境互作效应。qOC-6-3和qPC-4-1作为控制含油量和蛋白质含量的重要QTL,分别能解释36.3%和37.9%的表型变异;而qOC-4-2和qPC-4-1均被定位在甘蓝型油菜A4连锁群相同的位点上,位于分子标记HS-K02-2和HBR094之间,QTL峰值位置为18.5 cM,置信区间为17.5-19.4 cM。【结论】甘蓝型油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量的表现会同时受到种子胚和母体植株两套不同遗传体系核基因组QTL表达效应的影响,其中环境互作效应对含油量表现的作用更为明显,而控制蛋白质含量表现的QTL在不同环境条件下的表达较为稳定。在A6和A4连锁群上检测到的qOC-6-3和qPC-4-1是2个控制含油量和蛋白质含量的主效QTL,同时2个控制蛋白质含量的QTL尚未见报道。     

大豆异黄酮与脂肪、蛋白质含量基因定位分析

 【目的】研究大豆异黄酮与脂肪、蛋白质含量基因定位及相关性,为大豆品质改良、分子育种及基因克隆等应用提供理论依据。【方法】利用SSR技术,对晋豆23号和灰布支杂交构建的F13代大豆重组自交系群体的474个家系进行了连锁图谱的构建。在此基础上,利用 WinQTLCart2.0 软件分析了影响大豆异黄酮含量、脂肪含量和蛋白质含量3个重要品质性状的QTL,通过复合区间作图分析,检测QTL;同时,对异黄酮与脂肪、蛋白质的含量相关性分析。【结果】检测到23个QTL,其中控制异黄酮含量QTL有6个,分别定位在J、N、D2和G染色体的连锁群上;控制脂肪含量的QTL有11个,分别定位在第A1、A2、B2、C2和D2染色体的连锁群上;控制蛋白质含量的QTL有6个,分别定位在B2、C2、G和H1染色体的连锁群上。相关性分析结果表明：异黄酮与蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关;蛋白质和脂肪含量呈极显著负相关;蛋白质和蛋白质脂肪总量呈极显著正相关。【结论】3个重要品质性状的部分基因定位结果与其相关性分析是一致的,其结果对大豆品质育种应用有重要利用价值。     

Multiple Interval Mapping for Whole Cocoon Weight and Related Economically Important Traits QTL in Silkworm （Bombyx mort）

A backcrossed population （BC1） derived from a cross between C100 and Dazao was obtained. The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） of the economically important traits for whole cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, ratio of cocoon shell and weight of pupae, etc., were analyzed for the first time using the multiple interval mapping software WinQTLCart2.0. In total 40 QTLs were detected and contributed to 21 groups based on the constructed linkage map. According to the mapping results, 2, 2, 3, and 2 major QTLs explained over 20% of total phenotypic variations, whereas four QTLs, namely qCW-19, qSW-2, qCSR-4, and qPW-23, explained more than 30% of total phenotypic variations for whole cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, ratio of cocoon shell and weight of pupae, respectively. Correlated traits QTLs often share the same location. Furthermore, most of the detected QTLs were closed to one-side marker. By using the very closed markers, positive QTLs can be aggregated, which can form a basis for molecular marker-assisted selection and breeding.     

栽培种花生株型相关性状的QTL定位

【目的】栽培种花生是世界范围内重要的油料作物和经济作物,其株型相关性状是典型的数量性状,亦是重要的农艺性状,与产量和机械化收获密切相关。对花生株型相关性状进行遗传分析和QTL定位,筛选与之紧密连锁的分子标记,有助于花生的品种保护和品种鉴别,为花生株型分子育种提供重要的理论依据。【方法】以直立型花生品种冀花5号和匍匐型M130为亲本构建的包含321个家系的RIL群体为研究材料,于2016—2018年分别在海南市、邯郸市、保定市和唐山市等7个环境下种植,各个环境均在收获时调查统计花生侧枝夹角、主茎高、侧枝长、株型指数和扩展半径等5个株型相关性状的表型值。同时,利用SSR、AhTE、SRAP和TRAP等分子标记扫描亲本及群体的基因型用于构建分子遗传连锁图谱。最后结合多年多点的表型数据,采用QTL Icimapping V4.2中的完备区间作图法（inclusive composite interval mapping,ICIM）对7个环境下的株型相关性状进行加性QTL和上位性QTL分析。【结果】构建了一张包含363个多态性位点的分子遗传连锁图谱,所有标记被分配到20条染色体和1个未知连锁群;图谱总长度覆盖全基因组的1 360.38 cM,标记间平均距离为3.75 cM;单个连锁群长度为39.599—101.056 cM,包括4—50个分子标记。共检测到30个与株型相关性状的加性QTL,分布在A04、A05、A06、A08、A09、B02、B09等7条染色体上。其中,5个QTL与侧枝夹角相关,可解释的表型变异（phenotypic variance explained,PVE）为3.48%—11.22%;15个QTL与主茎高相关,PVE为3.58%—10.05%;2个QTL与侧枝长相关,PVE为6.03%—8.56%;4个QTL与株型指数相关,PVE为4.68%—15.08%;4个QTL与扩展半径相关,PVE为3.30%—9.33%。qLBAA05.1、qLBAA05.2、qMSHA04.2和qIOPTA05.1等4个主效QTL,可解释的表型变异分别为11.22%、10.59%、10.23%、10.05%和15.08%。此外,共检测到59对上位性QTL。其中,6对上位性QTL与侧枝长相关,PVE为2.23%—2.78%;50对上位性QTL与株型指数相关,PVE为0.25%—1.44%;3对上位性QTL与扩展半径相关,PVE为7.28%—12.25%。发现3个QTL聚集区,分别为A04染色体的GM1867—AHGS1967区间、A05染色体的me14em5-116—PM418区间和A08染色体的HBAUAh177—AhTE0658区间,涉及侧枝夹角、主茎高、株型指数和扩展半径等4个株型相关性状。【结论】构建了一张包含363个标记位点的分子遗传连锁图谱;获得30个与株型相关性状的加性QTL和59对上位性QTL;发现3个QTL聚集区。     

Identification of QTLs Related to Bolting in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis （syn. Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis）

A genetic linkage map of Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis was constructed with 186 AFLP （amplified fragment length polymorphism） markers by using a doubled-haploid （DH） population with 183 individuals. The individuals were derived from F1 which was developed by crossing a bolting resistant DH line Y-177-12 and an easy bolting DH line Y195-93a. AFLPs were generated by the use of restriction enzymes EcoR Ⅰ and Mse Ⅰ . The segregation of each marker and linkage was analyzed by using JoinMap version 3.0. Mapped markers were aligned in ten linkage groups which covered 887.8 cM with an average marker interval of 4.47 cM. Markers showing skewed segregation ratio were clustered in six LGs. Quantitative trait loci （QTL） were mapped for bolting resistance by using MAPQTL 4.0 package. Four QTLs explaining from 7.0 to 9.4% of the total variation were detected, all of them increase bolting resistance. These mapped QTLs could be used to develop a marker assisted selection programme for bolting resistance breeding.     

鲜食甜玉米南方锈病抗性QTL定位分析

为挖掘新的抗南方锈病基因资源,本研究以甜玉米组合M5×M114的216个F2单株为遗传作图群体,应用BSA方法从500对SSR引物中筛选出2对在F2代抗病和感病DNA池间具有多态性的引物,分别位于4和9号染色体上;在4和9号染色体上重新设计100对SSR引物,构建了包含33个标记位点总长为241.2cM的连锁遗传图,各个标记间的平均距离为7.53cM。结合F2单株对南方锈病的抗性表现,用复合区间作图法在4和9号染色体上共检测到7个显著的南方锈病抗性QTLs,其中:4个QTLs位于4号染色体上,可解释12.1%、7.8%、18.2%和14.9%表型变异;3个位于9号染色体上,分别解释17.0%、13.3%与19.2%的表型变异。研究结果可为抗南方锈病的精细定位、主效基因克隆和抗南方锈病鲜食甜玉米品种选育提供理论依据。     

基于90K芯片标记的小麦芒长QTL定位

【目的】麦芒对小麦的抗逆性以及穗部光合等方面具有重要影响。研究旨在挖掘控制芒长的主效QTL及与其紧密连锁或共分离的分子标记,为全基因组分子标记辅助选择育种、近等基因系的构建、候选基因的筛选以及基因克隆提供依据。【方法】以小偃81/周8425B、小偃81/西农1376这2个组合的F₉代RIL群体（分别含有102个和120个家系）为作图群体,利用覆盖小麦21条染色体组的90K标记构建2个遗传连锁图谱,于2016年10月至2017年6月将这2个F₉群体衍生的F_9﹕10群体分别种植在陕西杨凌、河南南阳和河南驻马店,小麦蜡熟期对芒长进行表型鉴定,用完备区间模型和多环境的联合分析对此性状进行QTL定位。【结果】构建了覆盖小麦21条染色体的2张遗传图谱,图谱长度分别为4 412.14和4 281.67 cM,平均遗传距离为分别为2.65和2.31 cM。2个连锁图谱的连锁标记数表明,90K标记在小麦基因组A、B和D间分布不均衡,但均表现为B基因组的标记数＞A基因组的标记数＞D基因组的标记数。对于2个连锁图谱的公共标记而言D基因组公共标记最少,从侧面反映出D基因组具有较高的保守性。2个RIL群体在陕西杨凌、河南南阳和河南驻马店3个环境下共检测到6个控制芒长的QTL。其中主效位点Qal5A-1在2个群体3种环境下都能被检测到,属于环境钝感QTL,表型变异贡献率变幅为46.01%-79.82%,对芒长具有强烈的抑制作用,加性效应来自短芒亲本小偃81,该主效QTL位点被定位在5A染色体末端,与分子标记RAC875_c8121_1147紧密连锁。另外Qal6B-1、Qal1B-1、Qal3B-1、Qal2D-1和Qal2D-2这5个QTL,分别被定位在6B、1B、3B、和2D染色体上,其表型变异的贡献率分别为1.39%、3.66%、3.93%、5.53%和3.51%,为微效QTL。小偃81/周8425B组合的RIL群体共检测的2个QTL,其中1个主效位点Qal5A-1和1个微效QTL位点Qal6B-1,2个QTL表型变异的贡献率总和为79.91%。小偃81/西农1376组合的RIL群体检测出5个QTL,1个主效位点Qal5A-1和4个微效位点Qal1B-1、Qal3B-1、Qal2D-1和Qal2D-2,5个QTL表型变异的贡献率总和为63.96%。多环境的联合分析得到了6个QTL,其互作效应的表型变异贡献率都远低于加性效应的表型变异贡献率,说明QTL与环境间的互作不是影响芒长的主要因素;加性效应值在不同的环境下近似相等,进一步表明这6个QTL在3个环境间有着稳定的遗传效应。【结论】2个群体检测到1个主效位点Qal5A-1,此位点能够稳定表达且与分子标记RAC875_c8121_1147紧密连锁,表型变异贡献率46.01%-79.82%,对芒长具有较强的抑制作用。     

大麦籽粒蛋白质及其相关功能成分含量的QTL分析

【目的】研究大麦籽粒蛋白质与功能成分含量的相关关系及其QTL,为功能大麦遗传改良、基因克隆及分子辅助育种奠定理论基础。【方法】以紫光芒裸二棱为母本,Schooner为父本构建包含193个株系的RIL群体,结合SSR技术和QTL Ici Mapping V3.3软件构建遗传连锁图谱,借助完全区间作图法(ICIM)对两年大麦籽粒蛋白质、总黄酮和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量进行QTL检测;同时分析蛋白质、总黄酮和GABA含量之间的相关性。【结果】亲本及RIL群体籽粒蛋白质、总黄酮及GABA含量表现出较大差异,且呈连续变异正态分布,适宜进行QTL定位。构建了一张全长为2 224.29 c M,两标记间平均距离为16.48 c M的遗传连锁图谱,包括7个连锁群,135个标记位点。共检测到20个QTL,其中,控制蛋白质含量的9个QTL分别定位于1H、2H、4H、6H和7H连锁群染色体。表型变异率范围为4.11%—18.86%,解释表型变异率大于10%的3个主效QTL(13.30%、15.45%和18.86%)分别位于6H和7H染色体。经两年试验检测发现2个相同的QTL位点,分别位于4H BMAG0740—BMAG0808和6H Ebmac0806—GBM1270;控制总黄酮含量的7个QTL分别定位于2H、5H、6H和7H染色体。表型变异率范围为6.06%—29.01%,解释表型变异率大于10%的5个主效QTL(10.38%、15.27%、17.55%、24.17%和29.01%)分别位于2H、6H和7H染色体。经两年试验检测发现1个相同的QTL位点,位于7H EBmatc0016—Bmag0206;控制GABA含量的4个QTL分别定位于4H、5H、6H和7H染色体,表型变异率范围为5.44%—14.87%,最大变异率为14.87%的主效QTL位于7H染色体。控制蛋白质含量与总黄酮含量的基因同位于2H、6H和7H染色体,控制蛋白质含量与GABA含量的基因重合在4H、6H和7H染色体,控制总黄酮含量与GABA含量的基因同位于5H、6H和7H染色体。控制这三种成分的QTL主要位于6H和7H,尤其是6H Ebmac0806—GBM1270影响蛋白质、总黄酮和GABA含量,且加性作用方向一致,有极显著相关性。相关性分析结果表明,蛋白质、总黄酮与GABA含量之间呈极显著正相关。【结论】大麦籽粒蛋白质、总黄酮和GABA含量的相关性分析与其部分QTL定位结果一致,揭示了蛋白质和功能成分含量之间紧密的遗传关系。     

利用SRAP、SSR和AFLP 标记构建甘蓝型油菜遗传连锁图谱

 【目的】建立甘蓝型油菜的高质量遗传图谱，为在分子水平上研究复杂性状打下基础并提供保证。【方法】以甘蓝型油菜自交不亲和系“SI-1300” 及其恢复系“Eagle”组配得到的184个F2单株为群体，利用SRAP、SSR和AFLP标记技术构建甘蓝型油菜遗传图谱。【结果】该图谱共包含21个连锁群，涉及137个SRAP标记、143个SSR标记和118个AFLP标记。图谱总长1 949.8 cM，标记间平均图距为4.9 cM。以SSR标记为锚定标记，该图谱与国际标准图谱进行了初步对应。研究共发现了8个偏分离区域。【结论】根据对标记分布的均匀程度，图谱覆盖程度以及标记密度等方面的分析，本研究构建的甘蓝型油菜分子遗传图谱质量较高，并且SRAP标记可能是比AFLP标记更适合于图谱构建的标记体系。     

基于四交群体的玉米叶夹角和叶向值QTL定位分析

选育耐密紧凑株型是增加玉米单位面积产量的重要途径之一,而叶夹角和叶向值是衡量株型的重要参数。本研究选用叶夹角和叶向值存在差异的玉米自交系郑58、PH6WC、87-1和自330构建1个四交(郑58/豫87-1//PH6WC/自330)组合,以228个四交F1单株为作图群体,构建了1张含225个SSR位点,全长1 387.2cM的玉米分子标记遗传连锁图谱,标记间平均间距为6.19cM。基于四交群体应用区间作图法检测4个环境下的QTL,共检测到13个叶夹角相关QTL,分别位于第1、2、3、4、5、7和10染色体上,单个QTL可解释5.1%~20.0%的表型变异;检测到15个叶向值相关QTL,分别位于第1、2、4、5、7、8和9染色体上,单个QTL可解释5.4%~20.1%的表型变异。其中qLA-E2-2和qLA-E4-2落在同一标记区间umc1692-umc2297(bin 5.03),分别解释16.6%和13.2%的表型变异;qLO-E1-1、qLO-E3-2和qLA-E4-1落在同一标记区间umc1568-bnlg1953(bin1.02),分别解释10.1%、19.9%和12.3%的表型变异;qLO-E2-1和qLO-E3-1落在同一标记区间phi056-phi427913(bin 1.01),分别解释13.8%和10.0%的表型变异。这些多个环境共同检测到的QTL将为玉米耐密理想株型育种中叶夹角叶向值的分子标记辅助选择提供有益信息,加速耐密株型玉米品种的选育。