PEG对大豆（Slycine max）下胚轴脂氧合酶（LOX）活性及蛋白质含量的影响

众所周知，大豆脂氧合酶活性与生长发育密切相关。业已证实，ＰＥＧ（聚乙二醇）处理大豆种子可促进其下胚轴中蛋白质的合成。本实验结果表明：ＰＥＧ处理大豆种子后，其下胚轴中的脂氧合酶活性与未经ＰＥＧ处理的对照相比显著降低。而蛋白质的含量却高于对照。因此推测，下胚轴引起酶促脂质过氧化作用的主要酶－脂氧合酶活性的降低，与蛋白质总含量的升高密切相关。ＰＥＧ高渗溶液具有引发种子的效果，一方面是由于ＰＥＧ处理可以改     

辐射损伤修复抑制剂对大豆油菜幼苗膜脂过氧化的影响

研究辐射损伤修复抑制剂Ｃａｆ和ＥＤＴＡ后处理对不同辐射敏感性油料作物大豆和油菜幼苗下胚轴内脂质过氧化作用的影响．结果表明．随着辐照剂量的增大，细胞膜透性（电解渗透率Ｓｒ）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）和脯氨酸（Ｐｒｏ）含量以及过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性均增大．大豆的Ｓｒ、ＭＤＡ含量各处理均高于油菜，而ＰＯＤ活性则低于油菜，Ｐｒｏ含量两者无显著差异。Ｃａｆ、ＥＤＴＡ后处理不同程度的降低了两者Ｓｒ、ＭＤＡ和Ｐｒｏ含量，提高了ＰＯＤ活性，从而减轻了辐射对膜的损伤。     

HMW—GS指印法速测杂交小麦种子纯度的适用性

以１０％ＳＤＳＤ－ＰＡＧＥ法测试了１２个小麦杂交组合的２７粒Ｆ１种子,并对照测定了２０粒对应双亲种子,重点比较了其ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ（高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基）的显带情况。结果表明,⑴父母本ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ基因在Ｆ１籽粒中共显;⑵双亲至少有一条互异ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ带的组合,其Ｆ１是否为真杂种依此法可以鉴别;⑶父母本ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ带型完全相同的组合,其Ｆ１的真伪不能依此法判定。     

低温预处理对大豆萌芽活力及其活性氧代谢的影响

采用低温（3-5℃）处理大豆种子（黑脐91-1）能显著提高种子萌发率和萌芽活力，其中以处理15天的效果更为明显，在大豆萌发过程中，低温处理组的外渗电导率明显较对照组低，呼吸速率升高的速度较对照组更快，超氧物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性均显著高于对照，超氧阴离子（O2^-)含量和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的积累量均明显低于对照，表明种子萌发前经低温预处理能有效提高大豆种子萌发时活性氧代谢水平，有利于好苗、壮苗的形成。     

大豆种子尿素溶液拌种育肥技术

大豆种子尿素溶液拌种育肥技术张晓，夏剑伶，袁北林，王永波，车风占（黑龙江省八五四农场）ＴＨＥＥＸＵＢＥＲＡＮＬＥＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹＯＦＭＩＸＩＮＧＴＨＥＳＯＹＢＥＡＮＳＥＥＤＳＷＩＴＨＵＲＥＡＬＩＱＵＩＤ￥ＺｈａｎｇＸｉａｏ；ＸｉａＪｉａｎｌｉｎｇ...     

大豆抗SMV生化机制的初步研究

以对ＳＭＶ－ａ株系抗性不同的３个大豆品种为材料,分析了感染ＳＭＶ后苯丙氨酸解氨酶,过氧化物酶,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,抗病品种科丰１号接种ＳＭＶ的早期,ＰＡＬ和ＰＯＤ活性显著升高,ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性明显下降,相反感病品种１１３８－２和徐豆１号的ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性明显上升,ＰＯＤ活性的增加幅度则小于抗病品种,而１１３８－２的ＰＡＬ活性则低于相应对照。     

汞对大豆种子萌发中膜脂过氧化及体内保护系统的影响

ＨｇＣｌ２对大豆种子萌发过程中幼苗膜脂过氧化水平、细胞膜透性、保护酶（ＣＡＴ、ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ）活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量的影响进行了研究。结果表明，随着ＨｇＣｌ２浓度的升高，细胞膜脂质过氧化水平升高，细胞膜透性增大，ＣＡＴ活性降低，ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性升高，组织可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量升高。     

美国大豆育种研究新进展

美国大豆育种研究新进展邱丽娟（中国农科院作物品种资源研究所）ＮＥＷＡＤＶＡＮＣＥＳＩＮＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＲＳＯＹＢＥＡＮＢＲＥＥＤＩＮＧＯＦＵ．Ｓ．Ａ．￥ＱｕＬｉｊｕａｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｒｏｐＧｅｒｍｐｌａｓｍＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ...     

硝酸钾、钼酸铵、还原型磷酸吡啶核苷酸对花生种子活力及幼苗生长的影响

用ＫＮＯ３、（ＮＨ４）２ＭｏＯ４、ＮＡＤＨ单独处理及两两混合处理花生种子。结果表明，各种处理都可提高花生种子活力和萌发呼吸速率，加快种子萌发，增强根系活力和ＮＲ活性，增加叶绿素含量，促进幼苗生长。ＮＡＤＨ处理效果较为显著．     

高光效大豆光合特性的研究：Ⅵ高光效大豆C4—途径的探讨

本文研究了不同大豆品种（系）的与Ｃ４－途径有关的ＰＥＰ羧化酶，ＮＡＤ（Ｐ）－苹果酸酶和丙酮酸磷酸双激酶。结果表明，上述三种酶活性在大豆品种（系）间具有明显的差异，尤以高光效品种（系）的Ｃ４－途径关键性酶类的活性明显地高于低光效的品种，说明在Ｃ３－植物中存在着活跃的ＣＯ２β－羧化作用，从而有利于提高光合效率。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.