南方低山丘陵区油茶林地表径流特征研究

油茶是我国重要的木本油料植物,其生长需要从土壤中吸收水分和各种养分,土壤含水量影响油茶的挂果率、出油率,同时油茶的种植改变降水时空分配格局,对减少丘陵山区地表径流量、保持水土和涵养水源起到了一定的作用。本研究以湖南省7年生不同油茶林为研究对象,对不同林地的地表径流进行分析,结果表明:油茶林坡面径流量与降雨量变化一致,并且显著低于无林地坡面径流量,地表径流量表现为无林地2号油茶林1号油茶林。无林地坡面径流在150-43 000 ml之间,油茶林坡面径流量在150-7 700 ml之间,油茶的种植能够减少坡面径流量,对水源涵养功能起到一定贡献作用;1号油茶林坡面径流量小于2号油茶林的坡面径流量;油茶林坡面径流减少量占无林地径流量的60%~90%;油茶林水源涵养贡献率在0.02%~0.08%之间,并随降雨量的增加而增加。本研究可为当地的油茶种植及水源涵养林的营造提供一定的理论基础。     

黄土高原荒坡径流生产潜力研究

运用“单株平衡法”，测定了油松、刺槐优势木单株年耗水量。并以此作为林地水分生产力评价的依据，提出了“期望最低水分潜势标准”及“降雨径流期望生产力指数”，并指出径流系数是决定径流生产力的主要因素。对黄土高原荒坡径流生产力进行了必要的理论探讨。计算求得了利用自然坡面径流，油松、刺槐可望成林、成材的降雨量下限均为５００ｍｍ；在４００ｍｍ降水地区，仅能形成郁闭度为０．３左右的稀疏林地。     

Water Conservation Forest Impacts on the Runoff Generation and Sedimentation at the Natural Slope Scale in the Miyun Reservoir Watershed

在考虑地表流边界条件情况下,森林对降雨径流和泥沙的影响是一个非常复杂的过程．本文给出了水源保护林在自然坡面尺度上对径流泥沙影响的初步试验研究结果,森林在自然坡面尺度上对１９９７年７月３１日至８月１日降雨过程的洪峰流量消减率达４５５９％,洪水总量的消减率为６．８％,森林坡面径流总量为９８０．７８ｍ３,荒草坡为１０５２２３ｍ３．森林对１９９６年７月３０日降雨过程的洪峰流量消减率为１７．９５％,森林坡面的径流总量为１５．０８ｍ３,荒草坡为１８．３８ｍ３．从１９９６年森林对降雨径流较低的消减率看,降雨量与降雨强度对径流泥沙有很大的影响．     

刺槐林地产流特征及其土壤水分动态谐波分析

刺槐林是中国北方丘陵半干旱区典型的生态防护林树种之一。通过自然降雨径流场定位观测试验,本文对辽宁西部地区(1850-12225E,4024-4234N)刺槐生态防护林及其采伐迹地的产流、产沙特征和土壤水分动态变化规律进行了定量研究。采伐迹地与刺槐林地相比二者之间的产流量和产沙量存在显著差异,采伐迹地的产流量和产沙量比刺槐林地分别增加40%-177%和180%-400%。典型降雨产流水文过程线显示,刺槐林地径流峰值比采伐迹地低1.0-2.5?0-3m3穝-1,且径流峰值出现的时间比采伐迹地滞后10-20min。谐波分析表明,刺槐林地与采伐迹地土壤含水量随年内降水量变化分干、湿两季,呈周期性变化,刺槐林地土壤年平均含水量比采伐迹地高2.3%。研究结果表明:刺槐生态防护林具有涵养水源、增加土壤水分、减少地表径流与土壤侵蚀的重要作用。图2表4参12。     

蓝桉不同整地方式造林水土流失监测初报

采用径流小区定位观测法，对保山砂页岩发育的山地红壤进行不同整地方式营造蓝桉林，经过三年的监测研究表明：未整地自然土壤侵蚀量达１．６５７～１．４０２ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ，有机质流失量达８０．４８３～６８．１１３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２·ａ，土壤肥力退化显著；撩壕整地及挖塘整地造林当年土壤侵蚀量分别达３．３６６ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ及２．４６４ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ，均属轻度侵蚀级，第二年土壤侵蚀量为０．５９２ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ及０．３６７ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ为微度侵蚀。有机质流失量为７５．８１１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２·ａ及４７．１２２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２·ａ。随着桉树幼林生长，林地覆盖度和地表稳定程度增加，土壤侵蚀急剧下降。     

马尾松人工林养分循环研究Ⅰ．不同坡位马尾松林生物量与养分现存量

对相同经营措施、同一坡面、不同坡位３０年生马尾松人工林进行林分生长情况、林地概况、生物量及养分现存量等的调查结果表明：坡位对林分的平均树高、胸径、材积、生物量积累和养分现存量的影响显著。材积、地上部分生物量和养分现存量，下坡林分分别是上坡林分的３．０倍、３．３倍和４．０倍，中坡林分分别是上坡林分的２．４倍、２．６倍和３．０倍。     

坡面尺度不同雨型条件下地表径流产流过程分析

以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域刺槐林、油松林、荒草地为研究对象,对短时局地雷暴雨、锋面性雷暴雨和长历时锋面降雨3种降雨条件下不同地类地表径流产流过程进行分析。结果表明:在短时局地雷暴雨过程中,产流的关键条件是降雨强度需要达到一定水平。锋面性雷暴雨过程中,降雨强度和降雨量均对产流有影响,但是降雨量的作用比降雨强度大。而在长历时锋面降雨过程中,产流的关键条件是启动前降雨累积量需要达到一定水平。在不同雨型条件下,荒草地的径流量、径流深和径流系数均大于刺槐林地和油松林地,油松林地大于刺槐林地。在立地条件相同的情况下,造成不同地类地表径流差异的因素主要有林分结构、地表覆被物等。     

森林保持水土作用的定量观测（Ⅱ）

2 对地表径流的抑制作用林地内的地表迳流,是在降雨量超过渗透能力的情况下产生的,一般林地的渗透能力较大,很少发生地表径流,但在降暴雨时也可能发生.测定地表迳流是在迳流试验区里进行的,如上述对设置在枥木县下矢板营林署(采尺)迦丘国有林的山毛榉天然林及其采伐迹地和邻近的高原山县有林的扁柏人工林的迳流试验区.进行了迳流测定的试验.在宽为5.3米.坡面长为10米(坡度各为28°、32°、31°)的迳流区.连续两个夏季(5—11月)对地表迳流量的测定结果是,两个夏季合计降雨量为2900mm,其地表迳流     

热带山地雨林生态系统水文化学循环规律的研究

根据５ａ定位观测，对尖峰岭热带山地雨林更新林生态系统的水文化学循环规律的数据分析表明，年均降雨量为２６６８．３ｍｍ，其中总径流量占４６．７％，蒸散量５３．３％，冠层截留量１４．０％。Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的年均降雨输入量为７８．４ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），总径流输出５６．７ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），净积累２１．６ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ）；Ｓｉ、有机Ｃ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ的年均降雨输入量为２５．０ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），总径流输出为１１２．３ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），净损失８７．３ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），更新林系统仅处于更新进展过程中，同时证实了冠层对降水化学的淋溶效应，净淋溶系数达４．１１；提出了降雨、林内净降雨、总径流的各水化学物含量与其相应水量的回归模式     

利用沙棘治理石金皋小流域

在辽西北石质丘陵区金皋小流域，采用沙棘治理坡面，沟壑，结果表明，3年生沙棘林林冠截持降水量折合水层厚度0.50-1.20mm，枯落物的持水量折合水层厚度为2.45-6.10mm，林地0-60cm土层内最大持水量为38.14mm，能够有效地拦蓄地表径流、控制沟头的延伸和沟底的下切；同时，可以带来可观的经济效益。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。