花[鱼骨]胚胎和仔鱼发育的初步研究

本文报道了采用胸鳍基部一次注射LRHA-A2和DOM催产花亲鱼,采用平铺、悬挂、底层漂浮棕榈皮鱼巢三种接卵方式及流水条件下遮光、不遮光,静水条件下遮光、不遮光四种不同孵化方式的试验结果。在水温18.2-19.8℃条件下,花胚胎发育需140 h破膜。观察了胚后组织、器官、系统生理发育过程,该鱼在破膜后52h进入混合营养期。不可逆点（PNR）为仔鱼破膜后第8d。     

黄河上游极边扁咽齿鱼人工繁殖试验

采取干导法进行人工授精,2年累计孵化极边扁咽齿鱼受精卵14万粒,平均受精率87.5%,发眼率77.5%,上浮率72%.在孵化水温10～14 ℃条件下,从受精到发眼平均积温为2012.5 ℃·h;从发眼到破膜平均积温为575 ℃·h;从破膜到卵黄囊吸收完平均积温为3734 ℃·h;鱼苗全部发育平均积温为6321.5 ℃·h.     

花(鱼骨)的人工繁殖与苗种培育试验

试验结果表明,催产花亲鱼9组,雌鱼平均体质量105 g,催产率82%;获受精卵1.2万粒,受精率85%;获水花1.0万尾,孵化率84%。水花鱼苗于池塘中养殖120 d,收获鱼种7200尾,平均体长12.45 cm,平均体质量20.47 g,养殖成活率72%。平均水温21.5℃,花受精卵120 h破膜;破膜后第15 d,臀鳍出现,平均全长12.5 mm,外部形态发育完善。     

唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)杂交育种初步研究

研究分析了唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)杂交育种的特点和可行性.结果表明:2008-2011年,共计获得约164万粒受精卵,杂交F1鱼苗111.7万尾.在水温18～26℃条件下,唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)的催产率、受精率和孵化率可达到85.5％～89.2％、80.6％～81.2％和80％～85.6％.在水温(20±1)℃条件下,杂交F1受精卵在受精后94 h 10 min,仔鱼开始出膜.初孵仔鱼全长5.75 ～ 6.83 mm.杂交F1成鱼的体色和体型与母本比较相近.唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)的杂交育种是可行的.     

眼斑花鲈的人工繁殖及苗种培育技术

根据眼斑花鲈的繁殖生态特征选择性腺发育比较成熟的亲鱼进行产前强化培育,通过人工或自然方式对亲鱼进行配对,在适宜的水温下,受精卵经60～72 h孵化出膜,初孵仔鱼72 h后卵黄囊消失,开口摄食.鱼苗开口饵料以卤虫无节幼体为主,经过1个月左右的培育,苗种的体长可达2 cm左右.     

花[鱼骨]的人工繁殖与苗种培育试验

试验结果表明，催产花[鱼骨]亲鱼9组，雌鱼平均体质量105g，催产率82％；获受精卵1．2万粒，受精率85％；获水花1．0万尾，孵化率84％。水花鱼苗于池塘中养殖120d，收获鱼种7200尾，平均体长12．45cm，平均体质量20．47g，养殖成活率72％。平均水温21．5℃，花[鱼骨]受精卵120h破膜；破膜后第15d，臀鳍出现，平均全长12．5mm，外部形态发育完善。     

黑龙江流域江鳕的胚胎发育

采用固定后剥离卵膜后拍照的方法,在平均水温1.61℃下系统观察了黑龙江流域江鳕（Lota Iota Linnaeus）的胚胎发育。根据发育特征,将江鳕整个胚胎发育过程分六个大的发育阶段。黑龙江流域江鳕受精卵为淡黄色,近似圆球形,具有微粘性,比重略大于水,内部紧靠卵膜分布大量的脂肪滴,吸水膨胀后卵径为1.01±0.11mm,在平均水温为1.61℃水温条件下受精卵至破膜共历时1746h,需4106.98℃.h,进一步细分为21个发育时期。将黑龙江流域江鳕和新疆额尔齐斯河流域江鳕的胚胎发育过程进行了对比分析,为黑龙江流域江鳕的人工养殖和自然资源的复壮提供了基础资料。     

利用叶绿素荧光技术揭示人工培育的铜藻幼苗对胁迫温度、光照和盐度的反应

2008年以全人工条件下培育的铜藻Sargassum horneri幼苗为材料,利用叶绿素荧光测定仪,通过测量经过暗适应后最大叶绿素荧光量子产量变化(Fv/Fm),研究了不同温度、光照强度和盐度条件下铜藻幼苗光合作用的变化.数据表明,幼苗存活温度上限为28℃,最适生长温度为22～24℃.在消减的太阳光照射下,受胁迫的幼苗即时荧光产量(Fm′)最低降到0.4.随着光强降低,Fm′可恢复到初始值0.73;在室外太阳光直射下,胁迫幼苗的Fm′最低降到0.11,24 h恢复后为0.5,叶片有萎焉现象.结果表明,铜藻幼苗易受高温、强光胁迫,最好进行遮光培育.9～60盐度的胁迫6 h以内对幼苗的Fv/Fm影响不明显,淡水在1 h内对铜藻的Fv/Fm无影响,可以将苗帘直接浸泡在淡水中以清除对低盐敏感的附生杂藻.     

裸体异鳔鳅(鱼它)人工繁殖与胚胎发育研究

为了解裸体异鳔鳅(鱼它)(Xenophysogobio nudicorpa)人工繁殖和胚胎发育规律，以从金沙江采集到的10尾雌鱼(平均体长17.5 cm,体质量22.3 g)、8尾雄鱼(平均体长15.6 cm,体质量17.5 g)作为亲本，分3批次开展了人工繁殖试验，并观察在水温(20.0±0.5)℃下该鱼的胚胎发育情况。试验结果显示：在水温(15.0±0.5)、(18.0±0.5)、(20.0±0.5)℃的条件下催产，催产剂(雌鱼第1针注射LHRH-A₃ 2μg/kg,第2针注射LHRH-A₃ 10μg/kg+HCG 1 200 IU/kg+PG 8 mg/kg,间距12 h;雄鱼不注射)的效应时间分别为21、15、14 h,受精率分别为8.5%、76.8%、74.5%。将受精卵在水温(15.0±0.5)℃条件下孵化288 h,大部分仔鱼未能正常出膜；当水温升至(18.0±0.5)℃,大部分仔鱼在孵化168 h后破膜而出，但仍有小部分无法正常出膜；当水温升至(20.0±0.5)℃时，仔鱼正常出膜，且出膜时间缩短至120 h。裸体异鳔鳅(鱼它...     

加热条件下鱼翅结构和物性学参数变化

研究了鱼翅在不同加热时间(1、2、3、4 h)条件下组织构造及其物性学参数(凝胶强度、最大破断应变、剪切应力、破断强度)变化,并测定了胶原蛋白含量。通过扫描电子显微镜镜观察鱼翅的组织构造,采用质构仪测定其物性特性。结果表明,随着加热时间的延长,鱼翅的物性学参数变化显著,总体呈减小趋势。加热3 h后即可达到鱼翅较好质构。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.