蜜蜂“爬蜂病”的研究与防治实践（二）

(接 2 0 0 1年第 8期 )1 2　蜜蜂螺原体病蜜蜂螺原体病是蜜蜂传染性爬蜂病的重要种类之一。 2 0世纪 70年代 ,在法国和美国发现了此病。2 0世纪 80年代 ,我国开始发现螺原体病 ,此后开展研究工作。1 2 1　病原形态及生化特性蜜蜂螺原体形态呈螺旋状 ,为无细胞壁的原核动物。其大小为 0 17ｎｍ ,最适宜的生长温度为 32℃ ,ｐＨ为 7 5。螺原体菌可利用葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、海藻糖和氨基酸 ,不能利用尿素和水解明胶。1 2 2　病状和病症蜜蜂螺原体主要危害青壮年蜂。感病蜜蜂爬出蜂箱外 ,行动缓慢 ,三五成堆地聚集在低凹处或草丛中 ,失去飞…     

蜜蜂螺原体病的防治初探

蜜蜂螺原体病病原体是一种螺旋状,能运动,无细胞壁的原核生物,寄生在成蜂体内,对蜜蜂造成严重危害,目前无特效的治疗方法。患病蜜蜂失去采集能力,爬出箱外,在地上爬行后死亡。发病严重时,成年蜂、青年蜂、甚至刚出房的幼蜂也会大量爬出箱外,群势很快减弱。广大养蜂者称其为“爬蜂病”。一、病原据国外文献报道:1977年美国学者克拉克(T·B·Clark)已发现蜜蜂螺原体病是蜜蜂致死性的传染病;1981年法国生物学家莫森(c·Mouches)’用SP-4培养基分离出蜜蜂螺原体B31和B39两个致病的病原菌株,其个体差异也很大,在17—500     

刺槐花螺原体对蜜蜂致病性的研究

从刺槐花上分离到螺原体菌株(Fs—16),用微量注射法将Fs—16接种予健康蜜峰,蜜蜂100％发病死亡,证明Fs—16对蜜蜂具有致病性。菌体变形试验(DF)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行的血清学反应表明:Fs—16与蜜蜂螺原体CH—1、Hs—1有一定的血清学关系,但又不完全一致。     

蜜蜂螺原体病的流行病学调查

蜜蜂螺原体病是由螺原体菌引起的一种新的蜜蜂病害,本病发生于20世纪70年代末。美国和法国都已证明蜜蜂螺原体致死病(Spiroplasmasis)和5月病(May distase)都是由螺原体引起的。我国1986年从病蜂中分离到螺原体,至今已从蜜蜂和植物花上分离到多个螺原体。凡是发生“爬蜂     

锦鲤维氏气单胞菌JLL-1株的部分生物学特性研究

为了研究JLL-1菌株的部分生物学特性,试验采用平板计数法测定其生长曲线,划线培养法观察该菌在不同培养基中的培养特性,生化反应管及相关培养基检测其理化特性,纸片扩散法测定其耐药性以及通过控制不同的培养条件检测不同培养温度、pH值及渗透压对其生长的影响。结果表明:菌株JLL-1在LB培养基中存在二次生长现象;可在麦康凯培养基、BS培养基、RS培养基、SS培养基、TSA培养基、HE培养基及营养肉汤中生长良好;该菌对青霉素、多黏菌素B、氨苄西林及克林霉素完全耐药,占测定药物的16.67%,但敏感药物可达到66.67%;该菌耐受性较强,可在25~42℃、pH值为6~10、NaCl含量为0~4%的环境中生长。说明该菌可在不同培养基上生长,并且有较强的环境适应性,可根据药物敏感试验结果指导临床用药。     

禽败毒枝原体S_6标准菌株在广东Ⅰ号培养基生长良好

我所1984年11月由华南农业大学兽医系微生物教研组,转送的哈尔滨兽医研究所生产的禽败毒枝原体S_6标准菌株,经4年零1个月在—30℃低温冰箱保存,解冻后,采用广东Ⅰ号无细胞培养基进行培养。在接种的4管培养基中,分别于第4、5天培养基的PH由原来的7.6降至6.9—7.0,将原代培养物再接种继代,培养基的PH又于第2天由原来的7.4降至6.8,然后采用瑞氏染色镜     

兽医临床纸片法药敏试验结果的影响因素

纸片法药敏试验是将抗菌药物吸收到特定的纸片中,然后置于已接种待测定菌的固体培养基上,抗菌药物通过向培养基内的扩散,抑制敏感细菌的生长,从而出现抑菌环(带)。由于药物扩散的距离越远,达到该距离的药物浓度越低,可根据抑菌环的大小,判断细菌对药物的敏感度。通过药物敏感试验,我们可找出针对于某些致病菌的敏感药物,从而对兽医临床中的细菌性疾病的治疗提供指导。该法只是一种药物敏感性定性试验,临床中此种试验常受到抗菌药物、培养基、细菌、试纸片及培养条件等因素的影响。本文就以上影响因素逐一进行说明。1药物因素1.1药物理化性质…     

蜜蜂螺原体病的研究进展

蜜蜂螺原体病的研究进展中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所董秉义１．蜜蜂螺原体的发现与蜜蜂螺原体病蜜蜂螺原体是在研究植物类菌原体病害过程中发现的。它被发现于２０世纪７０年代。早在１８９８年从牛胸膜肺炎病组织中分离出来一种介于细菌和病毒的微生物，它无一定形态，无细...     

蜜蜂螺原体病的研究：蜜蜂螺原体的分离培养与致病性试验（一）

自1976年在美国Maryland州首次发现由螺原体引起的一种蜜蜂病害以来,法国、秘鲁以及我国台湾省和其他一些地区也先后分离到了蜜蜂螺原体,1984年南京农业大学首次在中国大陆由蜜蜂体内分离到蜜蜂螺原体,其分离物的血清学反应及生物性状等均与国外蜜蜂螺原体Spiroplasmas melliferum和AS-576基本相似。自1984年在我国南方部分地区发现蜜蜂螺原体病以来,到1988年全国各地都突发性     

浙江省桑树病害简介

从20世纪50年代至21世纪初，作者与同事们曾对浙江省桑树的病害进行过系统持续的调查和采集。发现引起桑树病害的病原物、包括有真菌、病毒、细菌、植原体、螺原体及线虫等。其中以真菌的病害为最多，初步估计约60多种；细菌病害3种；植原体病害2种：螺原体病害1种：线虫病害主要的有1种。     

9种抗菌药物对大肠埃希菌最小抑菌浓度的测定

畜禽养殖中会用到一些抗菌药物,而药物选用需要进行药物敏感性试验,目前市售的药敏纸片多为人用抗菌药物,为了制备兽用抗菌药物的药敏纸片,需要对药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)进行测定。该研究筛选了国家兽用药物名录中规定的、兽医临床上常用6类共9种抗菌药物(头孢噻呋钠、硫酸链霉素、强力霉素、土霉素、氨苄西林、氟苯尼考、替米考星、硫酸新霉素、青霉素),以大肠埃希菌为指标菌,通过微量肉汤稀释法分别测定了9种常用抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明,头孢噻呋钠、硫酸链霉素、强力霉素、土霉素、氨苄西林、氟苯尼考、替米考星、硫酸新霉素、青霉素对指标菌的MIC值分别为为2、4、4、16、8、16、64、32、250μg/mL。研究结果为这些药物的临床应用和药敏纸片的研制提供了基础资料。     

中药对鸡致病性大肠埃希菌的体外抑菌试验

为研究25种中药对秦皇岛地区鸡致病性大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)地方流行株QH1(O78)、QH2(O89)、QH4(O1)的体外抑菌效果,以E.coli标准株ATCC25922作为质控菌株。利用水提法制备中药药液,使终浓度为1g/mL;用平板琼脂打孔法和改良微量二倍稀释-平板法分别测定25种中药的抑菌圈直径和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明,金银花、黄连、乌梅、五味子4种中药对鸡致病性E.coli地方株极度敏感,抑菌圈直径在20.3mm~22.7mm之间,其MIC在15.65mg/mL~31.25mg/mL之间;其他药物对鸡致病性E.coli地方株有不同程度的敏感性,为鸡致病性E.coli地方株中药防治提供理论基础。     

Susceptibility testing of Aspergillus niger strains isolated from poultry to antifungal drugs--a comparative study of the disk diffusion, broth microdilution (M 38-A) and Etest methods

The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of Aspergillus niger strains isolated from birds to available antifungal drugs using different in vitro assays--classical disk diffusion, Etest and broth microdilution NCCLS/CLSI M 38-A. The study material consisted of about 2.000 swabs and samples from different species of birds. A. niger (n=10) was accounted for 6.81% of the total pool of strains isolated. Determinations were made for 13 antifungal drugs using the disk diffusion method. The A. niger exhibited high susceptibility to enilconazole, terbinafine, voriconazole, tioconazole and ketoconazole, low susceptibility to clotrimazole, miconazole and nystatin, and resistance to amphotericin B, itraconazole, pimaricin, fluconazole and 5-fluorocytosine. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 9 antifungal drugs using the micromethod of duplicate serial dilutions in a liquid medium. A. niger strains were most susceptible to enilconazole and voriconazole. MIC ranged from 0.0625 to 0.5 microg/ml for enilconazole, with MIC90-0.5 microg/ml and MIC50-0.125 microg/ml. The corresponding values for voriconazole were 0.25-1 microg/ml, 1 microg/ml and 0.5 microg/ml. MIC for amphotericin B and terbinafine ranged from 0.5 to 4 microg/ml, while the values for the remaining drugs were highly varied. MIC was measured by the gradient diffusion method using Etest for 5 antifungal drugs: amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole. By far the highest susceptibility was obtained in the case of voriconazole, with MIC ranging from 0.0625 to 1 microg/ml. MIC for amphotericin B ranged from 0.25 to 4 microg/ml, for itraconazole and ketoconazole ranging from 0.5 to 16 microg/ml. Methods available for this purpose are not always applicable in field conditions. The present results indicate that the Etest technique, due to its high percentage of agreement with the M 38-A microdilution method, should find application in medical and veterinary practice.     

In vitro comparison of the activity of various antibiotics and drugs against new Taiwan isolates and standard strains of avian mycoplasma

Twenty-nine antibiotics or drugs were incorporated individually into mycoplasma agar to evaluate their inhibitory activity against avian mycoplasmas: 100 recent Taiwan isolates of 7 serotypes and 10 standard strains of 7 serotypes were tested. All of the standard strains were very sensitive to erythromycin, chlorotetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and tetracycline, but the local isolates were highly resistant to these antibiotics. The drugs or antibiotics that possessed an MIC90 of 50 micrograms/ml or less against the local isolates were tiamulin (less than 0.4 micrograms/ml), lincospectin (2.7), josamycin (2.7), lincomycin (3.0), spectinomycin (4.8), tylosin (6.0), kanamycin (6.0), chloramphenicol (6.0), gentamicin (7.5), apramycin (24.5), doxycycline (27.4), minocycline (29.0), spiramycin (30.0), colistin (44.3), leucomycin (45.0), and streptomycin (50.0). The MIC90 of the other antibiotics or drugs was greater than 50 micrograms/ml. None of the isolates or strains were sensitive to nalidixic acid, ronidazole, penicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, carbadox, or four sulfa drugs at a concentration about 5 times the therapeutic level.     

Serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and minimal inhibitory concentrations of Actionbacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from slaughter pigs in Taiwan (2002-2007)

In total, 211 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae were collected from pigs with hemorrhagic pneumonia at slaughterhouses during 2002-2007. Serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for each isolate of A. pleuropneumoniae to 10 antimicrobial agents. Serovar 1 of A. pleuropneumoniae was predominant in Taiwan in 138 of the 211 isolates, followed by serovars 2 and 5. More than 90% of collected isolates were sensitive to ceftiofur, cephalothin, and chloramphenical. However, lincospectin and gentamicin were relatively less susceptible with sensitivities of only 2.4 and 5.7%, respectively. Additionally, ceftiofur had the highest in vitro activity with an MIC(50) of 2.2 μg/ml, followed by cephalothin (2.7 μg/ml) and chloramphenicol (7.9 μg/ml). Lincospectin had the least activity with MIC(50) and MIC(90) values of 73.9 and 114.5 μg/ml, respectively. The data indicate that ceftiofur and cephalothin were extremely active against A. pleuropneumoniae and with minimum MIC values. These drugs are suitable for controlling and treating hemorrhagic pleuropneumonia outbreaks in swine.     

水溶性甲壳胺体外抑菌活性的试验研究

用二倍稀释法测定 6种甲壳胺样品的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) ,并根据MIC制作含有甲壳胺的普通琼脂培养基和药敏试纸片。结果表明 :编号为 1 #、 3 #、 4 #、 6 #甲壳胺在一定浓度时对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、巴氏杆菌均有不同的抑制作用 ;2 #、 5 #在试验所用浓度下抑菌效果不明显。用与MIC相同浓度配制的甲壳胺琼脂的抑菌作用与试管MIC法相同 ,而甲壳胺试纸片则需要 8个MIC才有抑菌作用。     

犬猫皮肤病细菌性病原分离鉴定及天然产物抑菌效果分析

【目的】 分离鉴定武汉市患皮肤病犬猫细菌性病原,并探索其对传统抗菌药物与天然活性产物藤黄酸(GA)和6-溴靛玉红-3’-肟(BIO)的敏感性。【方法】 对患皮肤病犬猫采样并分离病原,通过生长特性观察、革兰氏染色镜检、PCR等方法鉴定并利用SPF小鼠验证致病性;通过药敏纸片验证其对传统药物的耐药性,并测定天然产物对其最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)值。【结果】 分离得到2株金黄色葡萄球菌、3株伪中间型葡萄球菌、2株猫葡萄球菌、1株犬链球菌及1株奇异变形杆菌。SPF小鼠皮肤创伤感染验证分离菌株均有致病性。犬链球菌及奇异变形杆菌对各自受试药物均敏感;葡萄球菌对复方新诺明、青霉素、红霉素、四环素、左氧氟沙星、苯唑西林、庆大霉素、克林霉素及氯霉素存在不同程度耐药。天然活性产物GA和BIO对上述9株菌均具有良好抑菌效果,且除分离菌株F5外GA对分离菌株的MIC值均小于BIO。【结论】 本研究共分离得到5种、9株犬猫皮肤细菌。犬链球菌、奇异变形杆菌对传统抗菌药物均敏感,部分葡萄球菌存在耐药。GA和BIO对犬猫皮肤病原菌均有明显抑菌活性,显示其可作为防控犬猫细菌性皮肤病的候选药物。     

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of antimicrobial drugs used in veterinary medicine

The rise in incidence of antimicrobial resistance, consumer demands and improved understanding of antimicrobial action has encouraged international agencies to review the use of antimicrobial drugs. More detailed understanding of relationships between the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antimicrobial drugs in target animal species and their action on target pathogens [pharmacodynamics (PD)] has led to greater sophistication in design of dosage schedules which improve the activity and reduce the selection pressure for resistance in antimicrobial therapy. This, in turn, may be informative in the pharmaceutical development of antimicrobial drugs and in their selection and clinical utility. PK/PD relationships between area under the concentration time curve from zero to 24 h (AUC(0-24)) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and MIC and time during which plasma concentrations exceed the MIC have been particularly useful in optimizing efficacy and minimizing resistance. Antimicrobial drugs have been classified as concentration-dependent where increasing concentrations at the locus of infection improve bacterial kill, or time-dependent where exceeding the MIC for a prolonged percentage of the inter-dosing interval correlates with improved efficacy. For the latter group increasing the absolute concentration obtained above a threshold does not improve efficacy. The PK/PD relationship for each group of antimicrobial drugs is 'bug and drug' specific, although ratios of 125 for AUC(0-24):MIC and 10 for C(max):MIC have been recommended to achieve high efficacy for concentration-dependent antimicrobial drugs, and exceeding MIC by 1-5 multiples for between 40 and 100% of the inter-dosing interval is appropriate for most time-dependent agents. Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and metronidazole are concentration-dependent and beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides and glycopeptides are time-dependent. For drugs of other classes there is limited and conflicting information on their classification. Resistance selection may be reduced for concentration-dependent antimicrobials by achieving an AUC(0-24):MIC ratio of greater than 100 or a C(max):MIC ratio of greater than 8. The relationships between time greater than MIC and resistance selection for time-dependent antimicrobials have not been well characterized.     

鸭疫里氏杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验分析

从广东、福建不同地区临床疑似鸭疫里氏杆茵感染病死鸭中分离到12株鸭疫里氏杆菌,通过细菌形态、培养特怔、生化试验,鉴定为鸭疫里氏杆菌。采用微量液体二倍稀释法,测定了14种常用抗菌药物对12株鸭疫里氏杆菌的抗菌活性,结果表明,有2个菌株均对14种药物高度敏感,其MIC值均≤1μg/mL,其它菌株MIC值差异较大,所有抗菌药对Y4菌株的最小抑菌浓度较高,其MIC值均≥32μg/mL。     

In Vitro Activities of Antifungal Agents against Clinical Isolates of Dermatophytes from Animals

Although the susceptibility of dermatophytes to antifungal drugs is well documented in humans, the effectiveness in animals has not been previously investigated. The in vitro susceptibility of 54 clinical isolates from animal dermatophytoses to ketoconazole (KTZ), itaconazole (ITZ) and terbinafine (TFN) was measured using microdilution assay (CLSI M38-A2 test) and by the E-test (KTZ and ITZ). All 3 drugs showed antifungal activity, while KTZ displayed the broadest minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) range (0.125-16 μg/ml) against M. canis and M. gypseum. The MIC of KTZ and ITZ was almost the same for human and animal isolates of T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The MIC of TFN was almost the same for dermatophytes isolated from humans and animals.