不同外源添加物质对土壤磷素淋溶和迁移特征的影响

采用室内模拟淋溶土柱的方法,研究四种外源添加物质(土壤调理剂、砒砂岩、秸秆、生物炭)对土壤磷素淋溶和迁移特征的影响。结果表明:(1)不同外源添加物质均增加了淋溶液中总磷(TP)的累积量,淋溶浓度介于0.05~2.86 mg·L~(-1),其中生物炭和秸秆的效果显著;(2)添加生物炭的土柱淋溶液中总可溶性磷(TDP)的变化趋势与TP相似,整体上先升高后降低;添加秸秆减少了土柱淋溶液中可溶性反应磷(DRP)在TDP中所占的比例。(3)添加秸秆减少了土柱中速效磷(Olsen-P)含量,而添加生物炭的处理,随着添加比例的增大,分别比对照增加141%、290%、382%;(4)添加秸秆的各土层中土壤可溶性磷(CaCl_2-P)含量无明显差异,在其它处理中,呈现先减小后增大的趋势。添加生物炭的各土层中CaCl_2-P含量变化幅度大。综上,生物炭显著地增大了土壤中磷素的淋溶和迁移能力,秸秆可减少淋溶液中DRP的含量,阻止土壤中CaCl_2-P向下层迁移。     

不同施肥方式对塿土土壤磷素各组分含量的影响

为阐明不同施肥方式对土壤磷素各组分的影响,采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级体系,观测分析了陕西省杨陵区陈小寨村塿土不同施肥方式及用量对土壤中无机磷、有机磷、全磷含量变化的影响。结果表明,该土壤中无机磷占全磷的77%~90%。施用磷肥,对土壤中的无机磷和有机磷都有增加的作用(P0.05),对无机磷的影响大于有机磷。各不同处理土壤无机磷组分均以Ca-P为主,其中又以Ca10-P占绝对优势(28.77%~63.96%);不同施肥处理中,对作物无效态的无机磷Ca10-P、O-P比例减少,有效态的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P比例增加;且施用有机肥对土壤中有效态磷素的增加效果好(P0.05);在有机肥的作用下,土壤中的磷素会向无机磷的方向发生反应,尤其是活性的Ca2-P、Ca8-P的增加幅度较大。施用低量有机肥(75 t·hm-2·a-1)或无机有机肥配合施用是一个比较好的施肥方式。     

柠檬酸对石灰性土壤磷的释放效应

在盆栽条件下,以不施磷肥和不施柠檬酸为对照(CK1),研究了在不施磷和施磷情况下施用柠檬酸对土壤有效磷、小麦地上部和根部吸磷状况以及生物学产量的影响。结果表明,施用柠檬酸明显降低了土壤pH,增加了土壤中的有效磷的含量;在施用磷肥条件下,随着柠檬酸施用量的增加,土壤pH值逐步降低,土壤有效磷逐步提高,小麦地上部,尤其根部吸磷量增加,生物学产量显著增加。     

设施农业土壤磷素富集的动态变化

为了找出设施农业土壤磷素富集的动态变化规律,对陕北地区不同种植年限的设施农业土壤0~40cm土层及剖面磷素含量的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:土壤全磷、有效磷、无机磷、有机磷含量在不同的种植年限及土层上形成了显著差异,在设施农业环境条件下,长期大量施用磷肥不仅使0~20 cm耕层土壤磷素大量富集,20~40 cm土层磷素也均有不同幅度增加;随着设施农业种植年限的延长,全磷、有效磷和有机磷都以不同的增加幅度和增加量逐年增加,随土层的加深逐渐递减;在各形态无机磷中,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、AL-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P分别占无机磷总量9.74%、22.18%、6.54%、5.86%、18.02%、37.66%;随着种植年限的延长,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、AL-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P含量都有不同程度的富集,主要以磷酸钙盐(包括Ca8-P、Ca10-P、Ca2-P型)的形态积累在不同土层中。     

不同培肥方式对黑土供磷能力的影响

利用采自海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站长期定位试验地的三个施肥处理:无肥(CK)、化肥(NP)、化肥配施有机肥(NPM)的土壤进行框栽试验,研究了不同培肥方式对黑土供磷能力的影响。结果表明:CK、NP、NPM土壤中的有机磷都能自然矿化,其中CK土壤有机磷矿化能力较弱,而NP、NPM土壤有机磷矿化能力较强,并且种植作物有利于土壤磷的矿化;CK土壤基础供磷能力较弱,施用磷肥可提高CK土壤的供磷能力,而NP、NPM土壤基础供磷能力较强,施用磷肥对土壤供磷能力影响不大;长期种植作物不施磷肥土壤中的磷处于耗竭状态,施NK肥种植作物处理能加剧土壤中磷的消耗;CK土壤供磷能力较弱,作物对土壤磷的依存率较低,对磷肥的利用率高,施用磷肥增产效果明显;NP、NPM土壤供磷能力较强,作物对土壤磷的依存率较高,对磷肥的利用率低,施用磷肥增产效果不大。     

施磷量对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米产量土壤速效磷和磷肥利用率影响

针对黄土高原半干旱区春玉米全膜双垄沟播栽培中施肥不科学和磷肥利用率低的问题,2011—2013年在甘肃省定西市安定区设置了三年定位试验,研究了P2O5投入量为0 kg·hm-2(CK)、120 kg·hm-2(P1)、240kg·hm-2(P2)和480 kg·hm-2(P3)对春玉米产量、土壤速效磷及磷肥利用效率的影响。结果表明:磷肥能显著增加玉米产量,但过量投入磷肥会使玉米减产,玉米产量整体表现为P1P2P3CK;在同一生育时期,随着施磷量的增加,土壤速效磷累积量呈增加趋势;随着种植年限延长,施磷处理土壤速效磷累积量增幅呈增大趋势,与2011年播前基础量相比,2013年收获后累积量增加53.6%~208.5%;磷肥利用率随施磷量的增加而降低,优化施磷量下,磷肥当季和累计利用率达到最大,为15.51%、13.91%。综合考虑玉米产量、磷肥利用率和生态环境安全,P2O5的投入量以120 kg·hm-2为宜。     

磷肥种类和施用方式对新疆棉田磷素利用及棉花产量的影响

通过研究不同磷肥种类和施用方式对新疆棉田棉花磷吸收、产量和土壤磷平衡的影响,明确适合新疆棉田的磷肥种类和施用方式。采用田间试验方法,设置6个处理:不施磷肥(CK)、重过磷酸钙基施(TSP-B)、磷酸一铵基施(MAP-B)、磷酸脲基施(UP-B)、磷酸一铵滴施(MAP-D)、磷酸脲滴施(UP-D),在棉花花蕾期、花铃期、吐絮期分别采集土壤及植物样品,测定土壤有效磷含量、棉花各器官吸磷量和籽棉产量,并计算磷肥利用效率和棉田磷平衡。结果表明:磷酸一铵和磷酸脲处理的土壤有效磷含量、植物吸磷量高于重过磷酸钙处理,并且吐絮期时,滴施处理(MAP-D、UP-D)土壤有效磷含量比基施处理(MAP-B、UP-B)增加了46.34%和105.12%。与不施磷肥和重过磷酸钙处理相比,磷酸一铵和磷酸脲处理的籽棉产量显著提高,且滴施处理略高于基施处理,磷酸一铵滴施处理的籽棉产量相较于不施磷肥和重过磷酸钙处理增加了41.38%和37.82%。磷酸一铵滴施的磷肥当季利用率和农学效率最高,分别为25.44%和19.59 kg·kg~(-1),且棉田磷素盈余最少,为-39.99 kg·hm~(-2)。综上,在新疆棉花种植体系中,磷酸一铵和磷酸脲提高土壤有效磷含量、籽棉产量、磷肥利用率和植物利用土壤磷素的效果优于重过磷酸钙,且滴施略优于基施。     

玉米/鹰嘴豆间作条件下不同施磷量对灌耕灰钙土无机磷组分的影响

在甘肃引黄灌区的灌耕灰钙土区域,通过玉米／鹰嘴豆间作种植,采用蒋柏藩、顾益初石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法研究了施磷水平和间作种植方式对玉米、鹰嘴豆土壤无机磷素形态的影响。结果表明：研究区各无机磷形态含量顺序为O－P＞Ca10－P＞Ca8－P＞Al－P＞Fe－P＞Ca2－P ,施磷能够显著提高玉米和鹰嘴豆土壤中Ca2－P、Ca8－P、Al－P和Fe－P的含量,O－P和Ca10－P的含量不随施磷量增加发生显著性变化;与单作相比,间作种植对鹰嘴豆土壤带各无机磷组分含量没有显著影响,但间作玉米种植带土壤各组分无机磷含量均低于单作土壤,其中不施磷肥处理下Fe－P、施纯磷40 kg·hm－2处理下Al－P及施纯磷80 kg·hm－2处理下Ca10－P的含量显著低于单作土壤。     

土壤速效磷浓度对立架甜瓜生物量和磷素累积特征的影响

以喀什地区立架伽师瓜为研究材料,试验设置6个水平(0、150、225、300、375和450 kg·hm-2)施磷量的田间试验,研究土壤速效磷(Olsen_P)浓度对立架甜瓜生物量和磷素累积特征的影响。结果表明,施磷条件下立架甜瓜田间土壤Olsen_P浓度的动态变化可用三次函数方程模拟,立架甜瓜生物量、磷素累积动态遵循Logistic曲线;土壤Olsen_P浓度快速下降期的平均速率、持续时间分别与立架甜瓜生物量、磷素快速累积期的最大相对累积速率、持续时间存在显著或极显著的相关性;在150~225 kg·hm~(-2)施磷量条件下,土壤Olsen_P浓度快速下降期的平均速率(0.078~0.108 mg·d~(-1))和持续时间(36.1~52.0 d)最佳,立架甜瓜生物量和磷素快速累积期的累积特征值,生物量、磷素累积特征值、产量以及品质均最优,其中生物量和磷素累积理论最大值以及产量分别达515.8~529.2 g·株~(-1),1 791.4~1 895.2 mg·株~(-1)和68 972.0~71 037.6 kg·hm~(-2)。高施磷量(450 kg·hm~(-2))和不施磷(0 kg·hm~(-2))均不利于立架甜瓜生物量和磷素的累积。土壤Olsen_P浓度的动态变化能响应立架甜瓜生物量和磷素的累积状况,尤其是合理施用磷肥(150~225 kg·hm~(-2))可调节立架甜瓜田间土壤Olsen_P浓度的动态变化,优化立架甜瓜生物量和磷素的累积以及提高其产量和品质。     

柴达木地区杂交油菜青杂2号高产栽培模式研究

为了提高柴达木地区青杂2号油菜的籽粒产量,采用三因素二次通用旋转组合设计试验方法,分析种植密度、施氮量、施磷量与其籽粒产量的回归关系.结果表明:随着密度、氮肥、磷肥施用量的增加,产量逐渐增加,到一定水平时,产量最高.各水平继续增加,产量逐渐下降.低、中水平密度与高氮肥用量配合,高水平密度与低氮肥用量配合,油菜产量高.在低氟(磷)水平下、产量随着磷(氮)肥施用量的增加逐渐增加,在中高氪(磷)水平下,产量随着磷(氮)肥施用量的增加先增后减.青杂2号油菜产量最高时的密度、氮肥与磷肥施用量的最优组合是密度38.9×104株/hm2、氮肥施用量90 kg/hm2、磷肥施用量71.75 kg/hm2.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.