九万山近14年植被变化与气候因子的相关关系

基于2000—2013年的MODIS NDVI数据反演广西九万山国家级自然保护区的植被覆盖变化,结合当地气温、降水数据,分别从年、季、月三个时间变化角度来分析区域内植被变化对气候因子的响应。结果表明,从年际相关关系来看,年降水量是造成植被覆盖度变化的主要因素,相较于气温更能反应植被生长的整体趋势;从季节角度来看,春季植被变化主要受到气温的影响,夏季和秋季植被变化程度受当月降水影响明显;从月变化关系来看,3月、4月植被生长受当月气温变化影响较大,从5月起植被生长状况对气温的变化表现出一定的滞后性但不显著,5~11月当月降水量是影响该地区植被生变化的主要因素;该地区2009年出现严重旱情,NDVI达到13年来最低值,而2010年植被覆盖基本恢复到平均水平。综上所述,气候因子对九万山自然保护区植被生长有着直接的影响关系,可以通过监测气候要素的变化来预测植被生长的状况。     

塞罕坝植被覆盖时空分异与驱动机制研究

研究塞罕坝林场植被覆盖变化及其驱动机制能够为区域植被保护与森林经营管理提供重要的理论依据。基于MODIS-NDVI、气温和降水数据,采用趋势分析、偏相关性分析、残差分析和相对作用分析等方法,分析塞罕坝林场2000—2020年不同植被覆盖的时空变化,探讨气候因素和人类活动对不同植被覆盖的驱动机制。结果显示：(1)塞罕坝林场植被覆盖的归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)低于0.55的区域归为低植被覆盖区,NDVI高于0.65的区域为高植被覆盖区,而NDVI为0.55～0.65的区域为中等植被覆盖区。(2)2000—2020年,不同植被覆盖等级NDVI的平均增长速率有所差异,低植被覆盖区NDVI平均增长速率较快;其次是中等植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区;尤其是2007年之后,塞罕坝林场全域NDVI平均增长速率明显高于2000—2007的植被NDVI平均增长速率。(3)在不同植被覆盖等级区,NDVI的主要驱动因素也有所不同,低植被覆盖区NDVI主要受到人类活动的影响,其贡献率高达60.78%;中高植被覆盖区主要驱动因子存在着空间异质性,即中高植被覆盖区的西部和东南部的低海拔区主要受人类活动的影响,而东北部...     

皇甫川流域2000—2015年植被NDVI时空变化特征

【目的】分析黄土高原砒砂岩区植被覆盖的时空动态变化特征,探讨土地利用类型对归一化植被指数(NDVI)的影响及植被盖度与水热因子的空间和时滞关系,为黄土高原砒砂岩区退化植被恢复重建和黄河粗泥沙的综合治理提供思路,改善当地生存条件和生态环境。【方法】在皇甫川流域,利用2000—2015年MODIS13Q1共192期产品,以ENVI为技术平台,计算NDVI,采用一元线性回归分析法和Spearman相关分析法分析其在不同时间尺度上的动态变化和不同空间尺度上的分布格局,基于地理空间系统分析其在不同土地利用方式下(分辨率30m)的时空特性,并运用Spearman相关分析法详细分析NDVI和水热因子间的响应关系。【结果】2000—2015年,皇甫川流域NDVI平均值为0.429~0.630,呈线性增加趋势,增长速率为0.0042·a^-1,生长季与非生长季差别显著,5月出现最大值,气温和降水量亦呈增加趋势,增长速率为0.0348℃·a^-1和6.27mm·a^-1;空间上,纳林川子流域16年来NDVI为0.1~0.3,十里长川子流域为0.25~0.4,均呈“沟道高-坡面低”的空间格局;不同土地利用类型下NDVI为0.2~0.25,表现为林地>耕地>草地>未利用地,16年的增长速率表现为草地>未利用地>林地>耕地;纳林川支流沟道附近NDVI呈下降趋势,变化率为-0.09~0,而远离沟道的坡面地区呈上升趋势,变化率为0~0.12;十里长川支流沟道附近NDVI变化率为0~0.4,而沟道周围地区变化率为0.04~0.12;整个流域内NDVI的增长趋势在空间上呈坡面极显著、沟道附近显著、沟道不显著的空间格局;16年间生长季NDVI与气温无明显相关性,与降水的相关系数为-0.41~0.87,相比沟道附近植被而言,坡面上的植被更易受降水量影响;植被生长对降水的响应存在1年(P=0.036<0.05)和1个月(P=0.001<0.01)的滞后期,对气温存在2个月(P=0.002<0.01)的滞后期。【结论】时间上,皇甫川流域NDVI在不断波动中呈显著上升趋势,生长季与非生长季均值变化表现出明显不同。空间上,皇甫川流域NDVI在沟道均值高,但增长率低,甚至出现退化现象,在坡面均值低,但呈极显著增长。林地和草地增加最多,说明近年来退耕还林工程效果显著。NDVI与降水相关性较高并与气温和降水都存在一定滞后现象。     

基于MODIS NDVI的三峡库区植被覆盖度动态监测

基于MODIS—NDVI遥感数据,采用像元二分模型估算三峡库区2000—2009年的年最大植被覆盖度,并在像元尺度上分析库区年最大植被覆盖度的时空变化规律及其驱动力。结果表明:三峡库区大部分区域处于高植被覆盖度,并随高程和坡度的增加而增大,其中年最大植被覆盖度大于60%的区域占92.35%;近10年来,库区年最大植被覆盖度总体呈微弱上升趋势,其中呈显著增加或降低趋势的像元数仅占7.16%,在20个区县中石柱、江津和丰都的植被覆盖度存在退化风险;降水是影响库区植被覆盖度年际波动的主导因子,当年5—8月降水量与年最大植被覆盖度的相关性最高,但在空间上存在差异,其中呈显著正相关区域主要分布于库区西部低山丘陵农业种植区,该区域降水增加有利于植被生长,而部分高海拔地区的年最大植被覆盖度与降水呈显著负相关,过多降水反而会抑制植被生长。     

1982—2020年毛乌素沙地植被对气候变化的响应

毛乌素沙地属于我国北方农牧交错区,生态环境脆弱,植被生长受气候环境影响较大。基于1982—1999年GIMMS NDVI3g.v1数据、2000—2020年MOD13Q1数据,以及相关气象站点的气温降水数据,运用趋势分析、变异系数、偏相关分析及Hurst指数等方法,探讨1982—2020年毛乌素沙地植被生长时空特征及其对气候变化的响应。研究结果表明：1)毛乌素沙地植被生长状况呈现持续向好趋势,每10 a的增速为1.3%,以2005年为拐点,2005年以前植被长势缓慢,之后长势迅猛。2)毛乌素沙地NDVI均值介于0.10～0.41之间,空间分布呈“西低东高”的特征,沙地植被变化以增加为主,约占总面积的94.07%,其中显著增加占57.43%,极显著增加占30.14%;植被的空间变化稳定性地区差异明显,高波动变化区域占比最大,为35.95%,带状分布于沙地东南部边缘植被生长旺盛区域。3)4,6,8月,毛乌素沙地NDVI与气温正向相关系数较高;6—9月,NDVI与降水正相关性较强,降水对沙地植被生长发育的影响更大,植被变化的同向特征强于反向特征。4)毛乌素沙地未来变化趋势将以持续改善和持续退...     

甘肃省NDVI时空演变特征及其与区域气候的响应

利用2001—2015年的MODIS-NDVI遥感数据,基于ENVI和Arc GIS空间分析技术定量探讨甘肃省的植被覆盖在研究期内的时空变化特征。按自然地理区域将甘肃省分为3个部分,与同期的气温、降水数据相结合,研究植被覆盖变化与区域气候之间的响应关系。结果表明:1)2001—2015年间,甘肃省整体植被覆盖以每年0.004 1的速率呈上升趋势,表明在研究期内甘肃省的植被覆盖有所改善,但在空间上存在明显的差异性;2)2001—2015年甘肃省的年降水量呈下降趋势,年平均气温呈上升趋势,但变化速率都较低,表明研究期内甘肃省的干热化趋势有所缓和:3)植被覆盖与降水呈正相关,与温度呈现负相关,在区域尺度上降水对植被覆盖影响要大于温度。     

基于MODIS数据的中国西北植被变化分析

基于MODIS NDVI影像数据,通过最大值合成法、趋势分析法、线性回归以及相关分析等研究方法,分析西北五省2002—2012年之间的植被覆盖时空演变与动态变化规律。结果表明:11年间西北地区的植被覆盖有明显改善趋势,改善百分比为10.37%;7、8月该区域植被覆盖达到1年中最大值。通过研究2002-2012年西北地区夏季植被变化与温度、降水变化的关系,发现NDVI与降水的相互关系强于气温,说明导致西北地区植被发生变化的最主要自然因素为降水,并且植被对气候要素的响应存在时滞。     

基于MODIS数据乌江流域植被覆盖变化与气候变化关系研究

分析乌江流域2001-2015年每年8月植被变化规律与气候间关系,得出植被覆盖时间和空间变化规律,为乌江流域生态保护提供参考依据,基于MOD13Q1,MODIS11 C3,TRMM3B43遥感数据产品,使用趋势分析法分析15年内NDVI变化趋势,简单相关分析、偏相关分析和复相关分析得出NDVI变化与气候变化关系,结果如下:15年中乌江流域NDVI整体呈上升趋势;NDVI变化与气温呈负相关,NDVI变化与降水呈正相关,降水对NDVI的促进作用高于气温的抑制作用;气温、降水对耕地影响最大,常绿针叶林次之;高程在1 000~2 000m的植被覆盖变化最大;沿江地带植被覆盖减少与乌江流域梯级开发有关;植被覆盖减少多在城市区。乌江流域降水驱动型植被占研究区27.75%,对气候响应较大的植被类型以耕地为主;非气温降水驱动型比例为72.25%,人类活动对乌江流域植被覆盖变化起主导作用。     

浑善达克沙地2000—2018年NDVI时空变化及其驱动因素分析

基于MODIS和气象数据,对浑善达克沙地2000—2018年植被NDVI时空变化及其驱动因素进行分析。结果表明:(1)19 a间植被NDVI总体呈现上升趋势,年均值为0.35,上升幅度为0.057/10 a;在空间分布上,苏尼特右旗、苏尼特左旗东部和克什克腾旗和锡林浩特市部分区域植被有退化趋势,阿巴嘎旗、正蓝旗、正镶白旗的大部分区域植被呈增加的趋势,植被NDVI改善区域面积占总面积的58.42%,退化面积占总面积的17.95%。(2)浑善达克沙地年均降水量在127.6~348.6 mm之间,浑善达克沙地NDVI与降水的偏相关系数在-0.88~0.94,正相关性达到97.59%;NDVI与气温的偏相关系数在-0.81~0.88,正相关区域占总体的68.96%,负相关区域占总体的31.04%,整体而言降水是研究区NDVI变化的主要影响因素。     

河北省植被NDVI变化及其对气象要素的响应

为了更全面的了解河北省近年来植被变化状况,加强生态文明建设,推进区域绿色发展,利用MODIS NDVI数据,应用ArcGIS空间分析、趋势分析、一元线性回归预测、相关性分析等多种分析方法,研究了河北省2000-2015年植被NDVI的时空变化、气象要素的时序变化及植被NDVI变化对气象要素的响应关系。结果表明:(1)16 a来河北省植被NDVI呈明显波动上升趋势,趋势率为0.045 0/10 a(P0.01)。(2)河北省植被NDVI变化分布不均匀,具有空间差异性,植被改善区与退化区兼并,其中有77.39%的区域NDVI在不断增加,15.65%的区域NDVI在不断减少。(3)年均温呈现波动平稳趋势,年降水量呈现波动微增趋势,年均降水量变化率为29.77 mm/10 a。(4)气象要素对多年NDVI具有一定相关关系,其中6.97%的区域与气温显著正相关(P0.05),20.12%的区域与降水量显著正相关(P0.05),因此降水是河北省植被生长的主控因子。综合来看,近16 a来河北省植被大面积趋于恢复状态,植被生态系统有所好转。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.