55份湖南省白菜型油菜遗传多样性分析

用20个随机引物对55份来自湖南白菜型油菜进行遗传多样性分析,共获得322个RAPD标记位点,其中220个位点具有多态性,多态率达68.3%.利用322个标记位点,用UPMGA法建立了湖南省55份白菜型油菜的亲缘关系聚类图,结果显示,总体上亲缘关系较近的品种在地理分布上靠得较近,聚类将55个品种分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ簇,第Ⅰ簇49个品种,第Ⅱ簇2个品种,第Ⅲ簇4个品种.来自泸溪县的泸溪甜油菜和溆浦县的溆浦油菜之间的遗传距离最小(0.0398),亲缘关系最近. 用SPSS统计软件对农艺性状聚类,结果分为A、B两个大簇,分别由27和28个品种组成.对来自同一县的多个品种的RAPD结果进行了遗传多样性指数分析,除汉寿县白菜型油菜的Shannon指数小于Simpson指数外,其他13个县的白菜型油菜Shannon指数均大于Simpson指数;新晃县白菜型油菜Shannon指数和Simpson指数均为最高,洞口县白菜型油菜Shannon指数和Simpson指数均为最低.     

长江中、下游地区白菜型油菜遗传多样性RAPD分析及其与农艺性状的相关性

利用RAPD方法和统计学分析方法对代表我国长江中、下游地区的浙江省和湖北省89份白菜型油菜地方品种进行了遗传多样性及其相关性研究.从农艺性状的聚类分析将两省品种划分为独立的两大类群.RAPD指纹图谱以DNA分子水平的聚类分析可以将89份白菜型油菜品种分为2类群和2个簇及3个亚簇,进一步反映品种间亲缘关系,表明地方品种间具有非常丰富的遗传多样性.     

中国白菜型油菜种质表型多样性分析

以保存于油料作物中期库中的1 962份白菜型油菜种质为基础材料,按照地理位置、表型性状分组并按比例取样,选择具有代表性的244份地方品种,对其13个表型性状进行分析。结果显示,来源于山西省的冬油菜生育日数较长,来源于青海、内蒙古、甘肃等省的春油菜生育期较短;来源于四川省的半冬型油菜株高较高;来源于云南、四川省的半冬型油菜全株角果数较多;来源于西藏的材料千粒重较大。多样性指数结果表明,我国白菜型油菜地方种具有丰富的形态多样性,平均多样性指数为1.709, 高于国外材料(1.250);就不同生态类型而言,半冬型油菜多样性指数最高,其次为春油菜,冬油菜最低。聚类分析结果显示,在相似系数为0.204时,244份白菜型油菜地方种质划分为四簇,每簇包含的种质数分别为117、38、34和55;簇Ⅰ以半冬型油菜为主,簇Ⅱ、Ⅲ以春油菜为主,簇Ⅳ以冬油菜为主。主成分分析结果显示,白菜型油菜分为春油菜、半冬型油菜与冬油菜三个明显的基因库,其结论与聚类分析结果一致。     

北方地区白菜型冬油菜与春油菜的SSR和InDel遗传多样性分析

为了合理评价北方地区白菜型油菜种质资源,为抗寒育种及组合配制提供依据,从252对标记中筛选出9对SSR和36对In Del标记对感温性、抗寒性、品质等性状差异明显的19份白菜型油菜品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析。结果表明,共检测到95个等位变异,平均每个标记2.15个;有效等位基因变幅为1.05~3.27个,平均为1.70个。Shannon指数的变幅范围在0.121 7~1.269 5间,平均值为0.580 3;多态性信息量PIC变幅范围为0.049 9~0.637 7,平均值为0.308 1。通过NTSYS计算遗传相似系数GS并按加权配对法(UPGMA)聚类,结果表明19份材料的GS变异在0.52~0.86之间。在GS为0.605水平上可将19份材料按两室与多室性划分为I-1和I-2两大类群,I-1类群在GS为0.655水平上可按冬春性分为II-1、II-2两个亚类群。在GS为0.71水平上,可将冬性材料划分为4个小群。聚类结果表明北方地区白菜型油菜的遗传多样性丰富,冬、春性品种间及春性品种间亲缘关系较远,存在较大遗传差异。     

RAPD技术在狼尾草属牧草上的应用

应用RAPD技术对来自福建、江苏、海南等17个狼尾草属(PennisetumRichard)牧草进行分析。筛选出5个能有效体现多态性和重复性的随机引物，并利用NTSYSpc软件，用类平均法(UPMGA)建立了17份狼尾草属牧草的遗传关系聚类图。结果显示：在相似系数0.68处，17份种质分Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个大簇，第Ⅰ簇11个品种，第Ⅱ簇6个品种。其中4对狼尾草品系可能存在同种异名的现象。RAPD分析结果与形态学分类基本一致，能很好地用于狼尾草属牧草种质资源的分析。     

欧洲野生甘蓝的核质遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析

为了解欧洲野生甘蓝遗传背景,以栽培甘蓝、甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜作对比,对引进的7个生态地理群体共80份野生甘蓝材料进行了核质遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析。利用10对特异性SSR引物分析叶绿体基因组多样性,获得8个差异性标记,将参试94份材料划分为3类,即甘蓝（含栽培和野生甘蓝）、甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜;包括6种单倍型,其中野生甘蓝2个,甘蓝型油菜3个,白菜型油菜1个。利用6对SRAP引物对核基因组多样性进行分析,获得75个多态性标记;聚类及遗传结构分析表明7个野生甘蓝群体中,F、D、G三个群体聚为独立的亚类,E群体大部分单株归于G亚类。其它3个群体A、B、C则相互混杂在一起。野生甘蓝群体Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon’s 指数（I）分别为0.301 3和0.461 1。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明野生甘蓝以群体内变异为主,占80%;群体间变异仅占20%。结果显示引进的野生甘蓝群体核质遗传多样性丰富。     

春性与半冬性甘蓝型油菜的SSR标记多样性分析比较

通过42个单位点SSR标记分析59个甘蓝型油菜品种,比较春性和半冬性甘蓝型油菜品种间的遗传差异。结果表明,不同位点上存在2～6个等位基因,平均每位点检测到4.29个等位基因。不同位点的遗传多样性指数在0.40～0.70之间,所有供试位点平均遗传多样性指数为0.50,表明甘蓝型油菜品种资源中存在丰富的遗传变异。春性和半冬性油菜品种间的等位基因总数相差不大,主要等位基因的类型和频率存在明显的差异,而且春性和半冬性品种中分别存在相当数量的特异稀有等位基因。春性和半冬性油菜品种在27个位点上的遗传分化水平很小,仅在2个位点上存在明显的遗传分化,这些分化主要是由品种的春化特性差异造成。聚类分析表明春性和半冬性品种之间存在广泛的亲缘关系。     

新型特早熟春性甘蓝型油菜的遗传多样性及其杂种优势

利用SSR和SRAP两种分子标记技术研究了通过甘蓝型油菜与白菜型油菜种间杂交培育出的新型特早熟春性甘蓝型油菜品系的遗传多样性,利用其中10个恢复系和3个保持系转育而来的不育系进行NCⅡ双列杂交,测定其杂种优势,并分析遗传距离与杂种优势的关系.研究结果表明:(1) 30对SRAP引物扩增出250条多态性条带,多态性比率为61.9%.39对SSR标记共扩增出145条多态性条带,多态性比率为97.3%.(2)两种标记混合聚类结果表明,在相似系数0.588处可将全部材料划分为A、B两大类群,其中A类包含一个来自039×浩油11号的甘白种间杂交后代和白菜型亲本浩油11号,B类包含039、E144和其余的甘白种间杂交后代.在相似系数0.714处B类又可以分为6个不同的亚类,两个甘蓝型亲本材料单独聚在一个亚类中,其余的64份甘白种间杂交后代分别聚在5个不同的亚类中,说明新型特早熟春性甘蓝型油菜品系具有丰富的遗传多样性.(3)配制的30个杂交组合中,产量超亲优势在20%以上的有22个,占组合数的73.3%,产量杂种优势非常明显,而含油量杂种优势不明显.(4)SRAP标记遗传距离与产量杂种优势达到极显著正相关;而SSR标记遗传距离与产量杂种优势相关不显著.因此,利用分子标记技术预测油菜的杂种优势,SRAP标记效果更好.     

黑龙江省马铃薯主栽品种遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用RAPD标记技术对黑龙江省34份马铃薯主栽品种的遗传多样性进行分析,明确这些主栽品种的亲缘关系,旨在为本区域马铃薯优良品种的选育提供理论依据。结果显示,34条随机引物共扩增出条带185条,其中多态性条带135条,占总条带数的73%;34份供试品种可聚为3大类7亚类,遗传距离在0.112~0.551之间,平均为0.364。结果表明,黑龙江省马铃薯主栽品种的遗传相似性较高,遗传基础比较狭窄。     

陕西省白菜型油菜核心种质的初步构建

利用UPGMA法对199个陕西省白菜型油菜品种的15个性状进行形状标记聚类分析，并将淘汰后保留的29个品种作RAPD标记分析和聚类分析。通过比较RAPD标记和形态标记差异，以28个品种初步建立了陕西省白菜型油菜核心种质。研究结果表明，形态标记与分子标记所揭示的遗传差异并不总是一致的，形态标记与分子标记相结合构建作物核心种质资源的有效方法。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.