海水混养技术之二 黄河三角洲地区环形网养殖黑鲷与日本对虾技术小结

黄河三角洲地区有数万公顷的海水虾池需要进行品种结构调整,2006年,我们在东营市海洋与水产研究所试验基地的虾池中进行了黑鲷与日本对虾混养试验,仅黑鲷养殖取得了成功,但对虾没有产量,同时黑鲷在捕捞的过程中由于损伤严重,捕捞后暂养1天死亡率超过10%,20天死亡率接近50%。经过分析认为是如下原因所致:一是池塘面积(70亩)过大,导致收捕时黑鲷起捕率低、拉     

鲷科鱼类养殖技术之一黑鲷海水池塘养殖技术

黑鲷属鲷科鱼类,分布较广,日本各地、朝鲜半岛南部、我国黄海、渤海、东海和南海均有分布.近几年来由于资源衰退,黑鲷产量远远满足不了消费者的需求.由于对虾病害给养殖业带来了较大的损失,为发展生产,提高经济效益,充分利用现有的虾池进行黑鲷养殖,对于解决对虾养殖低迷状态是一条较好的途径.     

黑鲷池塘养殖效益分析及其养殖前景

黑鲷又名黑加吉,其肉味鲜美、营养丰富,作为上等佳肴,已受到人们的青睐。黑鲷对环境适应性强、食性广、适于集约化养殖。近几年来,由于对虾养殖滑坡,大批虾池丢荒。笔者认为能否利用部分荒池进行黑鲷生产性养殖,既能提高虾池的利用率,又能为市场供应大批优质鱼,满足消费者需要。为便利黑绸养殖的推广,现对养殖的效益作一分析。     

黑鲷海水池塘养殖技术

黑鲷属鲷科鱼类，分布较广，日本各地、朝鲜半岛南部、我国黄海、渤海、东海和南海均有分布。近几年来由于资源衰退，黑鲷产量远远满足不了消费者的需求。由于对虾病害给养殖业带来了较大的损失，为发展生产，提高经济效益，充分利用现有的虾池进行黑鲷养殖，对于解决对虾养殖低迷状态是一条较好的途径。一、池塘的选择选择养殖池塘时必须根据黑鲷的生活习性，池塘主要选择底质较硬的泥沙底、沙底及砾石底虾池，并且水质好，无污染，易管理的小型池塘为宜，池塘面积１０亩～３０亩／个，水深２m以上，日换水能力达到３０％以上，且周围无污…     

中国对虾“红腿病”病原菌分离感染获得成功

<正> 对虾“红腿病”近两年来在福建沿海流行猖獗,沿海各县的对虾养殖均受到不同程度的影响,尤其是1987年,发病早,流行面广,损失之大是前所未有的.发病严重的虾池,死亡率竟高达90%以上.平潭县幸福洋垦区,原估计亩产可达100公斤的虾池(个别虾塘刚发病时立即起捕,产量近100公斤,对虾体长9厘米左右),收获时只捕到10多公斤.     

淡水池塘南美白对虾与鲻鱼生态混养技术研究

2017、2018年连续2年利用7口0.4 hm~2(6亩)对虾养殖池在淡水条件下进行了鲻鱼与南美白对虾混养试验。试验结果:鲻鱼放养规格48～80 g/尾,放养密度为75～225尾/hm~2,收获鲻鱼规格为420～520 g/尾。2017年,南美白对虾单养池(对照池)产量为6 090 kg/hm~2,6口鱼虾混养池产量分别比对虾单养池高540～1 590 kg/hm~2,平均单产提高1 012.5 kg/hm~2;2018年对虾单养池产量5 790 kg/hm~2,6口混养池南美白对虾产量分别比对虾单养池高795～1 515 kg/hm~2,平均单产提高1 170 kg/hm~2。2017年6口鱼虾混养池养殖收益分别比对虾单养池高50 100～64 500元/hm~2,平均收益提高65 145元/hm~2;2018年6口鱼虾混养池的养殖收益分别比对虾单养池高28 500～55 950元/hm~2,平均收益提高40 365元/hm~2。池塘水质方面,养殖中后期,鱼虾混养池的氨氮、亚硝酸氮等水质指标明显低于对虾单养池。试验结果表明,选择合适的鱼类品种混养在对虾池中,对于改善池塘水质,增加养殖收益具有显著效果。     

虾池文蛤养殖技术研究

在对虾养殖病害困扰的情况下,为充分利用本地区位优势,在坚持池塘养殖中国对虾的同时,转向虾池单养文蛤或与对虾混养取得成功。养殖面积128hm~2,总产文蛤692382.6kg,对虾19490kg。利用文蛤的生物沉降作用与虾贝生态互补特性,充分利用水域生产力并改善养殖生态条件(适度搭配),本研究成功进一步从理论与实践证明虾贝适度混养的可行性。     

黑鲷海水池塘养殖技术

黑鲷是一种名贵的海产经济鱼类，也是重要的海水养殖对象。其食性杂，多以鱼、虾、贝类和海藻为食，适宜生长水温18～25％，适盐范围8～32，最适盐度25～28。近年来，由于其资源衰退，产量远远满足不了消费者的需求，因此，可充分利用现有虾池进行黑鲷养殖。黑鲷肉嫩味美，销售价格高，池塘养殖效益好，对于改变对虾养殖低迷现状也是一条较好的途径。     

科技短讯

<正> 世界养殖对虾总产量 1990年世界养殖对虾总产量创近十年最高纪录,约633000吨,比1989年产量565000吨高出12％。在池塘养殖中,有100万公顷的单产超过了630kg/公顷。投放世界市场的对虾,已超过了260万吨的总销售量,其中养殖虾占25％,捕捞虾占75％。在十年前的1980年,养殖对虾产量仅占世界对虾需求量的2％。东半球养殖对虾产量占世界养殖对虾供应量的85％。1990年,中国大陆、泰国、印度尼西亚养殖对虾产量均超过10万吨,占东南亚生产量的近70％。印度、菲律宾、越南、中国台湾和孟加拉国也是养殖对虾的主要产     

梭子蟹苗的选购与暂养

1993年对虾发病以来,我区逐步探索出虾、蟹、贝混养的虾池综合利用新路子,梭子蟹已成为虾池养殖的主导种,取代了对虾的养殖地位.1999年,我区养殖梭子蟹800 hm2,实现总产量630 t,利润1 347万元,平均单产787.5 kg/hm2,平均利润16 837.5元/hm2.分析我区1999年养殖情况,90%的养殖户盈利(养成成活率高于12%可盈利),梭子蟹平均养成成活率26%左右,高的达50%,低的不足5%,差异很大.     

A Survey of Water Quality Characteristics of Effluent from Hawaiian Aquaculture Facilities

Ten water quality parameters were measured in influent and effluent water at 11 aquaculture facilities in Hawaii. The data were grouped into four categories based on the types of organisms cultured: freshwater fish, freshwater prawn, marine fish, and marine shrimp. Within each category, concentrations of most parameters were lognormally distributed and spanned one to two orders of magnitude. Geometric mean concentrations of suspended materials, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pigments were highest in effluent from freshwater prawn ponds and lowest in marine fish pond effluent. Nitrate/Nitrite and total ammonia concentrations were higher in fish pond effluent than in crustacean pond effluent. Parameter concentrations were generally higher in effluent than in influent water, with freshwater fish and prawn ponds exhibiting the greatest increases in suspended materials and pigments. In contrast, nitrate/nitrite concentrations were lower in effluent than in influent waters. These data provide a basis for analyzing the environmental impacts of warm-water aquaculture effluent discharges.     

The potential of mixed culture of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and freshwater giant prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in periphyton-based systems

The production performance of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in periphyton‐based systems were studied in farmers' ponds at Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Fifteen ponds (200–300 m² area and 1.0–1.5 m in depth) were used to compare five stocking ratios in triplicate: 100% GIFT, 75% GIFT plus 25% prawn, 50% GIFT plus 50% prawn, 25% GIFT plus 75% prawn and 100% prawn. Ponds were stocked at a total density of 20 000 GIFT and/or prawn ha^?1. Bamboo poles (mean diameter 6.2 cm and 5.5 pole m^?2) were posted in pond bottoms vertically as periphyton substrate. Periphyton biomass in terms of dry matter (DM), ash‐free DM and chlorophyll a were significantly higher in ponds stocked with prawn alone than in ponds with different combinations of GIFT and prawn. Survival of GIFT was significantly lower in ponds stocked with 100% GIFT (monoculture) whereas, that of prawn was significantly higher in its monoculture ponds indicating detrimental effects of GIFT on prawn's survival. Individual weight gains for both species were significantly higher in polyculture than in monoculture. The highest total fish and prawn yield (1623 kg GIFT and 30 kg prawn ha^?1) over 125–140 days culture period was recorded in ponds with 75% GIFT and 25% prawn followed by 100% GIFT alone (1549 kg ha^?1), 50% GIFT plus 50% prawn (1114 kg GIFT and 68 kg prawn ha^?1), 25% GIFT plus 75% prawn (574 kg GIFT and 129 kg prawn ha^?1) and 100% prawn alone (157 kg ha^?1). This combination also gave the highest economic return. Therefore, a stocking ratio of 75% GIFT plus 25% prawn at a total density of 20 000 ha^?1 appeared to be the best stocking ratio in terms of fish production as well as economics for a periphyton‐based polyculture system.     

Disinfection, Microbial Community Establishment and Shrimp Production in a Prototype Biosecure Pond

Plankton community establishment and shrimp production in a prototype biosecure pond were compared to three control ponds. The biosecure pond was enclosed and intake water was disinfected, while control ponds were neither enclosed nor disinfected. All ponds were managed with no water exchange and stocked with 100 postlarvae/m², Litopenaeus vannamei . Residual oxidant concentrations in the biosecure pond dropped rapidly after cessation of chlorinated water addition. This was followed by a sharp increase in water column bacterial abundance, after which the pond was fertilized and inoculated with cultured Chaetocerous gracilis . After crash of the initial C. gracilis bloom in the biosecure pond, this species was not observed again. Following initial large fluctuations in biosecure pond bacterial abundance, phytoplankton biomass, oxygen consumption and nitrification rates, these parameters appeared to stabilize at levels similar to the control ponds. Early season compositional differences in phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacterial communities were observed. No differences were seen in late-season phytoplankton and bacteria; however, zooplankton biomass tended to be lower in the biosecure pond than in the control ponds throughout the season. Shrimp production in all ponds was greater than 9,000 kg/ha. Production in the single biosecure pond was not a significant outlier compared to production in the triplicate control ponds.     

Evaluation of shrimp polyculture system in Thailand based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios

ABSTRACT: To quantify the contribution by cocultured animals to waste assimilation in an intensive shrimp farm in Thailand, the food web structures of the macrobenthos in a reservoir pond, a shrimp culture pond and water treatment ponds were examined using the stable C and N isotope ratio technique. Seawater for aquaculture was drawn from a creek, and stored in a reservoir pond, used for farming the banana prawn Fenneropenaeus merguiensis in culture ponds, and then recycled through treatment ponds where the green mussel Perna viridis was cultured to remove organic wastes discharged from the farming. The clam worm Nereididae sp. and the mud creeper Cerithideopsilla cingulata in the culture pond had δ ¹³C values of −21.0‰ and −18.4‰, respectively, suggesting that shrimp feed (mean δ ¹³C = −20.7‰) was the main food source for these species. The δ ¹³C analysis also suggested that sediments (−23.7‰) in the reservoir pond and particulate organic matter (POM) (−24.0‰) and/or sediments (−25.0‰) in the treatment pond supplied carbon for most macrobenthic animals. However, green mussels in the treatment pond had a mean δ ¹³C value of −20.5‰, suggesting that shrimp feed was the main food source for this species.     

Estimates of Bottom Soil and Effluent Load of Phosphorus at a Semi-intensive Marine Shrimp Farm

A phosphorus budget for a single crop was prepared for a 685‐ha semi‐intensive shrimp farm that consistently has produced about 3000 tonnes/yr of black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. Phosphorus inputs were shrimp stock, 0.31 kg/ha; triple superphosphate, 1.38 kg/ha; incoming water, 25.8 kg/ha; and feed, 65.3 kg/ha. Phosphorus outputs were harvested shrimp, 5.43 kg/ha, and outflow for water exchange and draining, 42.7 kg/ha. The high clay‐content soil in pond bottoms adsorbed 45.2 kg/ha of phosphorus. Water was taken from and released back into the same estuary and bay. The phosphorus contribution of shrimp farming to the receiving water body was the difference between the amount of phosphorus in effluent and that in the incoming water, which was 16.9 kg/ha. Bottom soil accumulated 67.8% of phosphorus added to the ponds. Another estimate of soil phosphorus uptake based on the relationship between cumulative phosphorus applied to ponds as fertilizer and feed and soil phosphorus concentration suggested that 63.2% of fertilizer and feed phosphorus had accumulated in pond bottoms. The farm effluent phosphorus load was 23.5 tonnes/yr. The estuary and bay system has an estimated volume of 4.8 × 10⁹ m³, and the annual phosphorus input from the farm had a concentration equivalent of 0.005 mg/L, and there were no other major inputs of phosphorus. The estuary and bay are flushed by freshwater inflow and tidal action, and the farm input is not likely to cause eutrophication.     

Carbon and nitrogen budgets in shrimp ponds of extensive mixed shrimp–mangrove forestry farms in the Mekong delta,Vietnam

Mass balance estimates of carbon and nitrogen flux through two extensive shrimp ponds in the Mekong delta, Vietnam, were constructed to identify major sources and sinks of organic matter potentially available for shrimp production. Nutrient transformations in the sediments were measured to further assess rates of decomposition and burial and quality of organic matter. Tidal exchange was the major pathway for inputs and outputs of carbon and nitrogen in both ponds, with net primary production, nitrogen fixation and precipitation being minor inputs. No fertilizers or artificial feeds were added to either pond. The nutrient budgets identified burial and respiration as the next most important outputs after tidal exchange losses of particulate and dissolved carbon and nitrogen. There was no measurable denitrification in either pond, and volatilization was negligible. Mineralization efficiency of carbon in the water column was high (> 100%) in pond 23 reflecting rapid respiration rates; efficiency was lower (36%) in pond 12 waters. Mineralization efficiency of sediment nutrients averaged 34% for C and 41% for N in the pond with a higher annual shrimp yield (pond 12); lower mineralization efficiencies (11% for C, 10% for N) were calculated for the lower yield pond (pond 23). High burial efficiencies for both C (66–89%) and N (59–90%) in the sediments of both ponds suggest that little organic matter was shunted into biological production. Conversion efficiency for shrimp averaged 16% for C and 24% for N from pond 12, and 6% for C and 18% for N from pond 23. The high quantity but low quality of organic matter entering the ponds coupled with other factors, such as poor water quality, limits shrimp productivity. On average, nutrient outputs were greater than inputs in both ponds. This imbalance partly explains why shrimp yields are declining in these ponds.     

The effectiveness of a commercial microbial product in poorly prepared tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds

The efficacy of a commercial microbial product was tested in commercial tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds for one culture period in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Four ponds with replicates for treatment and control were used. The pond bottom was dried but the organic sludge was not removed as normally practised in pond preparation. The ponds were stocked with 15 post‐larvae at the rate of 31.m^?2. Physical, chemical and biological parameters of the pond were analysed every 2 weeks during the culture period. Water quality parameters remained within the optimum range for shrimp culture except for ammonia‐nitrogen being significantly higher in control ponds and silica in treated ponds. Benthic organisms were not found in any of the ponds. The average counts of different bacteria were not significantly higher in treated ponds than control. Because of poor health, the shrimp were harvested earlier (72 days) than the usual 120 days. An average of 875.60 ± 67.00 kg shrimp ha^?1 was obtained in treated ponds with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.57 ± 0.10 and survival rate of 42.35 ± 5.37% compared with 719.50 ± 130.94 kg shrimp ha^?1, 2.99 ± 0.70 and 21.25 ± 3.26%, respectively, in control ponds. Neither the microbial product nor the frequent water exchange was effective in overcoming the problems caused by the poor pond bottom.     

室内集约化养虾池以低频率运转水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支

采用低频率运转循环水处理系统(含粗滤器、臭氧仪、气液混合器,蛋白分离器、暗沉淀池等)联用池内设施(微泡曝气增氧机与净水网)开展凡纳滨对虾室内集约化养殖实验。研究了养虾池以水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支。结果表明,养虾水经系统处理后,NO₂-N(53.4%～64.5%)、COD_Mn(53.4%～94.4%)与TAN(31.6%～40.4%)被显著去除,有效改进虾池水质;养殖周期内未换水与用药,虾池主要水化指标均控制在对虾生长安全范围,7号实验池(100 d)与8号对照池(80 d)主要水化指标变化范围:DO分别为 5.07～6.70 mg/L和4.38～6.94 mg/L,TAN 0.248～0.561 mg/L和0.301～0.794 mg/L,NO₂-N 0.019～0.311 mg/L和0.012～0.210 mg/L,COD_Mn 10.88～21.22 mg/L和11.65～23.34 mg/L。7号池对虾生长指数优于8号池(80 d虾病暴发终止),单位水体产量分别为1.398 kg/m²与0.803 kg/m²。氮磷收支估算结果:7号与8号池饲料氮磷分别占总收入:氮93.70%与92.37%,磷98.77%与99.09%;初始水层与虾苗含氮共占总收入6.30%与7.63%,磷共占1.23%与0.91%。总水层(含排污水)氮磷分别占总输出:氮56.45%与59.86%,磷53.26%与55.79%;收获虾体氮磷分别占总输出:氮37.07%与31.94%,磷21.37%与13.11%。7号池饲料转化率较高;池水渗漏与吸附等共损失氮磷分别占总输出:氮7.00%与9.34%,磷25.37%与31.10%。实验结果表明,虾池以低频率运转循环水处理系统联用池内设施可有效控制水质与虾病,具较高饲料转化率。     

Effects of Stocking Size and Density of Tilapia on Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Polyculture

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of stocking size and density of prawns in polyculture.
In one experiment, postlarval prawns (av. wt. 0.02 g) were stocked in six 0.02 ha earthen ponds at 35,00O/ha. Two ponds were stocked with tilapia fry (av. wt. 0.14 g) and two were stocked with tilapia fingerlings (av. wt. 30.1 g), each at 10,000/ha. Two control ponds had no tilapia. Tilipia stocking size had no effect on prawn growth. Mean weight of prawns after 70 days of culture ranged from a low of 4.5 g when cultured with tilapia fingerlings to a high of 6.6 when cultured in monoculture. Prawn survival was adversely affected by tilapia fry. Average prawn survival in tilapia fry ponds was 65% compared to 75% and 91%, respectively, in tilapia fingerling and monoculture ponds.
In a second experiment, postlarval prawns were stocked in nine 0.02 ha earthen ponds at 40,000/ ha. Six ponds were stocked with 30 g tilapia fingerlings, three at 5,000/ha and three at 15,000/ha. Three control ponds received prawns only. After 100 days of culture, prawn weight ranged from an average of 15.9 g in monoculture ponds to 11.5 g in polyculture ponds. Survival was highest (93.8%) in low density polyculture ponds. Survival was lowest (85.6%) in prawn monoculture ponds. Tilapia reproduction had a negative impact on shrimp production.     

混养锦鲤对微咸水凡纳滨对虾池水质及产量的影响

在6口面积均为0.4 hm2的微咸水池中养殖凡纳滨对虾,密度为7.5×105尾/hm2,其中4口混养锦鲤,密度分别为1500、3000、60001、2 000尾/hm2,研究混养锦鲤对凡纳滨对虾池水质及产量影响。结果表明:混养池水质比较稳定,透明度、NH4+-N和NO2--N波动幅度较小且数值较低,混养池对虾平均产量为3345 kg/hm2,比单养池平均产量2268 kg/hm2高47.5%,其中混养锦鲤3000尾/hm2的池虾产量最高,达到3765 kg/hm2。