生物质炭源可溶性有机物消减土霉素生物毒性的效应比较

为探究生物质炭源溶解性有机物（DOM）对土霉素生物毒性的影响,采用水溶液和土壤模拟培养方式,研究不同温度（350 ℃、500 ℃、650 ℃）制备的木薯渣基生物质炭中溶解性有机物对土霉素胁迫小白菜（Brassica rapa var. glabra）种子发芽、根伸长和芽伸长的影响。结果表明,DOM350和DOM500分别对水培和土培种子的发芽率呈现促进作用,促进率分别为3.33%和10.00%;生物质炭源DOM对土霉素胁迫种子发芽存在缓解作用（P<0.05）;土霉素胁迫下DOM浓度与小白菜种子芽伸长呈显著相关（P<0.05）;土培条件下,DOM与低浓度土霉素（<34.78 mg/kg）共同促进种子根、芽伸长,对高浓度土霉素（>94.09 mg/kg）存在缓解作用;水培条件下,低浓度DOM对土霉素胁迫种子（B. rapa var. glabra）根伸长呈现缓解作用,DOM浓度与种子芽伸长呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。     

蔗渣基生物质炭的制备、表征及吸附性能

以甘蔗渣为前驱物,采用持续升温限氧法在350、450、550℃温度下制备生物质炭(分别标记为BC350、BC450、BC550),并对其结构和组成进行表征。结果表明,3种生物质炭的产率分别为25.27%、22.28%、18.20%,pH值分别为5.97、6.45、7.96,比表面积为110.52、160.36、298.40 m2/g,阳离子交换量为:42.87、52.69、108.53 cmol/kg。此外,通过对生物质炭进行元素分析,生物质炭中含量最高的是碳元素,通过Boehm滴定测定,生物质炭表面含氧官能团含量随着制备温度的升高而逐渐减少。在3种温度下制备的3种生物质炭对诺氟沙星具有较好的吸附性能,其log(Kf)值大小顺序为:BC550(13.74)BC450(11.47)BC350(4.52)。可用作去除水和土壤中诺氟沙星的吸附功能材料。     

可溶性有机物对土霉素在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

利用废弃木薯渣分别于350、550、750℃温度下制得3种不同生物质炭,并以这3种生物质炭为前驱物提取可溶性有机物(DOM)。将土霉素(OTC)作为污染物,研究DOM对土霉素在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明:来源于木薯渣生物质炭的DOM均能降低土霉素在土壤中的吸附量,促进土霉素在土壤中的解吸作用;随着DOM浓度、炭化和外界温度的升高,土霉素在土壤中的吸附量逐渐减少,并且易从土壤中解吸出来。DOM降低了土霉素在土壤中的吸附能力,而且增强了土霉素在土壤中的解吸能力,从而可能增强土霉素在土壤中的迁移能力。若在土霉素污染较为严重的地区施用有机物料,可能会促进土壤中土霉素的迁移,并对地下水及周边环境造成威胁。      

几种改良措施对酸化茶园土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响

茶园土壤酸化是制约茶树可持续生产的重要因素,通过田间小区试验分析比较几种措施对茶园土壤的改良效果,以期为茶园酸化土壤改良提供科学依据。试验设置7个处理：全量化肥（常规施肥,NPK）、全量化肥+10 t•hm^-2生物质炭（NPK+BC10）、有机肥替代50%化肥（OM50）、有机肥替代50%化肥+2 t•hm^-2生石灰（OM50+Lime）、有机肥替代50%化肥+10 t•hm^-2生物质炭（OM50+BC10）、有机肥替代50%化肥+20 t•hm^-2生物质炭（OM50+BC20）、有机肥替代50%化肥+40 t•hm^-2生物质炭（OM50+BC40）。连续施用2年后,对茶园土壤酸度、养分和微生物群落进行测定。与NPK相比,OM50+Lime、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理土壤pH分别显著提高1.10、0.49和0.68,盐基饱和度分别显著提高114.01%、55.92%和58.62%。OM50+BC10、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理的土壤有机碳含量分别比NPK处理显著增加了29.68%、41.04%和59.37%。不同处理对土壤硝态氮含量无显著影响,OM50、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理的铵态氮含量比NPK处理分别显著提高了40.27%、44.77%和41.77%。NPK+BC10、OM50+BC10、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理能显著提高土壤微生物活性、微生物群落物种丰富度、多样性和均一性。OM50+BC10、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理显著降低了真菌/细菌比例,表明这3个处理短期内增加了红壤茶园土壤生态系统稳定性,但OM50+Lime处理的革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌比例显著低于对照处理,表明施用生石灰处理的土壤微生物受到的环境胁迫程度高于其他处理。总之,OM50+Lime、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理对酸化茶园土壤有较好的改良效果,OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理对土壤微生物群落性质方面的改良效果更佳。综合考虑改良效应及成本,OM50+BC20为最佳改良方案。     

棉铃壳生物炭对尼泊金乙酯吸附特性研究

为促进棉铃壳的资源化利用,以棉铃壳为材料,采用慢速热解技术于300 ℃、400 ℃、500 ℃条件下制备生物炭吸附剂（BC300、BC400、BC500）,检测其去除废水中尼泊金乙酯（Ethyl paraben,EP）的效果。吸附试验结果表明,生物炭的制备温度显著影响其对EP的吸附效果,3个温度制备的生物炭对EP的吸附能力表现为BC500＞BC400＞BC300。此外,废水中EP的初始质量浓度、吸附温度和时间等均能影响吸附效果。45 ℃下EP初始质量浓度为40 mg·L^－1时,BC500对EP去除率最高,达89.4%。生物炭对EP的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模式和Freundlich模式。研究结果探明了在3个温度下制备的棉铃壳生物炭去除废水中EP的最适条件,可为棉铃壳应用于EP等有机污染物的去除提供依据。     

甘蔗渣基生物质炭对热带砖红壤理化性质的影响

为明确生物质炭添加对热带地区砖红壤理化性质的影响,采用室内模拟实验,于5种不同温度(350、450、550、650、750℃)下热解制备甘蔗渣基生物质炭(GZ350、GZ450、GZ550、GZ650、GZ750),研究4种不同添加比例(0.1%、0.5%、1.0%、5.0%)下各生物质炭对砖红壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:生物质炭可以提高土壤p H、CEC、有机质和有效养分(N、P、K)含量,其效果随生物质炭添加比例的增加而增强;不同温度制备的生物质炭对土壤不同理化性质的影响不一,与低温制备的生物质炭相比,高温制备生成的生物质炭提高土壤p H、CEC、有机质和有效养分的效果更好,其中GZ750提高土壤p H、CEC和有效P的效果最好,GZ650增加有机质和碱解N含量的效果最佳,GZ550对有效K的提高作用最为明显。综合考虑,650℃和750℃制备的甘蔗渣基生物质炭对砖红壤具有较好的改良效果。     

生物炭对环丙沙星在热带土壤中吸附行为的影响

以热带农业废弃物甘蔗渣为材料，在3种温度（350、450、550 ℃）下制备不同碳化度的生物炭（分别记为BC350、BC450、BC550），研究其对环丙沙星在砖红壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响。研究结果表明，环丙沙星在砖红壤和添加水平为1.0％的生物炭土壤上的吸附过程可以分为快速和缓慢2个阶段，伪二级动力学模型能很好地描述砖红壤和生物炭土壤吸附环丙沙星的动力学过程（r>0.989，p<0.01）；添加质量浓度分别为0.1％、0.2％、0.5％、0.8％、1.0％的3种生物炭提高了砖红壤对环丙沙星的吸附量，且随着生物炭添加量的增加，吸附量逐渐增加。环丙沙星在生物炭土壤中的吸附-解吸过程能够采用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行较好的拟合（r>0.984，p<0.01）；添加生物炭后土壤对环丙沙星的解吸过程并非吸附的可逆过程，其吸附-解吸过程具有明显的迟滞效应，环丙沙星在生物炭土壤中的解吸滞后指数提高了1.32~1.86倍。生物炭对土壤中环丙沙星有一定的固定作用，环丙沙星在被生物炭土壤吸附后，解吸较为困难，因此可以降低环丙沙星在环境中迁移的生态风险。     

木薯渣基生物质炭对阿维菌素吸附解吸行为研究

为了研究阿维菌素在生物质炭上的吸附动力学,吸附-解吸等温线和吸附热力学特征,通过FTIR分析进一步阐述阿维菌素在生物质炭上可能存在的吸附机制。以木薯渣为原料,在限氧条件下,分别于350、550、750℃制备生物质炭(分别记作MS350、MS550、MS750),并对其理化性质进行表征。结果表明:随着制备温度升高,生物质炭呈现产率降低,pH值、灰分及比表面积增加,芳香性增大、极性减弱等特征;生物质炭吸附阿维菌素呈现先快速后缓慢最后平衡的3个阶段;吸附能力表现为MS750>MS550>MS350,吸附等温线属于非线性L型等温吸附线;解吸等温线结果表明木薯渣基生物质炭吸附阿维菌素存在解吸滞后现象。吸附热力学结果表明随着环境温度的上升,生物质炭的吸附量会得到提升。同时根据吉布斯自由能方程计算,可知生物质炭吸附阿维菌素是物理吸附为主,且是一个吸热的、熵增大的自发反应。孔隙填充效应、π-π电子供受体作用、静电相互作用和氢键作用等可能是阿维菌素在生物质炭上的吸附机制。      

添加生物质炭对酸性茶园土壤 pH 和氮素转化的影响

采用短期（46 d）室内好气培养方法,研究不同茶枝生物质炭添加量对茶园红壤、黄壤 pH 和氮素净转化速率的影响。生物质炭用量设5个水平：H0（0 t·hm－2）、H1（8 t·hm－2）、H2（16 t·hm－2）、H3（32 t·hm－2）、H4（64 t·hm－2）,生物质炭来源为茶树枝条。结果表明：培养结束时,与不添加生物质炭处理相比（H0）,添加生物质炭处理均可提高2种茶园土壤 pH 值,红壤增加0．24～1．20个单位,黄壤增加0．26～1．34个单位,pH 提高幅度与生物质炭用量呈正相关。添加生物质炭后显著降低了茶园土壤氮矿化量、净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率（P ＜0．05）,特别是 NO－3-N 含量,抑制茶园土壤硝化作用,抑制程度随生物质炭添加量增加而增强。红壤茶园土壤矿质态氮含量、净氮矿化速率及净硝化速率要高于黄壤,黄壤茶园土壤矿质态氮表现为净固持;相同添加量的生物质炭对红壤氮素转化的影响大于黄壤。综上所述,短期培养条件下,生物质炭能显著降低茶园土壤矿质态含量,抑制土壤硝化作用,其抑制效果因生物质炭用量和土壤类型而异。     

生物质炭配施氮肥对茶树生长及氮素利用率的影响

通过水泥池小区试验,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究了生物质炭配施氮肥对茶树生长及氮素利用率（茶树吸收、土壤氨挥发、N₂O和土壤残留量）的影响。结果表明,与不施生物质炭且不施氮肥（B₀N₀）处理相比,施氮能促进茶树的生长发育,茶树株高、树幅和基部径粗均显著增加,茶叶增产68.06%~112.63%。生物质炭对茶叶产量的影响因施氮量而异,在不施氮（N₀）和减量化施氮（N₁）条件下,配施生物质炭处理茶叶产量增加8.82%和8.75%,而常规施氮（N₂）条件下配施生物质炭处理茶叶产量略有降低,但差异均不显著。与B₀N₀处理相比,施氮处理土壤氨挥发和N₂O排放量显著增加;在N₁条件下,配施生物质炭（B₁N₁）处理氨挥发和N₂O累积排放量分别降低了5.87%和4.99%;在N₂条件下,配施生物质炭（B₁N₂）处理氨挥发和N₂O累积排放量分别降低了9.97%和11.41%,B₁N₂处理氮素减排效果更好。与单施氮肥处理相比,配施生物质炭均能增加茶树各器官氮含量、¹⁵N丰度和Ndff值,有利于茶树对氮素的吸收利用。与单施氮肥处理相比,配施生物质炭处理茶树¹⁵N利用率和¹⁵N残留率分别增加了0.46~3.93百分点和4.09~14.37百分点,¹⁵N损失率下降4.54~18.30百分点,其中B₁N₁处理效果优于B₁N₂处理。总体而言,生物质炭配施氮肥促进了茶树对氮的吸收,增加土壤氮素持留,并降低氮素气态损失,从而提高了氮素利用率,以减量化施氮配施生物质炭（B₁N₁）处理茶树能起到“减氮增产”效果,具有良好的应用前景。     

Fabrication and characterization of wheat gliadin hydrogels with high strength and toughness

Fabricating a hydrogel with high strength and toughness is still a challenge in many fields. Here, we prepared gliadin-based hydrogels by chemical cross-linking gliadin in acetic acid solution (GS) with glutaraldehyde (GA). Subsequently, the overall properties of the fabricated hydrogels were systematically investigated in terms of their mechanical properties, swelling ratio, weight loss, thermal stability, and the chemical/physical interactions in hydrogels. Results showed that the gliadin-based chemically cross-linked hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical properties. The optimized hydrogel exhibited the compressive stress of 1.8 MPa at a strain of 70%, and an excellent self-recovery property after 30 cycles of loading-unloading treatments. The strength and toughness of the hydrogels could be tailored by adjusting the ratio of GS/GA. The chemical cross-linking (aldehyde-ammonia reaction) was the main molecular interaction in the hydrogels, including single-/multi-site crosslinking, and the hydrogen bond was the only physical cross-linking in the hydrogels. Moreover, the swelling ratio of the fabricated hydrogels performed a concentration negative-dependency in GA or GS concentration. And a higher GS concentration (40%) with an appropriate GA content (3.0%) could resist the degradation of hydrogels. In addition, the thermodynamic properties of hydrogels also improved by the GA addition. Overall, these findings suggested that gliadin can be applied for fabricating hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties, which will unlock the high-utilization of gliadin as biopolymer and biocompatible materials.     

生物炭对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥的影响研究进展

随着畜禽养殖业规模的快速稳定发展,集约化、规模化畜禽养殖模式逐渐扩大,养殖过程中产生的畜禽粪便也随之增加,对环境造成的污染越来越严重。畜禽粪便直接还田会对农田土壤理化性质产生不良影响,堆肥可以使畜禽粪便中的污染物含量减低。传统的堆肥方法容易造成粪便营养成分的流失,在堆肥过程中添加生物炭可以调节并控制堆肥过程中重金属、温室气体等的排放,不仅可以减少对环境的污染,在堆肥施用后也可以有效活化土壤养分,改善土壤的理化性质。本文综述秸秆生物炭对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中堆体理化性质、气体排放、重金属钝化以及堆肥施用后对土壤性状的影响研究进展,对未来生物炭在畜禽粪便堆肥领域的发展趋势进行展望。     

Arsenic Accumulation in Rice: Sources,Human Health Impact and Probable Mitigation Approaches

The human body loading with arsenic (As) through rice consumption is a global health concern. There is a crucial need to limit As build-up in rice, either by remediating As accumulation in soils or reducing As levels in irrigation water. Several conventional approaches have been utilized to alleviate the As accumulation in rice. However, except for some irrigation practices, those approaches success and the adoption rate are not remarkable. This review presents human health risks posed due to consumption of As contaminated rice, evaluates different biomarkers for tracing As loading in the human body, and discusses the latest advancement in As reducing technologies emphasizing the application of seed priming, nanotechnology, and biochar application for limiting As loading in rice grains. We also evaluate different irrigation techniques to reduce As accumulation in rice. Altering water management regimes significantly reduces grain As accumulation. Bio- and nano-priming of rice seeds improve germination and minimize As translocation in rice tissues by protecting cell membrane, building pool around seed coat, methylation and volatilization, or quenching harmful effects of reactive oxygen species. Nanoparticle application in the form of nano-adsorbents or nano-fertilizers facilitates nano-remediation of As through the formation of Fe plaque or sorption or oxidation process. Incorporating biochar in the rice fields significantly reduces As through immobilization, physical adsorption, or surface complexation. In conclusion, As content in cooked rice depends on irrigation source and raw rice As level.     

Rice husk biochar application to paddy soil and its effects on soil physical properties,plant growth,and methane emission

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the application of rice husk biochar on selected soil physical properties, rice growth, including root extension, and methane (CH₄) emissions from paddy field soil. Three replication experiments were conducted using outdoor pot experiments utilizing commercial rice husk biochar mixed with paddy soil at a rate of 0 (control), 2, and 4 % (weight biochar/weight soil) in which the rice was cultivated for 100 days under a continuously flooded condition. The physical properties of soils were analyzed before and after the growing periods. Some parameters of rice growth and CH₄ emissions of paddy soils were monitored weekly during the experiment. Root extension was also analyzed after harvesting. The experiments showed that the application of rice husk biochar improved the physical properties of paddy soils. It led to a decrease in bulk density and an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity, including the total pore volume as well as the available soil water content. The shoot height of rice plants was significantly higher in soil amended with 4 % biochar than that in the control soil. However, other plant growth parameters and root extension were only slightly affected by the application. It was also found that amending soil with biochar led to a reduction of the total CH₄ emissions by 45.2 and 54.9 % for an application rate of 2 and 4 %, respectively, compared with the control. Our results showed that the higher the application rate, the stronger the effect of biochar was observed. More research is still necessary for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.     

施用生物质炭对酸性茶园土壤氨挥发的影响

氨挥发是土壤氮素损失的主要因素之一。通过田间试验,研究了施用生物质炭对酸性茶园土壤理化性质及氨挥发的影响,以期为评价生物质炭在茶园土壤中的应用提供科学数据。试验设不施氮肥(对照CK)、单施氮肥(B0N1,225 kg·hm-2)、施8 t·hm-2生物质炭基础上增施氮肥(B1N1)、施16 t·hm-2生物质炭基础上增施氮肥(B2N1)4个处理,施氮量春季追肥、秋季追肥和冬季基肥比例为3︰3︰4,进行了为期1年的观测。结果表明,与B0N1处理相比,B1N1和B2N1处理显著提高了土壤p H值和有机碳含量(P0.05),显著降低了土壤容重(P0.05),全氮量变化不显著(P0.05);与B0N1处理相比,B1N1和B2N1处理土壤铵态氮平均含量降低了5.34%~12.59%,硝态氮平均含量增加了11.02%~36.54%,促进硝化作用。酸性茶园土壤氨挥发量为13.01~40.95 kg·hm-2,氨挥发损失率为7.29%~12.42%,冬季基肥期氨挥发损失量最大;施氮显著增加土壤氨挥发量(P0.05),增施生物质炭则显著降低了氨挥发量(P0.05),降幅为26.25%~28.21%。土壤铵态氮浓度是影响氨挥发的最主要因素,施用生物质炭降低了土壤铵态氮浓度,从而抑制了氨挥发。     

生物炭与肥料配施对土壤养分及玉米产量的影响

采用田间试验的方法,设无生物炭无肥料(CK)、常规施肥(F1)、80%常规施肥(F2)、80%常规施肥+20%生物炭(F2B)、70%常规施肥(F3)以及70%常规施肥+30%生物炭(F3B)6个处理,研究生物炭和肥料配施对土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾及玉米不同生育期干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,生物炭与肥料配施处理(F2B、F3B)较单施肥处理(F2、F3)在不同程度上提高土壤有机质、土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、玉米各生育期干物质量及产量。F2B处理的玉米产量略高于F1处理,二者差异不显著。与常规施肥相比,生物炭与化肥合理配施改善土壤养分状况。试验区最佳肥料-生物炭施用量效配比为80%常规肥+20%生物炭。     

Interaction of antibiotic with PAN and cationic-dyeable PET fibers in development of infection resistant biomedical materials

Interaction of a representative antibiotic, doxycycline (Doxy), with commercial poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) and cationic-dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber was studied in development of infection resistant biomedical materials. Regular PET was also employed for a comparison purpose. Their interactions were investigated at different treatment temperatures, times, and pHs. Fibers were also hydrolyzed by 1 % NaOH for 1 or 2 hours at 85°C and 100°C to study effect of hydrolysis on antibiotic sorption. Infection-resistant characteristics of the substrates were evaluated by zone of inhibition (ZOI) test. Results revealed that a significant chemical change occurred in PAN and cationic-dyeable PET due to hydrolysis. Additional functional groups obtained by hydrolysis not only enhanced sorption of the antibiotics but also provided greater ZOI values, indicating substantial improvement in sustained infection resistance properties.     

生物炭对酸化茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构的影响

为探讨生物炭长期施用对酸化茶园土壤改良和真菌群落结构的影响,分析了按生物炭用量0、2.5、5、10、20、40 t·hm^-2施用5年后的茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构变化。结果表明,施用生物炭5年后的茶园土壤pH提高了0.16~1.11,可溶性有机碳含量提高了52.6%~92.3%,而铵态氮和硝态氮含量以10 t·hm^-2处理最高。施用生物炭5年后的土壤性质变化,进一步影响了真菌群落结构,表现为Chao指数、ACE指数和Shannon指数随生物炭用量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;提高生物炭施用量对茶园土壤次要作用的真菌（LDA值<3.50）丰度的增加效果高于优势真菌（LDA值>3.50）的效果,其中被孢霉属、木霉属、毛壳菌属的相对丰度增加,黑盘孢属的相对丰度降低。