Genetic characterization of rainfed upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties

A total of 18 rainfed upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties were categorized as the heavy panicle and low tillering types and early heading, in compared with 32 different varieties. These chromosome components were clarified using 243 SSR markers which showed polymorphism among NERICA varieties and their parents, CG 14 (O. glaberrima Steud.) and one of the recurrent parents, WAB-56-104 (O. sativa L.). NERICA varieties were classified into three groups, which corresponded with these parents’ continuation including two exceptions, NERICAs 14 and 17, by a cluster analysis using polymorphism data of SSR markers and 14 differential markers among them were selected to classify NERICA varieties. However, three groups: NERICAs, 3 and 4, NERICAs, 8, 9 and 11 and NERICAs, 15 and 16 were not distinguishable. Association analysis was carried out for characterization of NERICA varieties by using SSR markers genotype and phenotype of agronomic traits. A total of 131 quantitative trait loci between SSR markers and 11 agronomic traits were detected. The characteristics of early maturity and heavy panicle of upland NERICA varieties were succeeded from Asian rice varieties and the characteristics of high dry matter production and late heading were introduced from CG 14 and the other varieties.     

Evaluation of Al-tolerance on upland and lowland types of NERICA lines under hydroponic conditions

We evaluated Al-tolerance in 44 interspecific lines (32 upland and 12 lowland) developed from the crosses of Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima called New Rice for Africa (NERICA) with 2 O. glaberrima lines and 13 O. sativa varieties under hydroponic culture containing 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mM Al (+Al) and 0 mM Al (?Al as a control). Ten upland and four lowland NERICA lines showed strong Al-tolerance judging from their higher relative root and shoot dry weights (percentage ratios of dry weights in the Al treatments to the control) than those of the tolerant O. sativa check of IR 53650. Their tolerance was supported by relatively higher root Al accumulation (dark blue color) opposite performance with common knowledge (shown pale blue color) in root using hematoxylin staining compared to the Al-susceptible genotypes identified based on relative root and shoot dry weights in the study. Net Al concentration was higher in roots than in shoots in all +Al conditions for all genotypes; however, a clear difference in the Al concentration among the Al-tolerant, Al-moderately tolerant, and Al-susceptible genotypes was observed in the shoots. Al concentrations in the shoots of the Al-tolerant and Al-moderately tolerant upland and lowland NERICA lines were significantly lower than those of its Al-susceptible counterparts in the groups under 0.6 and 1.2 mM Al conditions, respectively. Differences in root and shoot growth among the Al-tolerant, Al-moderately tolerant, and Al-susceptible NERICA lines were clearer under strong Al toxic conditions (0.6 and 1.2 mM Al) than under weak Al toxic conditions (0.15 and 0.3 mM Al).     

水稻,陆稻根系蛋白质含量和同工酶研究

对10个水稻栽培种和10个陆稻栽培种的研究结果表明,水稻和陆稻根系发育过程中蛋白质含量、POD和COD同工酶都有较明显的差异,陆稻根系中蛋白质含量高于水稻的含量,陆稻的POD同工酶谱带数虽少于水稻,但苗期和分蘖期酶谱带总面积却高于水稻.在不同发育时期,陆稻中POD同工酶谱型变化较水稻稳定.陆稻根系中COD同工酶谱带数多于水稻,但苗期和分蘖期大部分COD同工酶的相对酶活性低于水稻,陆稻根系发育过程中,在开花期尚能检测到COD_7酶带.与水稻相比,陆稻根系发育过程中COD同工酶谱型的变化较小.     

河北省地方水（陆）稻品种耐逆性研究

对河北省地方水（陆）稻品种耐逆性进行了鉴定,并在此基础上分析了耐寒性、耐旱性、耐盐性种质分布情况。对耐性频度较高的耐寒性、耐旱性从水、陆稻,熟期,不同稻作区等方面进行了详细研究。结果表明：耐寒、耐旱品种频度高、强度大,耐寒品种高达86.44%,高耐率23.53%;耐旱品种为48.77%,高耐率31.65%;耐盐性品种仅为6.46%,并且无高耐性和耐性品种。耐寒品种频度水稻高于陆稻,各熟期类型分布频度接近,随纬度增加、经度西移和温热条件降低而增加;耐旱性品种频度和强度均是陆稻高于水稻,早稻早熟耐性频度最高,其余熟期比较接近,河北省东北地区高,西北及冀中库淀地区低。     

旱稻渗入系抽穗期根系性状定位

摘 要：[目的]研究稻作抗旱的根系特征及其遗传机理,发掘旱稻有利基因,从水旱稻杂交中选育高产耐旱的稻作品种提供理论基础和研究材料。[方法]以旱稻豪格劳为供体亲本,水稻沈农265为受体亲本,利用187个SSR标记构建了一套具有180个家系的旱稻渗入系群体,并采用单标记分析法,对拔节期根系6个性状：最长根长、粗根数、总根数、平均最粗根粗、根干重、总干重进行QTL定位。[结果]抽穗期共检测到QTL38个,其中影响上述六个性状的QTL数目分别是6、6、4、6、4和12,它们的总贡献率分别为29%、27%、21%、33%、23%和61%。除此,在粗根数和总根数中分别检测到3个和1个来自豪格劳的等位基因的加性效应为负,其余均为正。除平均根粗外,其它5个性状的加性效应都较大。[结论]89.5%的渗入位点对以沈农265为遗传背景的渗入系的6个性状根系有促进作用;定位到的影响不同根系性状的QTL多数成簇、集中分布;RM3853附近定位到影响四个性状的QTL,推测是一个在抽穗期与根系性状和抗旱密切相关的基因簇。     

成熟期控水对烤烟生长及产量的影响

成熟期是烤烟需水次临界期。为明确烤烟成熟期土壤水分对烟株生长及烟叶产量的影响,试验在烤烟成熟期进行土壤控水,研究烟株物质积累及烟叶产量的变化。结果表明：成熟期土壤长期干旱不利于烟叶生长,干旱后复水对烟叶生长无明显影响,且土壤水分对烤烟茎围和根系体积的影响均不显著;长期干旱不利于烤烟根、茎和叶等器官生物量提高,旱后增加复水量有利于根系生长;长期干旱显著降低烟株干物质积累,复水提高干物质积累量,但仍低于充分灌溉处理;长期干旱烟叶产量降低9.70%,旱后复水2次烟叶产量仅降低1.80%,且上中等烟叶比例比对照处理（相对土壤含水率70%~75%）提高2.88%,而单位面积产值仅减少1.09%。烤烟成熟期干旱胁迫后复水一定程度限制了烟株生长,但烟叶产量下降较少,上中等烟叶比重提高,单位面积产值略微降低。     

不同追氮模式对河南沿黄稻区粳稻根系生长和产量的影响

为明确不同追氮模式对河南沿黄稻区粳稻产量的影响,以常规粳稻品种郑稻19和郑稻20为材料,于水稻拔节后设置4种追氮模式,基蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥∶粒肥分别为6∶4∶0∶0（T1）、6∶0∶4∶0（T2）、6∶2∶2∶0（T3）、6∶0∶2∶2（T4）,以施用等量基蘖肥不追施氮肥（T0）作为对照,研究中后期不同追氮模式对水稻根系形态和生理特征的影响及其与产量的关系。结果表明,郑稻19和郑稻20的穗数、结实率和千粒重在不同追氮模式间无显著差异,而T3处理的穗粒数和产量显著高于其他处理,均表现为T3>T1>T2>T4>T0。同时,2个水稻品种齐穗期、齐穗后至成熟期的根系体积、根干重、总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积和地上部干重均是T3处理最高,且根系氧化力、吲哚乙酸含量和玉米素+玉米素核苷含量也是T3处理最高。说明水稻拔节后分次适时（促花肥和保花肥）追氮能够促进中后期根系生长,维持根系较高的生理活性,延缓根系退化衰老,有利于水稻高产,而一次追肥或延迟追肥对水稻生长促进作用减弱。     

花期干湿交替对玉米干物质积累与再分配的影响

通过干湿交替处理模拟花期季节性干旱,研究了不同的土层厚度、干旱强度对不同基因型玉米干物质积累与再分配的影响。结果表明,花期严重干旱促使叶片急剧衰老,但根系发育相对稳定,以尽可能地维持茎秆正常生长,从而导致叶片（根）所贮藏干物质转移至果穗的百分率比轻度干旱增加8.48个百分点,茎秆原贮藏干物质转移至果穗的     

水稻主要根系性状对施氮时期反应的品种间差异

以日本晴、武运粳8号、扬稻6号、汕优63为供试材料,设计不施肥、基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥等4个不同氮肥施用时期的处理,研究水稻抽穗期主要根系性状对施氮时期反应的品种间差异及其对产量的影响.结果表明:(1)不同穗型品种根系性状差异明显,小穗型品种在每株不定根数、每株不定根总长上具有优势,大穗型品种在每株根干重、     

Genotypic variation in durum wheat root systems at different stages of development in a Mediterranean environment

Summary Glasshouse and field experiments were carried out to compare root growth of eight durum wheat genotypes at different stages of development with different moisture levels and in different soils. Genotypic differences were found, particularly at the stem elongation and heading stages of development, but the ranking of genotypes varied in relation to soil moisture level and fertility. Differences under optimal moisture level were mainly due to differences in tillering and disappeared by considering the root number and weight per culm. Drought caused an increase in the root-to-total-plant weight ratio (18.5 vs 14.3% at heading) but also an increase in absolute root weight. Karel, the genotype with the largest root mass under drought and the greatest proportion of roots in the upper soil layers (more than 50% in the 0–20 cm layer from heading onwards), showed the lowest yield reduction under severe stress. A large root system with a high density of roots in the upper layers of the soil profile may be beneficial in Mediterranean climates.Research supported by a grant of Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione (40%).     

Genetic variation in root morphology and microsatellite DNA loci in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) from Vietnam

Drought is a major constraint to the productivity of rice in upland ecosystems. The rice root system plays an important role in the regulation of water uptake and extraction from deep soil layers. The aim of this research was to study the variation in root morphology and the genetic diversity in upland rice accessions. Thirty-three upland rice accessions originated from Vietnam along with 13 selected upland rice lines from several other countries were used in this study. Variation in root morphology was observed in most of the investigated root traits such as maximum root length, total root dry weight, deep root to shoot ratio, and total root to shoot ratio. Most of the traits showed significant correlation and appeared interrelated. Genetic diversity among upland rice accessions was studied with microsatellite markers. Forty-one alleles were detected with 14 rice microsatellite primer pairs among all the rice accessions. Two dendrograms have been created based on 35 microsatellite alleles and 10 morphological traits data for 38 accessions and compared. These results provided useful information for the selection of suitable cross combinations for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to drought resistance in upland rice.     

Farmers' Perceptions on Rice Varieties in Sikasso Region of Mali and their Implications for Rice Breeding

Rice is an important staple food and cash crop. Although many varieties of rice have been developed to date, few are adopted possibly because researchers did not take into account farmers’ preferences and perceptions on varieties during the development process. Because farmers increasingly rely on low-yielding landraces, production fails to meet demand. To provide an understanding of farmers’ preferences for rice cultivars and perceptions on drought stress and management practices as inputs to rice breeding research, this study was conducted in the Sikasso region of Mali in September 2005 using participatory rural appraisal approach. A total number of 125 farmers were randomly selected from 10 villages in three ecologies and interviewed individually and in groups. Results showed that farmers’ preferences, crop management practices and ranking of production constraints differed significantly across ecologies. Whereas farmers in the irrigated ecologies preferred high-yielding, long duration rice varieties, those in the upland and lowland ecologies preferred tall plants of short duration. While upland and lowland farmers preferred red and white long grains, respectively, irrigated ecologies were indifferent about grain colour. Farmers appeared willing to trade-off yield for grain quality and plant height, inconsistent with traditional breeders’ selection criteria. The high preference for tall varieties among farmers in the upland and lowland ecologies also contrasted sharply with the model of dwarf rice varieties responsible for the green revolution in Asia. The implication of these findings for rice breeders is that different plant idiotypes complemented by effective drought management practices should target different ecologies to increase impact.     

施用生物有机肥对干旱胁迫下燕麦生长的影响

为探究生物有机肥的施用对燕麦生长发育的影响,以‘林纳’为试验材料,设置5个施肥处理,对其进行不同时间处理的干旱胁迫。结果表明,干旱初期,施化肥处理的土壤含水量高于施有机肥的土壤含水量,但在干旱胁迫后期表现为施有机肥处理的土壤含水量高于施化肥处理的土壤含水量,说明施生物有机肥对土壤水分含量有一定的影响。不同施肥处理下,茎重和根重总体呈现出施有机肥处理大于施化肥处理,除W4处理,其他处理施有机肥的根茎比大于施化肥的根茎比。不同施肥处理下的根系性状和叶性状也表现出不同差异。施有机肥可以促进根系的分蘖,以及植物地上和地下部分的生长,有效增加生物量。综合分析发现,6000 kg/hm ²的生物有机肥施肥量对燕麦干旱具有最显著的响应。     

Effect of Rooting Pattern on Rice Productivity under Different Water Regimes

Three rice varieties, viz. ADT 31 (drought tolerant) CO 41 (upland) and IR 50 (drought susceptible), were employed to study their rooting patterns under different water regimes. ADT 31 had better root penetration and distribution under water stress situation compared to others. The values on root weight also established a similar trend. Isotopic studies with ³²P also provided evidence in this regard wherein the variety ADT 31 showed its adaptiveness to drought. Marginal reduction in plant height, less tiller production and leaf area reductions were noted in ADT 31 and CO 41 under decreasing soil moisture which showed its ability to cope with the water stress situation. Though IR 50 recorded higher grain yield at normal irrigation, a drastic reduction was noted under extreme water deficit. But ADT 31 recorded consistent values in all situations with slight marginal reduction which evidently proved the interdependent nature of rooting pattern and its influence on productivity.     

烤烟成熟期控水对烟叶主要碳氮化合物含量的影响

成熟期是烤烟需水次临界期。为明确烤烟成熟期土壤水分对烟叶主要碳氮化合物的影响,试验在烤烟成熟期进行土壤控水,研究烟叶总糖、还原糖、淀粉、总氮和烟碱等的变化。结果表明：土壤含水率70%~85%,烤烟生长后期（移栽后约83天）烟叶总糖、还原糖和淀粉含量较高;干旱胁迫降低碳代谢,而干旱后复水碳代谢增强。70%~85%土壤含水率,烤烟总氮和烟碱水平较低;干旱胁迫促进氮代谢,总氮和烟碱含量较高;干旱胁迫后复水,烟叶总氮和烟碱含量处于中等水平。烤烟成熟期,土壤水分过高或过低,均不利于协调烟叶碳氮代谢平衡。     

陆稻苗期抗旱性鉴定指标筛选与评价

为筛选出陆稻苗期抗旱性鉴定指标,以24个云南陆稻品种为材料,采用反复干旱存活率作为标准,分析各测定指标与抗旱性的相关关系并对供试品种的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,心叶下倒1叶长、心叶下倒2叶长、心叶下倒2叶宽、根干重和根冠比等5个形态指标的相对值与反复干旱存活率呈显著或极显著的相关性,可作为苗期抗旱性鉴定的形态指标。以反复干旱存活率为因变量,5个综合指标为自变量建立的回归方程对24个供试品种的抗旱性进行预测,其结果与芽期抗旱鉴定呈显著相关关系。     

糜子SAMS基因的克隆及其在干旱复水中的表达模式分析

以糜子抗旱节水研究中获得的一个与S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶(SAMS)基因同源性较高的EST序列为基础, 采用RT-PCR技术从糜子中分离到一个SAMS基因的全长cDNA序列(命名为PmSAMS), 全长1 293 bp, 编码396个氨基酸, 具有SAMS典型的N端结构域、中间结构域及C端结构域。糜子、马铃薯、拟南芥、甜菜、大麦、荔枝、番茄和水稻8种植物SAMS的氨基酸序列多重比较分析表明, 不同植物的SAMS的氨基酸相似程度非常高(92%~97%), 其中糜子与水稻的相似性最高(97%), 说明SAMS基因在植物进化中非常保守。PmSAMS基因在糜子幼苗干旱及复水过程中的半定量RT-PCR表达模式分析表明, 在干旱早期(土壤含水量36%)诱导该基因大量表达, 而干旱程度更严重时(土壤含水量为24%)其表达受到严重抑制, 表达量比对照还低; 严重干旱后复水2 h, 其表达量增强至干旱早期的表达量, 而复水6 h后表达量降低至对照(干旱处理前)水平。可见, PmSAMS基因的表达涉及糜子响应干旱胁迫及干旱后复水过程, 可能是糜子抗旱节水的关键基因。该基因的克隆为进一步探讨其应用于农作物抗旱节水性的遗传改良奠定了基础。     

淹涝胁迫条件对水稻形态的试验研究初报

为分析不同品种早稻对水淹胁迫的响应,于2012年3—7月分别对不同品种水稻的分蘖期、抽穗扬花期耐淹能力及不同淹涝强度对一些农艺性状的影响进行了研究。结果表明：分蘖期不同品种籼稻在不同的淹涝强度处理间的株高变化结果不一。不同淹水处理小区出现主茎穗和分蘖穗发育进程不一致,生育期延长天数与淹水天数之间呈现极显著的正相关关系。因为‘湘早籼24’植株相对比较矮,受钻心虫危害比较严重。钻心虫发生面积和淹水强度之间呈现极显著的正相关关系。淹水处理造成水稻产量降低,试验结果表明同一品种,产量降幅随淹水时间延长而加大。     

机插稻超秧龄秧苗的生长特点研究

水稻机插移栽中秧苗不能及时机插而生长过度, 形成超秧龄秧苗。本试验以扬粳9538为供试品种, 在不同床土培肥条件下, 观测了超秧龄秧苗的生长特征。在超秧龄初期阶段(至播种后28 d), 秧苗地上部仍维持一定的生长, 秧苗干重和单位苗高干重尚有一定增加, 尚能维持糖氮代谢。但秧苗叶色(SPAD值)迅速下降, 地下部生长停滞, 根长、根数停止增加, 根系活力迅速下降, 根冠比明显降低。在严重超秧龄阶段(至播种后36 d), 苗高依然快速增加, 单位苗高干重大幅下降, 秧苗叶色维持在较低水平。根系活力低, 根系生长处于最低水平。超秧龄生长过程中秧苗糖代谢反应敏感, 氮代谢相对稳定, 糖氮比在严重超秧龄时大幅下降。床土肥力显著影响超秧龄秧苗生长, 高培肥水平下的秧苗茎基粗没有显著变化, 但苗高迅速增加, 单位苗高干重大幅降低, 地下部生长较低培肥处理更弱, 根数和根长较低, 根系活力下降迅速, 根冠比与低培肥处理相比大幅减小。床土培肥水平对秧苗的碳氮代谢影响显著, 高培肥处理的超龄秧苗营养状态更为劣化。以上结果表明, 超秧龄阶段特别是在严重超秧龄阶段的秧苗生长, 很大程度上取决于育秧阶段(适栽期)的育秧条件和生长状况, 低培肥处理的秧苗在超秧龄生长中糖氮比能维持相对较高的水平, 从而维持秧苗相对较好的营养状态。     

水稻和陆稻品种抗旱性综合评价

从产量性状、外部形态和生理生化3个方面多个指标中选出11项有代表性的指标,采用其旱/水比相对值（划分评分标准）和权重计分法对4个水、陆稻品种（组合）进行了抗旱性综合评价,综合评分以TANGARA最高（4.06分）明显高于其他3个品种,IAPAR9（3.33分）次之,稍高于新香优80（3.21分）,R80最低（2.59分）。表明TANGARA有较强的抗旱性,IAPAR9和新香优80抗旱性相差不大,R80较差,与生产实际表现基本一致。表明此项方法具有较强的客观性和准确性。