营养限制及补偿对羔羊体重及外周血液CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞的影响

本试验旨在研究羔羊营养限制期(第1～60天)和营养补偿期(第61～150天)体重和外周血液中CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞的变化规律.选用80只体况中等、平均体重为(14.72±1.10)kg的3月龄乌珠穆沁羔羊,随机分为对照组(CG)、限制组Ⅰ(RG Ⅰ)、限制组Ⅱ(RGⅡ)和限制组Ⅲ(RG Ⅲ)4个组.营养限制期4组饲粮能氮水平分别为代谢能(ME):10.88、10.88、9.41和8.62 MJ/kg;粗蛋白质(CP):15%、10%、10%和5.7%.营养补偿期各组饲喂同一能氮水平饲粮(ME:9.75 MJ/kg;CP:12%).在试验期每周称重并在第1天、第30天、第60天、第90天和第150天饲喂前从各组羊颈静脉采血,采用流式细胞仪检测羔羊血液中的CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞比例.结果表明:1)营养限制结束,RG Ⅰ组、RG Ⅱ组和RG Ⅲ组平均体重均显著低于CG组(P＜0.05).补偿期RGⅢ组平均日增重显著高于CG组(P＜0.05).2)营养限制前期(第1～30天)各组CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞浓度均呈上升趋势.补偿期结束时CD4+T淋巴细胞浓度RG Ⅰ组最低RGⅡ组最高,CD8+T淋巴浓度RGⅡ组最低RG Ⅰ组最高,差异均不显著(P＞0.05).结果提示,乌珠穆沁羔羊受不同能氮营养水平限制后体重和免疫机能有补偿效应,而且低能高氮比高能低氮限饲后得到的补偿效果较好,表明限饲蛋白质比限饲能量对补偿生长的负影响更大.蛋白质和能量同时限饲补偿生长最差.     

外周血中CD4+、CD8+T、CD4+CD25+Treg在绵羊接种布鲁氏菌M5-90弱毒疫苗后的动态变化

为研究绵羊接种布鲁氏菌弱毒M5-90株后外周血中CD4+、CD8+T、CD4+CD25+Treg细胞的动态变化规律,本研究选择11只健康绵羊,每10 d免疫一次,共免疫3次,分别在免疫前、免疫后10d、20 d、30 d利用流式细胞术检测外周血中CD4+、CD8+T、CD4+CD25+Treg淋巴细胞亚群.在免疫后的第20 d,CD4+T、CD8+T细胞百分含量达到最高水平(P＜0.05)后均缓慢下降;在第10d,CD4+CD25+Treg细胞缓慢升高,至20 d、30 d均显著升高(p＜0.05);在布鲁氏菌M5-90疫苗免疫应答过程中CD4+CD25+Treg细胞参与了机体的免疫反应调控,对CD4+T、CD8+T淋巴细胞的比例进行调节,并且维持CD4+/CD8+比值稳定,起到平衡Th1/Th2细胞间反应的作用.     

青蒿组方对球虫感染雏鸡血液中CD4^+和CD8^+T淋巴细胞的影响试验

为研究青蒿组方中药对鸡免疫力的影响,试验选取14日龄三黄鸡120只,平均分为4组:感染给药组(1组),感染不给药组(2组),不感染给药组(3组),不感染不给药组(4组).感染组人工接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊.接种后第4、7、10 d运用流式细胞仪测定各组鸡血液中CD4^+、CD8^+T淋巴细胞值及二者的比值.结果:1组CD4^+、CD8^+T淋巴细胞值及其比例在接种后第4、7、10 d均高于2组,差异显著(P<0.05);2组CD4^+、CD8^+T淋巴细胞平均比值低于其他3个组.结论:青蒿组方中药可促进鸡血液中CD4^+、CD8^+T淋巴细胞生成,进而增强机体的免疫功能.     

刺五加多糖对雏鸡脾脏中CD4+ 和CD8+T淋巴细胞定位分布的影响

为了研究刺五加多糖（ASPS）对雏鸡脾脏中CD4+和CD8+ T淋巴细胞定位分布的影响,从组织学角度评价ASPS对脾脏的免疫调节作用,试验将1日龄海兰褐公雏饲养至7日龄时选取150只,随机分为3组：空白对照组、ASPS低剂量组（ASPSL）和高剂量组（ASPSH）,每组50只,所有组每天注射1次,连续注射3天。免疫后的第7、14、21和28天分别取其脾脏制作冰冻切片,采用免疫组织化学方法检测CD4+和CD8+ T淋巴细胞的定位分布。结果显示,与空白对照组比较,免疫注射后21天和28天时ASPSL组和ASPSH组CD4+ T淋巴细胞的数量均显著增加（P<0.05）,而且ASPS能够促进红髓中CD4+ T淋巴细胞向动脉周围淋巴鞘迁移,从而使单个动脉周围淋巴鞘面积较对照组明显增加,而ASPS对脾脏中CD8+ T淋巴细胞的数量和分布无明显影响。由此可知,ASPS能够通过影响脾脏中CD4+ T淋巴细胞的定位分布发挥免疫调节作用,这对于进一步揭示ASPS的免疫调节机制具有重要意义。     

猪IFN-γ和IL-4重组质粒对口蹄疫疫苗的免疫佐剂效应研究

为了研究猪IFN-γ和IL-4对疫苗的免疫佐剂效应,用pcDNA3.1/IFN-γ和pcDNA3.1/IL-4的重组质粒与口蹄疫双价疫苗配伍免疫小鼠,检测小鼠抗口蹄疫抗体水平和CD4＋/CD8＋T细胞比值的动态变化,观察其免疫佐剂效应。结果表明pcDNA3.1/IFN-γ和pcDNA3.1/IL-4重组质粒都能显著提高小鼠抗口蹄疫抗体水平（P〈0.01）,其中pcDNA3.1/IFN-γ提高亚洲Ⅰ型FMD抗体水平的佐剂效应较pcDNA3.1/IL-4的显著（P〈0.01）,而pcDNA3.1/IL-4提高O型FMD抗体水平的佐剂效应显著高于pcDNA3.1/IFN-γ（P〈0.01）,pcDNA3.1也显示出了一定的佐剂效应;免疫后不同时间pcDNA3.1/IFN-γ和pcDNA3.1/IL-4组CD4＋/CD8＋T细胞比值显著高于其他组（P〈0.01）,且第21天与第7、45天的差异极显著（P〈0.01）。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染小鼠脾脏内CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞的动态变化

为分析猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)感染小鼠后脾细胞中CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Tregs)占CD4+T细胞比例的动态变化,探讨Tregs与PCV2感染的关系,本研究选择清洁级昆明小鼠60只,随机分成实验组和对照组,实验组腹腔接种PCV2,分别在接种后第0 d、5 d、10 d、20 d、30 d和60 d取脾脏制备单细胞悬液,用FITC-CD4和PE-CD25单克隆抗体标记Tregs,采用流式细胞仪检测Tregs占总CD4+T细胞百分比的动态变化。结果表明感染组小鼠脾细胞中Tregs百分比从第5 d开始逐步上升,第20 d达峰值后逐渐下降,感染组Tregs百分比第10 d、20 d、30 d时显著高于对照组(p0.05),但第60 d两组间差异不显著(p0.05)。试验结果证明PCV2感染昆明小鼠后,可在小鼠脾脏内诱导明显的Tregs增殖,这些增殖的细胞可能在PCV2感染中发挥免疫抑制作用。     

沙门菌对猪部分血液指标的影响

将16头猪随机分为2组,以猪霍乱沙门菌为致病菌对猪只进行攻毒,检测猪外周血CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群及血清尿素氮(SUN)和类胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)的变化情况。结果显示,沙门菌感染后血清SUN显著降低,而对IGF-1影响不显著;攻毒后CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞数急剧下降。     

蒙药三子汤对热应激小鼠特异性免疫的作用

为了研究蒙药三子汤对热应激小鼠的CD3+T/CD19+B细胞的作用,160只小鼠随机分4组:灌水组、热应激组、低剂量热应激组和高剂量热应激组,热应激后眼前房采血,流式细胞仪检测CD3+T/CD19+B细胞变化。结果:热应激0h的4组小鼠CD3+T/CD19+B细胞差异不显著;热应激组CD3+细胞2h、7d均显著低于灌药、灌水组(p<0.05);灌药组1h、2h、7d小鼠CD19+细胞量显著高于热应激、灌水组。表明三子汤可以维持热应激小鼠CD3+T细胞量无显著变化,并可显著提高CD19+B细胞量。     

雏鸡感染柔嫩艾美尔球虫局部黏膜免疫细胞的动态变化

本试验采用免疫组化法检测柔嫩艾美尔球虫感染雏鸡后盲肠黏膜sIgA+细胞和T细胞亚群的动态变化。结果发现:sIgA+细胞和CD4+T细胞数量在感染球虫后第2天就明显升高,第5天达到高峰,随后逐渐下降。而CD8+T细胞在感染球虫后第4天,才显著增加,感染后第7天达到高峰。表明雏鸡感染球虫后,机体能迅速启动黏膜免疫应答,不同的免疫细胞在抵抗柔嫩艾美尔球虫感染不同阶段发挥不同的作用。     

猪瘟兔化弱毒免疫猪淋巴细胞亚类及转化水平、IFN-γ的变化与分析

为研究免疫猪瘟兔化弱毒(HCLV)对猪细胞免疫应答的影响,本研究分别采用HCLV脾淋毒单独(A组)、HCLV细胞毒与兔脾淋组织液联合(B组)、HCLV细胞毒单独(C组)及生理盐水(对照组)免疫仔猪,应用流式细胞术、淋巴细胞增殖试验及ELISA方法测定免疫前后外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)亚类比值、PBL非特异性(NSI)及特异性(SSI)刺激指数、IFN-γ浓度。结果显示免疫后各组CD3+/PBL与CD3+CD8+/PBL差异不显著;CD3+CD4+/PBL于第7 d时A、B和对照组显著高于C组(p0.05);CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+于第7 d、14 d时A、B和对照组显著高于C组(p0.05),并且C组CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+显著降低(p0.05);NSI于第3 d、7 d时A与B组显著高于C组(p0.05),而C组显著高于对照组(p0.05);SSI于第3 d、7 d时A组显著高于B与C组(p0.05),而B与C组显著高于对照组(p0.05);IFN-γ含量由高至低依次为:A、B、C和对照组,并且于第3 d、7 d时差异显著(p0.05)。研究结果表明,HCLV细胞毒引起机体CD3+CD8+相对更快速增殖,而HCLV脾淋毒引起机体CD3+CD4+相对更快速增殖及NSI、SSI、IFN-γ浓度更高,脾淋毒与细胞毒可能侧重不同的免疫分子途径发挥免疫保护效力;兔脾淋组织液对NSI和IFN-γ浓度具有增强作用。     

面对甲型流感 宠犬怎么办

流感是人类最常见传染病,大致分A、B 、C三种类型.基中,A型(即甲型)攻击力最强,也最常见.     

1NM-PP1 treatment of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii

Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) target analog-sensitive kinases, which the genomes of mammals rarely encode. Previously, we demonstrated that a BKI effectively suppressed the in vitro replication of Toxoplasma gondii, the causative pathogen of toxoplasmosis, by targeting T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1) (Eukaryotic Cell, 9: 667-670). Here, we examined whether the BKI 1NM-PP1 reduced parasite replication in vivo. A high dose of 1NM-PP1, by intraperitoneal injection, just before the parasite inoculation effectively reduced the parasite load in the brains, livers, and lungs of T. gondii-infected mice, however, a low dose of 1NM-PP1 with oral administration didn't change the survival rates of infected mice.     

Experimental infection with H1N1 European swine influenza virus protects pigs from an infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 human influenza virus

The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. To better assess the risk posed by the A(H1N1) 2009 in the actual situation of swine farms, we sought to analyze whether a previous infection with a circulating European avian-like swine A/Swine/Spain/53207/2004 (H1N1) influenza virus (hereafter referred to as SwH1N1) generated or not cross-protective immunity against a subsequent infection with the new human pandemic A/Catalonia/63/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus (hereafter referred to as pH1N1) 21 days apart. Pigs infected only with pH1N1 had mild to moderate pathological findings, consisting on broncho-interstitial pneumonia. However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. These later pigs also exhibited boosted levels of specific antibodies. Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains.     

An equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) vectored H1 vaccine protects against challenge with swine-origin influenza virus H1N1

In 2009, a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus (S-OIV), antigenically and genetically divergent from seasonal H1N1, caused a flu pandemic in humans. Development of an effective vaccine to limit transmission of S-OIV in animal reservoir hosts and from reservoir hosts to humans and animals is necessary. In the present study, we constructed and evaluated a vectored vaccine expressing the H1 hemagglutinin of a recent S-OIV isolate using equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) as the delivery vehicle. Expression of the recombinant protein was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and western blotting and the in vitro growth properties of the modified live vector were found to be comparable to those of the parental virus. The EHV-1-H1 vaccine induced an influenza virus-specific antibody response when inoculated into mice by both the intranasal and subcutaneous routes. Upon challenge infection, protection of vaccinated mice could be demonstrated by reduction of clinical signs and faster virus clearance. Our study shows that an EHV-1-based influenza H1N1 vaccine may be a promising alternative for protection against S-OIV infection.     

ABCB1-1Δ (MDR1-1Δ) genotype is associated with adverse reactions in dogs treated with milbemycin oxime for generalized demodicosis

Twenty-two dogs diagnosed with generalized demodicosis were treated with milbemycin oxime (MO) because of poor response to previous therapies or because the dog was a breed known to be susceptible to ivermectin toxicosis. Fifteen of the 22 dogs were herding breeds. Doses of MO ranged from 1.0 to 2.2 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ per os. Cheek swab samples were obtained in order to determine each dog's ABCB 1 genotype. Adverse drug reactions were recorded for each dog by the owners and/or veterinarians. The ABCB 1-1Δ genotype was significantly associated with the development of an adverse reaction (neurological toxicity) after treatment with MO. None of the 19 dogs with the wild-type ABCB1 allele experienced adverse reactions, whereas two dogs homozygous for the ABCB1-1Δ mutation developed ataxia. Assessing the ABCB1-1Δ genotype prior to MO administration may prevent neurological toxicity in these patients.     

Plasma high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in dogs with various diseases: comparison with C-reactive protein

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a nonhistone chromosomal protein, has recently been suggested as a late mediator of the inflammatory cascade. Blood HMGB1 levels are increased in a number of human diseases, and HMGB1 has been suggested to be a useful marker for disease severity and prognosis. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of HMGB1 in dogs. Plasma HMGB1 levels, as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), a typical canine inflammatory marker, were measured in dogs with various diseases, especially systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and dogs that had undergone surgery. HMGB1 gradually increased and attained a maximum level 72 hr after surgery, whereas CRP increased rapidly, peaking at 24 hr. Although both HMGB1 and CRP levels were significantly increased in dogs with various diseases compared with the control dogs, no correlation was found between the HMGB1 and CRP values. HMGB1 levels in the SIRS group were significantly elevated compared with those in the non-SIRS group. However, the increase in HMGB1 levels above the reference range was not indicative of SIRS. Instead, the presence of increased HMGB1 and CRP levels above the reference ranges significantly affects the poor outcome of SIRS. The present study indicates that HMGB1 is a novel canine inflammatory marker and is distinct from CRP. However, the additional clinical value of HMGB1 measurement remains unclear, and further studies are warranted.     

Experimental infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) induces chorioretinal lesions

Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalitis (EHM) remains one of the most devastating manifestations of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection but our understanding of its pathogenesis remains rudimentary, partly because of a lack of adequate experimental models. EHV-1 infection of the ocular vasculature may offer an alternative model as EHV-1-induced chorioretinopathy appears to occur in a significant number of horses, and the pathogenesis of EHM and ocular EHV-1 may be similar. To investigate the potential of ocular EHV-1 as a model for EHM, and to determine the frequency of ocular EHV-1, our goal was to study: (1) Dissemination of virus following acute infection, (2) Development and frequency of ocular lesions following infection, and (3) Utility of a GFP-expressing virus for localization of the virus in vivo. Viral antigen could be detected following acute infection in ocular tissues and the central nervous system (experiment 1). Furthermore, EHV-1 infection resulted in multifocal choroidal lesions in 90% (experiment 2) and 50% (experiment 3) of experimentally infected horses, however ocular lesions did not appear in vivo until between 3 weeks and 3 months post-infection. Taken together, the timing of the appearance of lesions and their ophthalmoscopic features suggest that their pathogenesis may involve ischemic injury to the chorioretina following viremic delivery of virus to the eye, mirroring the vascular events that result in EHM. In summary, we show that the frequency of ocular EHV-1 is 50-90% following experimental infection making this model attractive for testing future vaccines or therapeutics in an immunologically relevant age group.     

Synthetic peptides against foot-and-mouth disease--immunization with VP1-peptides of type O1-Kaufbeuren

Coupled synthetic peptides, representing the sequences of amino acids 130-160, 141-160 and 145-160 of foot-and-mouth disease virus O1K protein VP1, induced virus-binding and virus-neutralizing antibody response in guinea pigs, rabbits, and pigs. We also detected antibody response in guinea pigs after immunization with uncoupled peptides and in cattle with 21 aa-peptide-Keyhole-limpet hemocyanin (-KLH). The best results were obtained from 21 aa-peptide-KLH and 31 aa-peptide with or without KLH or thyroglobulin as carrier. Our preliminary results show the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies to be obviously influenced by length of the peptide as well as by the kind of carrier and coupling.