卵巢发育过程中河蟹肝胰腺消化酶活力的变化

研究了河蟹卵巢发育过程中肝胰腺的5种消化酶活力的变化。测定结果表明：随着卵巢发育的逐渐成熟，河蟹肝胰腺中的胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶活力变化都是先升后降，Ⅲ2期达到峰值，其中淀粉酶比活力较高，平均高达152．855U／mg蛋白，脂肪酶比活力极低，平均仅为0．020U／mg蛋白。肝胰腺消化酶活力的大小和变化与河蟹卵巢发育过程中的营养需要和物质转换密切相关。     

中国对虾幼体消化酶活力的实验研究

以酶学分析方法测定了中国对虾各期幼体几种消化酶活力，实验结果表明，在中国对虾幼体发育过程中，五种消化酶活力表现出四种变化模式，其中胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力逐渐增大，淀粉酶活力呈下降趋势，纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力极微，在食性转换过程中，胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶出现较明显的变化。中国对虾幼体消化酶活力对饵料中的营养物质有着明显的适应性，而且饥饿实验表明消化酶活力受个体发育的影响。作者认为中国对虾幼体消     

中华绒螯蟹幼体消化酶活力与氨基酸组成的研究

本文对中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）各期幼体的消化酶活力与氨基酸组成进行了分析。实验结果表明，在中华缄螯蟹幼体发育过程中，五种消化酶活力表现出三种变化模式。胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力在食性转换过程中出现较明显变化，其中胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力在状幼体期达到最大值；淀粉酶活力在状幼体期达最大值；纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力极微。氨基酸含量随着幼体发育逐渐增加，在必需氨基酸中以亮氧酸含量最高，色氨酸含量最低；非必需氨基酸中含量最高者为谷氨酸，最低者为胱氨酸。同时单个必需氨基酸含量与必需氨基酸总量的比值（Ａ／Ｅ）在幼体不同发育阶段略有差异，但基本趋于一致。     

克氏原螯虾幼体发育时期消化酶活力及氨基酸含量研究

采用生物化学方法对克氏原螯虾各期幼体消化酶活力与氨基酸组成进行了分析。实验结果显示,在克氏原螯虾幼体发育过程中,五种消化酶活力(胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶)表现出两种变化模式:胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶在幼体发育Ⅱ龄幼体期和Ⅳ龄幼体期活力较高,其中Ⅳ龄幼体期该两种酶活力最高;淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力为先增高后降低,在Ⅲ龄幼体期,三种酶的活力达到最高,但与Ⅳ龄幼体期的酶活力比较无显著差异。总氨基酸含量在幼体发育早期逐渐降低,幼体发育至Ⅲ龄幼体期,其氨基酸含量最低,Ⅳ龄幼体期又有所增加。在测定的所有氨基酸中谷氨酸含量最高,必需氨基酸中赖氨酸含量最高,单个必需氨基酸含量与必需氨基酸总量的比值(A/E)在整个胚胎发育过程中的变化趋于一致。     

大泷六线鱼仔、稚、幼鱼期消化酶活力的变化

以大泷六线鱼为研究对象,研究了其从初孵仔鱼到幼鱼（0~100d）4种消化酶活力的变化。结果表明,大泷六线鱼的早期生长发育阶段4种消化酶呈现不同的变化趋势,随着鱼苗的生长发育,胃蛋白酶活力逐渐增大;胰蛋白酶活力整体呈现逐渐上升的趋势,0~30d内于20d时达到峰值后下降,40d后胰蛋白酶活力再次增大,并于60d时达到最大值;淀粉酶活力于20d时达到最大值后下降并呈现较平稳的变化;脂肪酶活力于5d达到最小值,40d后脂肪酶活力逐渐升高。     

三疣梭子蟹幼体消化酶活力及氨基酸组成的研究

在三疣梭子蟹幼体发育过程中，五种消化酶活力表现出三种变化模式，其中胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力呈上升趋势，而且在蚤状幼体Ⅰ期时就较高，淀粉酶活力逐渐减小，纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力极微。氨基酸含量随幼体发育逐渐增加。必需氨基酸中以亮氨酸含量最高，色氨酸含量最低；非必需所基酸中含量最高者为谷氨酸，最低者为胱氨酸。同时单个必需氨基酸含量与必需氨基酸总量的比值（Ａ／Ｅ）在幼体不同发展阶段略有差异，但基本趋于一致。     

罗氏沼虾幼体及仔虾消化酶活力的研究

以酶学分析方法对罗氏沼虾幼体及仔虾4种消化酶的活力进行研究。结果表明：罗氏沼虾早期个体消化酶类胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶比活力均为蚤状幼体I朗(Z1)＜蚤状幼状IV期(z4)＜蚤状幼体x期(Zlo)＜仔虾I—Ⅱ期(PI—Ⅱ)，各期的类胰蛋白酶比活力明显低于胃蛋白酶；淀粉酶比活力为z＜P期，在pH值2—9．8的范围内，蛋白酶活性出现2个高峰分别为pH2．6—3．2和pH5．6—6．25淀粉酶最适pH值为5．2—5．8，呈弱酸性。     

甲壳动物幼体消化酶研究进展

通过研究近年来国内外学者关于甲壳动物幼体消化酶方面的研究现状,发现目前已测定出甲壳动物幼体消化酶的种类主要有：蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、羧肽酶A、羧肽酶B、氨肽酶、胶原酶、弹性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、酯酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、几丁质酶、麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、昆布多糖酶等种类,初步归纳了甲壳动物幼体主要消化酶的分子量、最适pH和最适温度;分析了幼体发育过程中消化酶活力变化模式以及与食性的关系,并采用淀粉酶/蛋白酶活力（A/P）比值或淀粉酶/类胰蛋白酶（A/T）比值作为甲壳动物幼体的食性指标;观察了幼体消化器官的发育,阐明幼体消化酶的合成与分泌不仅由遗传控制、中肠腺发育程度等因子决定,而且还与饲料的营养水平有关,提出采用幼体消化酶对饲料组成的适应性研究幼体营养需求的新途径.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：492-501]     

盐度胁迫对高体革鯻幼鱼消化酶活力的影响

研究了盐度对高体革（Scortum barcoo）幼鱼消化酶活力的影响。在温度25±2℃下,将平均体质量为2.50±0.23 g的高体革幼鱼分别饲养在盐度0,5,8,11,13和16条件下20 d,检测幼鱼胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性的差异。结果表明：盐度胁迫对高体革幼鱼胃蛋白酶活力有显著影响（P〈0.05）,对脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力有极显著影响（P〈0.01）。随着盐度的升高,胃蛋白酶活力先升后降,当盐度升高到13时又急剧升高;脂肪酶的活力则是随盐度的升高而受到抑制,当盐度升高到13时也急剧升高,盐度16时最高;而淀粉酶活力变化则是盐度升高时显著降低。这说明环境盐度对高体革消化酶比活力的影响比较大,不同消化酶随盐度变化规律有所差异。     

罗氏沼虾胚胎发育期主要消化酶和同工酶特性

采用生物化学方法分别测定了罗氏沼虾胚胎发育期5种消化酶:胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶的比活力,测定了6种同工酶:酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和淀粉酶(AMY)在成熟卵细胞和胚胎发育时期的表达特征。结果显示:5种消化酶的活力表现出两种变化趋势,即胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的酶活力呈现出“高—低—高”的变化趋势,而脂肪酶活力则呈现出下降的变化趋势。6种同工酶酶谱则随胚胎发育渐趋复杂,酶活性随之增强。研究表明,所测定的消化酶以及同工酶在罗氏沼虾受精卵期均已表现出酶活性,此阶段为卵源性的酶;原肠期是胚胎发育中一个较为重要的时期,胚胎内酶基因表达能力开始逐渐增强,开始合成一些酶类,为胚胎发育后期利用卵黄物质提供了保证。消化酶以及同工酶对卵黄物质的利用和胚胎发育的物质代谢起重要作用。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.