半腐解秸秆覆盖下旱作水稻对15N的吸收和分配

 在模拟田间条件下的水泥池（微区）内，用半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作水稻，两个水平的15N标记尿素分别作基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥施用，研究了不同时期施用的15N在水稻各部位的分配、15N的利用率和土壤 植株系统的氮素平衡。结果表明植株氮素含量中来自肥料氮的百分比（Ndff%）、水稻对15N的吸收和利用率以及15N的土壤残留率因标记肥料的施用时期和用量的不同而有很大差异。分蘖肥的15N在水稻各部位中的Ndff%最高，而作为基肥施入的15N在水稻体内的Ndff%最低。植株对氮肥利用率的最低和最高值分别为5.58%和51.53%，氮肥的土壤残留率最低和最高值分别为13.81%和29.87%。     

应用~(15)N示踪法研究花生对氮素的吸收利用

应用~(15)N标记尿素,在山东省花生研究所盆栽场,用中等肥力砂壤上进行盆栽试验.氮素利用率和残留率与施氮量呈极显著负相关,氮素损失率与施氮量呈极显著正相关。花生植株体总氮中,肥料供氮率和土壤供氮率与施氮量呈极显著正相关,根瘤菌供氮率与施氮量呈极显著负相关.施氮肥可提高土壤AN值和激发率,有利于花生对土壤氮的吸收,但氮肥用量过多,会明显地抑制根瘤菌固氮,降低花生收获后的土壤全氮量,而荚果产量增减产差异不显著.故花生不宜多施氮肥.     

不同时期施氮对华南双季杂交稻产量及氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响

以两系法杂交水稻粤杂122为材料，在广州进行2a4季田间试验，研究了氮素作基肥、蘖肥和穗粒肥施用对水稻氮素吸收、稻谷产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：施用穗粒肥具有显著的增产作用，其增产效果比基肥和蘖肥好；施用穗粒肥显著提高水稻总吸氮量，基肥和蘖肥对吸氮量影响较小；在总施氮量相同的情况下，氮肥作穗粒肥施用的吸收利用率和农学利用率比基肥和蘖肥高；水稻最适吸氮量随结实期日照时数的增加而提高。控制氮肥总量，适当减少基肥和蘖肥用量，增加穗粒肥用量，实行氮肥后移，有利于提高华南双季杂交稻的产量和氮肥利用率。     

施氮对圆叶决明生物固氮及氮肥利用效率的影响

采用15N同位素示踪方法,对不同施氮水平下的圆叶决明生物固氨水平,氮肥的分配、氮素来源.以及氮肥的利用率、土壤残留、挥发损失进行研究.结果表明:圆叶决明生物固氮百分率随着施氮水平的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,并在N2(30mg/kg)水平下达到最高,为29.50%,之后逐渐下降,且各处理间差异极显著.随着施氮量的增加圆叶决明对肥料氮的吸收增加,而对土壤氮的吸收降低.在较低(N2)施氮水平下,圆叶决明所需的氮主要来自土壤氮(56.17%)和生物固氮(29.50%);较高(N4)施氮条件下圆叶决明所需的氮主要由肥料氮(43.46%)和土壤氮(45.49%)提供.随着施氮水平的提高,圆叶决明氮肥利用率也逐渐降低,而氮素残留率逐渐升高.就氮肥损失率而言,N1(15 mg,kg)、N2(30 mg/kg)和N,(45 mg/kg)处理间的差异不显著,N4(60mg/kg)处理损失率最小.     

不同施氮量对高沙土地区机插水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响

研究了不同施氮量对江苏高沙土地区机插水稻产量及肥料利用的影响。结果表明,适量增施氮肥能显著提高该地区机插水稻产量,施氮量为330 kg/hm2时,产量最高,达9 664.5 kg/hm2;随着施氮量的增加,氮素收获指数、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥偏生产力、土壤氮素依存率呈显著下降趋势,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农艺利用率随施氮水平提高呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

土壤肥力和施氮方式对冬小麦不同生育期两类氮源吸收利用的影响

为明确土壤肥力和施氮方式与冬小麦对两种氮源吸收利用的关系,采用15N示踪技术研究了高、中两种土壤肥力和不同施氮方式下小麦植株对两种氮源的吸收利用特点。结果表明,在八个试验处理中,以高肥土壤、氮肥基施深度20 cm、底追各50%处理的籽粒产量及构成三因素最高,是提高产量和氮肥利用率的最佳处理组合。越冬、拔节、开花、花后20 d和成熟期小麦吸收肥料氮的平均比例随生育进程逐步递减,吸收土壤氮的比例则随生育进程逐步递增。提高土壤肥力可增加各生育阶段氮素吸收总量,使成熟期肥料氮当季利用率提高10.51个百分点,肥料氮损失率降低4.6个百分点,但同时也降低了生育中后期对肥料氮的吸收及向籽粒的分配比例。施肥深度仅对拔节前氮素吸收积累和不同氮源比例影响显著,但深施可显著提高成熟期肥料氮的利用率并降低损失率。氮肥全部底施可提高越冬和拔节期的总吸氮量,并降低土壤氮的吸收比例;底追各50%施氮方式有利于生育后期氮素吸收积累,使成熟期肥料氮的当季利用率和损失率分别提高和降低2.72和13.5个百分点,但来自肥料氮和分配到籽粒中的比例却显著低于全部底施处理。     

氮肥调控对土壤供氮特征及花生氮素吸收利用的影响

为探明氮肥调控对土壤供氮特征及花生氮素吸收利用的影响,大田条件下,以不施氮肥为对照,研究了氮肥基施、基施加追施、速效氮缓释氮配施3种氮肥调控方式对土壤硝态氮含量、植株氮累积分布及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮相比,增施氮肥土壤0~60cm土层硝态氮含量显著增加;等氮量条件下,氮肥基施生育前期硝态氮含量高,成熟期低;而基施加追施和速效氮缓释氮配施两种处理,生育前期土壤硝态氮含量低,成熟期维持较高的水平。与氮肥基施相比,成熟期速效氮缓释氮配施处理中,氮向叶片中的分配比例显著降低,而在荚果中的分配比例呈增加趋势,荚果产量、氮农学效率和氮偏生产力显著提高。因此,速效氮控释氮配施处理可以维持花生生育后期耕层土壤的氮素供应,显著提高花生氮素利用率。     

生物质炭配施氮肥对茶树生长及氮素利用率的影响

通过水泥池小区试验,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究了生物质炭配施氮肥对茶树生长及氮素利用率（茶树吸收、土壤氨挥发、N₂O和土壤残留量）的影响。结果表明,与不施生物质炭且不施氮肥（B₀N₀）处理相比,施氮能促进茶树的生长发育,茶树株高、树幅和基部径粗均显著增加,茶叶增产68.06%~112.63%。生物质炭对茶叶产量的影响因施氮量而异,在不施氮（N₀）和减量化施氮（N₁）条件下,配施生物质炭处理茶叶产量增加8.82%和8.75%,而常规施氮（N₂）条件下配施生物质炭处理茶叶产量略有降低,但差异均不显著。与B₀N₀处理相比,施氮处理土壤氨挥发和N₂O排放量显著增加;在N₁条件下,配施生物质炭（B₁N₁）处理氨挥发和N₂O累积排放量分别降低了5.87%和4.99%;在N₂条件下,配施生物质炭（B₁N₂）处理氨挥发和N₂O累积排放量分别降低了9.97%和11.41%,B₁N₂处理氮素减排效果更好。与单施氮肥处理相比,配施生物质炭均能增加茶树各器官氮含量、¹⁵N丰度和Ndff值,有利于茶树对氮素的吸收利用。与单施氮肥处理相比,配施生物质炭处理茶树¹⁵N利用率和¹⁵N残留率分别增加了0.46~3.93百分点和4.09~14.37百分点,¹⁵N损失率下降4.54~18.30百分点,其中B₁N₁处理效果优于B₁N₂处理。总体而言,生物质炭配施氮肥促进了茶树对氮的吸收,增加土壤氮素持留,并降低氮素气态损失,从而提高了氮素利用率,以减量化施氮配施生物质炭（B₁N₁）处理茶树能起到“减氮增产”效果,具有良好的应用前景。     

稻田以水带氮肥（尿素）深施技术研究

本研究将稻田氮肥施用方法与水分管理结合起来。施肥前对稻田停止灌水晾田数天,尽可能控制土壤处于水不饱和状态,再把氮肥表施,然后立即浅层灌水,让氮肥随水下渗带入土层中,达到氮肥深施的目的,简称为“以水带氮肥深施技术”。研究结果表明,此技术可将表施的60%以上的尿素氮带入土层中,减少了肥料氮素的损失,提高了氮肥的增产效果和氮素利用率,对水稻省肥增产的作用十分显著,可作为氮肥经济合理施用技术之一,在具有排灌条件的稻田中推广应用。     

用15N示踪研究不同氮水平下剑麻的氮素吸收利用特性

采用盆栽试验和15N示踪技术,研究4个不同氮（N）水平对剑麻生长及氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明,施氮显著提高剑麻株高、叶长、叶宽和根粗。施氮处理地上部鲜重、含水量、全氮含量和吸氮量均有所增加,但施氮处理之间差异不显著。剑麻地上部和根系吸收的肥料N随着氮水平增加而增加,各处理整株肥料N比例,以示踪法计算为24.2％~32.6％,差减法计算为34.6％~53.1％。不同氮水平下剑麻氮素利用率变化不明显,整株氮素利用率,示踪法计算为20.0％~22.0％,差减法计算为30.0％~35.7％。可见,剑麻吸收的肥料氮低于土壤氮;剑麻的氮素利用率偏低;以示踪法求得的肥料N比例和氮素利用率均低于以差减法求得的结果。     

Rice Uptake and Recovery of Nitrogen with Different Methods of Applying 15N-Labeled Chicken Manure and Ammonium Sulfate

Abstract

The effects of different methods of fertilization on rice uptake and recovery of nitrogen were studied using ¹⁵N-lablled chicken manure (CM) and ammonium sulfate (AS). The results showed that the application method of totally basal dressing of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase the N uptake by rice from the fertilizers. The N uptake from CM was obviously higher than that from AS. The N partitioning to rice grain was also higher than other application methods. The effect on increasing yield was obviously higher than the method of application of chemical fertilizers only. This method had such benefits as increasing N use efficiency, increasing N residue in soil and reducing N loss. High rice yield can be obtained while the soil fertility can be maintained with this method. So it is an effective and practical method of fertilization technique thus can be recommended to rice growers.     

Comparison of Five Nitrogen Dressing Methods to Optimize Rice Growth

Abstract

The applicability of five nitrogen (N) dressing methods to rice cultivation was examined using the canopy spectrum-based nitrogen optimization algorithm (CSNOA), leaf area index (LAI), site-specific N management (SSNM), N nutrition index (NNI), and N fertilizer optimization algorithm (NFOA). After base-tiller N dressing (basal dressing and top dressing at the tillering stage) at low and normal levels, rice plants were grown by the above five N dressing methods. The effects of different N dressing methods on plant dry weight, plant N accumulation, grain yield, N use efficiency, and economic benefit were analyzed. Compared with the standard method, under the low base-tiller N dressing level, the optimum N dressing rate was decreased, and the economic benefit was increased by adapting the N dressing methods of CSNOA and SSNM, whereas the optimum N dressing rate was increased, and the economic benefit was decreased by the other three N dressing methods. Under the general base-tiller N dressing level, the optimum N rate, N-use efficiency and economic benefit were increased by all N dressing methods except the NFOA. These results indicated that the CSNOA and SSNM were two good techniques for quantifying N dressing in rice, with higher economic benefit, less N input, and better applicability under different base-tiller N dressing levels.     

脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响

【目的】本研究旨在阐明脲酶抑制剂(urease inhibitor,UI)和硝化抑制剂(nitrification inhibitor,NI)对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响,探讨抑制剂提高稻谷产量以及氮肥利用率的机理。【方法】本试验设在我国南方红壤稻田,共5个处理:1)不施氮肥(CK);2)尿素(U);3)尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+UI);4)尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+NI);5)尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(U+UI+NI);脲酶抑制剂采用N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂采用3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)。在水稻分蘖期和孕穗期测定土壤脲酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性、土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量以及微生物碳、氮的含量,分析NBPT与DMPP对水稻两个主要生育期土壤氮素供应的影响,比较各处理的产量以及氮肥利用率,通过逐步回归分析研究以上各指标对产量的影响,探明脲酶抑制剂NBPT与硝化抑制剂DMPP在稻田的增效机理。【结果】1)与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT以及NBPT与DMPP配施均显著提高稻谷产量与地上部氮素回收率,两个处理分别增产6.56%与8.24%,氮素回收率提高幅度为19.4%与23.7%。2)与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT以及NBPT与DMPP配施,显著降低水稻分蘖期的土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量,显著提高孕穗期的铵态氮含量,而对此时期的脲酶活性无显著影响,所有处理对两个时期的硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、微生物量碳、氮含量均无显著影响;因此,NBPT对于抑制脲酶活性以及提高铵态氮含量的作用主要在孕穗期之前,而单施DMPP没有显著效应。3)从各项土壤指标与水稻产量相关性的逐步回归分析结果来看,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期稻田土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无显著影响。【结论】脲酶抑制剂NBPT以及NBPT与硝化抑制剂DMPP配施显著提高孕穗期土壤中的铵态氮含量,显著提高稻谷产量以及地上部氮素回收率,证明了生产上氮肥后移的重要意义。     

氮肥类型及施用方式对节水抗旱稻田面水氮动态及产量的影响

采用大田试验,以旱优8号为试验材料,比较评价了节水灌溉条件下不同氮肥类型和施用方式对节水抗旱稻产量、经济效益、氮素吸收和田面水不同形态氮素动态变化的影响。结果表明,相同氮肥用量条件下,不同氮肥类型和施用方式的氮素吸收与产量高低无明显相关关系。在等氮量投入下,缓释肥配施无机化肥处理(SCU1)总吸氮量最高,氮收获指数(NHI)最低,造成了水稻对氮素的奢侈吸收,不利于高产群体的构建,产量相对较低;缓释肥一次性基施处理(SCU2)的NHI最高,且灌浆结实期作物生长率和比叶重较高,利于光合产物的积累,产量最高,显著高于纯化肥处理(增产18.28%);有机肥无机肥配施处理(OCN)的作物群体质量、产量和氮素吸收利用与单施无机化肥处理相比无明显差异。SCU1处理降低了基肥和分蘖肥期田面水总氮和铵态氮浓度,但增加了穗肥期的田面水氮浓度,而SCU2处理和OCN处理在3个施肥期内田面水总氮和氨态氮浓度均明显低于纯化肥处理,SCU2处理氮素浓度最低。综合成本效益分析,缓释肥一次性基施技术能够满足节水抗旱稻生长对氮素的需求,提高作物产量、经济效益和氮素利用效率,降低径流损失风险,是值得在太湖流域推广的一种施肥技术。     

Soil Nitrogen Distribution and Plant Nitrogen Utilization in Direct-Seeded Rice in Response to Deep Placement of Basal Fertilizer-Nitrogen

Deep placement of controlled-release fertilizer increases nitrogen(N) use efficiency in rice planting but is expensive. Few studies on direct-seeded rice have examined the effects of deep placement of conventional fertilizer. With prilled urea serving as N fertilizer, a two-year field experiment with two N rates(120 and 195 kg/hm~2) and four basal N application treatments(B50, all fertilizer was broadcast with 50% as basal N; D50, D70 and D100 corresponded to 50%, 70% and 100% of N deeply placed as basal N, respectively) were conducted in direct-seeded rice in 2013 and 2014. Soil N distribution and plant N uptake were analyzed. The results showed that deep placement of basal N significantly increased total N concentrations in soil. Significantly greater soil N concentrations were observed in D100 compared with B50 at 0, 6 and 12 cm(lateral distance) from the fertilizer application point both at mid-tillering and heading stages. D100 presented the highest values of dry matter and N accumulation from seeding to mid-tillering stages, but it presented the lowest values from heading to maturity stages and the lowest grain yield for no sufficient N supply at the reproductive stage. The grain yield of D50 was the highest, however, no significant difference was observed in grain yield, N agronomic efficiency or N recovery efficiency between D70 and D50, or between D70 and B50, while D70 was more labor saving than D50 for only one topdressing was applied in D70 compared with twice in other treatments. The above results indicated that 70% of fertilizer-N deeply placed as a basal fertilizer and 30% of fertilizer-N topdressed as a panicle fertilizer constituted an ideal approach for direct-seeded rice. This recommendation was further verified through on-farm demonstration experiments in 2015, in which D70 produced in similar grain yields as B50 did.     

A Knowledge-Based Model for Nitrogen Management in Rice and Wheat

Abstract

Excessive nitrogen fertilization results in low nitrogen-use efficiency. To improve nitrogen management for high yield and high nitrogen efficiency in rice and wheat, we developed a knowledge-based nitrogen fertilization model by integrating the quantitative relationship between N fertilization and yield target with respect to N supply and demand balance. The total amount of nitrogen and ratio of basal to top dressing nitrogen could be determined by this nitrogen fertilization model, and the desirable nitrogen fertilizer strategies could be made under the conditions of different climates, soil types and managements. Furthermore, the function of dynamic regulation of pre-designed N dressing rate could be determined by using the nitrogen fertilization model on the basis of actual growth status under a specific production system. The nitrogen fertilization model is evaluated using the data from field experiments of rice and wheat at Nanjing, and the results on crop growth pattern and N use showed that the grain yield and N recovery were markedly improved by the N fertilization plan given by the model. The nitrogen fertilization model can be used as guidance for quantifying N fertilization strategy in cereal crop production.     

不同渗漏条件下尿素用量对水稻生长和氮肥利用率的影响（英文）

 利用¹⁵N示踪技术在温室中研究了无渗漏(长期淹水)和渗漏条件下氮肥施用量对水稻生长和氮肥利用率的影响。氮肥对水稻地上部和根的生长起重要作用。水稻不同生育阶段各器官干物质积累随施肥量增加而提高。土壤的渗漏状况也强烈影响水稻各部分生长及氮肥利用率。长期淹水条件下，水稻的根系生长受到抑制，地上部积累量下降，氮肥利用率为18.66%～35.67%；在渗漏条件下，水稻的生长状况相对较好，氮肥利用率达42.0%～65.8%。水稻对氮肥的利用率随氮肥用量的增加而减少，作为基肥施用¹⁵N回收率比追施低。长期淹水条件下氮肥的激发效应为18%，高于渗漏条件下的5.1%。0～80 cm土壤剖面中残留的肥料氮低于总施用量的10%。     

施用生物质炭对酸性茶园土壤氨挥发的影响

氨挥发是土壤氮素损失的主要因素之一。通过田间试验,研究了施用生物质炭对酸性茶园土壤理化性质及氨挥发的影响,以期为评价生物质炭在茶园土壤中的应用提供科学数据。试验设不施氮肥(对照CK)、单施氮肥(B0N1,225 kg·hm-2)、施8 t·hm-2生物质炭基础上增施氮肥(B1N1)、施16 t·hm-2生物质炭基础上增施氮肥(B2N1)4个处理,施氮量春季追肥、秋季追肥和冬季基肥比例为3︰3︰4,进行了为期1年的观测。结果表明,与B0N1处理相比,B1N1和B2N1处理显著提高了土壤p H值和有机碳含量(P0.05),显著降低了土壤容重(P0.05),全氮量变化不显著(P0.05);与B0N1处理相比,B1N1和B2N1处理土壤铵态氮平均含量降低了5.34%~12.59%,硝态氮平均含量增加了11.02%~36.54%,促进硝化作用。酸性茶园土壤氨挥发量为13.01~40.95 kg·hm-2,氨挥发损失率为7.29%~12.42%,冬季基肥期氨挥发损失量最大;施氮显著增加土壤氨挥发量(P0.05),增施生物质炭则显著降低了氨挥发量(P0.05),降幅为26.25%~28.21%。土壤铵态氮浓度是影响氨挥发的最主要因素,施用生物质炭降低了土壤铵态氮浓度,从而抑制了氨挥发。     

钾营养对杂交稻光合作用动态及产量形成的效应

 用杂交稻威优35号在低钾土壤上进行盆栽试验，设置三个钾水平：K0(不施钾)；K1(1．5 g K/ 15 kg土)；K2(3．0 g K／15 kg土)。结果表明：(1) K0处理叶片发育过程中净光合率降低而暗呼吸增高，叶绿体发育迟缓而解体较早，光合功能期缩短；K1及K2的净光合率明显高于K0，光合功能期亦较长，而暗呼吸则长时期保持较低水平。(2)K0处理在灌浆期净光合作用有明显的“午休”现象， 而K1、K2则在夏日中午仍保持较稳定的净光合率。(3) K0处理“午休”的出现与蒸腾速率增高有关，且在上午9时还有一蒸腾高峰，使叶子大量失水；施钾处理在一天中的蒸腾曲线则较平稳。(4)K0处理稻株叶片中含K量从上到下有明显梯度，灌浆期下层叶的含K量仅为剑叶的30．08％，易引起早衰，且使根系生长受到严重影响；施K处理叶片从上到下无明显梯度。总之，施K增加光合面积，避免早衰，增加粒数，显著提高谷粒产量。     

苏北地区水稻秧池有机肥培肥对秧苗素质及产量的影响

为了明确水稻秧池培肥技术对苏北地区机插秧秧苗素质及产量的影响,以便为苏北地区水稻机插秧技术推广应用提供参考,通过大田随机区组试验,设置不施肥(CK)、复合肥+尿素(CF+N)、二铵+尿素(TF+N)、复合肥+尿素+有机肥(CF+N+O)、二铵+尿素+有机肥(TF+N+O)5个处理,研究水稻秧池有机肥培肥对苏北地区机插秧秧苗素质及产量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,TF+N处理的株高、叶长、叶宽、茎基宽、叶龄分别显著增加13.52%、20.14%、10.19%、9.09%、5.00%;CF+N+O处理的株高、叶长、茎基宽、叶龄分别显著增加7.29%、10.72%、13.64%、2.50%;TF+N+O处理的株高、叶长、叶宽、茎基宽分别显著增加11.21%、13.07%、9.38%、13.64%。在产量方面,与CK相比,TF+N处理的穗数、穗粒数、理论产量和实际产量分别显著增加4.56%、8.91%、14.13%、11.60%,CF+N+O处理的实际产量显著增加9.63%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,短期内有机肥培肥秧池效果不显著;二铵配施尿素培肥秧池效果最好,水稻产量最高。