鄂尔多斯主要绿化树种引种研究

通过对鄂尔多斯7种不同种源主要绿化树种胸径(地茎)、树高、冠幅、新生枝长的观测,以及多指标综合分析,以确定每一树种的最佳种源地。研究结果表明,乡土树种和在本地引种驯化多年的树种均表现为本地种源适应性最强,生长表现最好;外来引进树种表现为由自然条件较差地区向自然条件较好地区引进适应性较强,生长表现较好。建议鄂尔多斯市在以后的绿化过程中,要注重推广应用乡土树种和引种驯化多年的树种;而在引进外来树种时,要坚持从相应的种子区(亚区)或相邻的种子区(亚区),以及从自然条件低于鄂尔多斯市的地区选购。     

伞房属4个树种/亚种在广东德庆的早期生长表现

本文分析了引自澳大利亚东部的桃金娘科伞房属4个树种或亚种在广东省德庆试验点的早期生长表现。结果表明：10年生时，4个树种或亚种生长量最大的是斑皮柠檬桉，其次是大叶斑皮桉(Corymbia henryi)、柠檬桉和斑皮桉，平均单株材积分别为0.2026、0.1748、0.1634和0.0526 m3；与8年生时比较，4个树种或亚种在10年生时仍保持较快的增长速度，材积增长均在15%以上。方差分析结果表明：试验组Ⅰ内，柠檬桉和大叶斑皮桉3个生长性状在家系间差异极显著(P＜0.01)；种源间胸径差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)，树高和单株材积无显著差异；在试验组Ⅱ，斑皮柠檬桉和斑皮桉的3个生长性状在树种或亚种、种源、家系间差异极显著(P＜0.01)。以单株材积高于对照为选择目标，选出柠檬桉3个种源4个家系，斑皮柠檬桉4个种源11个家系，大叶斑皮桉2个种源3个家系，共计9个种源18个家系，分别占参试种源和家系总数的50%和19.4%。     

广西红锥初选优树子代苗期变异性和相关性研究

对广西 6县 (市 )经初选的且有结实的 4 9株红锥 (Castanopsishystrix)优树进行苗期对比试验。结果表明 :各优树子代间在种子千粒重、苗木高生长、地径生长方面存在明显的遗传差异 ;优树子代内部也存在个体间的遗传差异 ;经苗期物候观察 ,各家系发芽始期、发芽终期和发芽率均存在一定差异。综合 4 9个红锥初选优树子代苗木高生长和地径生长等指标 ,确定东兰D0 2号等 7个优树子代为苗期生长快的优树子代 ,容县R0 8号等 11个优树子代为苗期生长慢的优树子代 ,其余 31个为苗期生长中等的优树子代。同时对其种源与主要地理气候因子进行相关性分析 ,结果为 :总体上生长指标间均呈正直线相关 ,生长指标与主要地理气候因子间呈负直线相关。 6个种源可分成 3类 ,浦北和容县种源生长较好 ,凭祥和东兰种源生长中等 ,鹿寨和博白种源生长一般。     

红锥种质早期生长表现

对广西主要珍贵树种种质资源库中红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)种源、家系的早期生长性状及遗传变异进行研究,结果表明,种源间早期的树高、地径、冠幅生长有极显著的差异;树高、地径、冠幅的遗传力均在0.5以上,种源遗传变异丰富,改良潜力较大;树高、胸径、冠幅间存在显著或极显著的正向相关关系;种源地环境因子对红锥早期生长有一定的影响,海拔对树高、地径、冠幅有显著或极显著的负影响;综合分析显示广西南宁、广西浦北、广西岑溪种源早期生长性状表现较好。对表现较好的3个种源的55个家系聚类分析显示,早期生长性状最好有7个家系,可作为选育高产的目标加以特别注意;早期生长性状最差有1个家系,不可作为选育高产的目标。     

巨桉、柳桉种源试验及其生长比较

从巨按13个种源、柳按14个种源的试验林为研究材料，对生长在海拔100m、贫瘠山地上的5年生幼林进行分析，并对树种间和种源问的生长差异进行比较。结果表明：（1）在树种水平上，柳按的生长适应性，生长速率及通直度、径高比等方面均比巨按好，只是在枝下高度上不及巨桉，但树种间的差异，除抗寒性特别明显外，其余均不显著。（2）树种内的不同地理种源之间，树高、胸径和材积生长差异，巨按和柳按在幼林3年生时均达显著或板显著差异（柳桂树高除外），但在此前的第1、第2年和此后的第4、第5年差异均不显著，表明区按和柳按种源间幼林期的生长表现呈现不规律性。（3）运用综合评定法进行多性状综合评定、评选出巨按0017、1489和15120，柳按13015、14508和0116共6个为速生优质种源，令后可在我国中亚热带东部沿海地区推广种植，这些优良种源均来自昆士兰北部和新南威尔士州的沿海地区。     

湿地松在江苏地理变异及优良种源的研究

在江苏3个试验点连续9年(1981～1989)对美国39个湿地松种源(包括2个不同树种)研究表明:不同种原、树种间生长、形态性状变异显著.但变异与种源产地地理、气候因子相关不显著而与造林地的土壤条件密切相关.变异主要来源于林分和单株.7年生时优良种源高、径生长量遗传增益为19.14～85.38%.初选优良种源4个(S_(14)、S_(11)、S_(17)、S_1).分布于佛罗里达州北部、德克萨斯州东部和北卡州南部.     

韦塔桉与大花序桉在粤中地区的生长表现

对韦塔桉6个种源和大花序桉4个种源进行生长与形质性状分析,结果表明:韦塔桉种源各年度生长性状在种源间均存在极显著差异,形质性状差异不显著。大花序桉除早期树高生长外,其他性状的年度生长指标在种源间并无明显差异,干形在种源间存在显著差异,分枝性状差异不显著。韦塔桉种源17835生长表现最好,其平均树高、胸径和单株材积分别达到15.01m、15.03cm和0.1133m3,是平均值的115.82%、116.78%和153.94%。大花序桉种源9901生长表现最好,其平均树高、胸径和单株材积分别达到10.88m、12.95cm和0.0617m3,是平均值的106.35%、106.15%和117.97%。韦塔桉与同地区尾叶桉相比无显著差异,可在本地区作为重要的速生桉属树种育种资源;大花序桉作为珍贵实木用材树种发展前景广阔。     

广西派阳山林场红锥种源试验及优良种源初步选择

以红锥试验林的10个种源为研究材料,分析了3.5年生幼林种源间的生长差异,结果表明:种源间树高生长差异极显著,胸径和材积生长均达极显著水平;红锥种源树高、胸径和材积的遗传力分别为:0.8615、0.8376和0.9856;采用综合权重分析法评选初步选出试验早期表现较好的种源4个种源为ZY2、ZY1、ZY7、ZY6。但试验初步评选出的优良种源为早期和初步结果,有待进一步的观察、测定和研究。     

邓恩桉种源家系／试验初报

引进了邓恩桉全分布区10个种源300个家系种子,成功育苗216个家系建立了种源/家系试验林.试验林生长表现良好,并遭受1999年底的特大寒流袭击,为选择速生、耐寒的优良材料奠定了良好基础.分析表明:邓恩桉种源间的生长差异小于家系间和个体间的差异,家系间在生长量和抗寒性方面均存在显著差异;新南威尔士州种源总体优于昆士兰州种源;生长量与抗寒性不存在显著相关关系,因而在优良材料选择时应根据选择目的和推广应用地域实际决定生长量和抗寒性的选择权重;采用综合指数选择排序列出的16个居前家系中,其生长量仅比平均数提高7%,但抗寒力提高了24%.     

伞房属4个树种/亚种在广东乐昌的早期生长表现

分析引自澳大利亚东部的桃金娘科（Myrtaceae）伞房属(Corymbia) 4个树种/亚种在广东省乐昌试验点的早期生长表现,结果表明：10 a生时,4个树种/亚种生长量最大的是大叶斑皮桉（Corymbia henryi）,其次是斑皮柠檬桉（Corymbia citriodora ssp. variegata）、柠檬桉（Corymbia citriodora ssp. citriodora）和斑皮桉（Corymbia maculata）,平均单株材积分别为0067 4、0059 0、0054 1和0034 1 m3;与8 a生时比较,4个树种/亚种在10 a生时仍保持较快的增长速度,材积增长均在67%以上,其中斑皮桉的材积增长率高达1450%。方差分析结果表明：在试验组Ⅰ,柠檬桉和大叶斑皮桉3个生长性状在家系间差异极显著（P＜001）,种源间胸径差异达极显著水平（P＜001）,树高差异达显著水平（P＜005）,单株材积差异不显著;在试验组Ⅱ,斑皮柠檬桉和斑皮桉3个生长性状在种源、家系间差异极显著（P＜001）。以单株材积高于对照为选择目标,选出大叶斑皮桉2个种源2个家系,斑皮柠檬桉5个种源11个家系,共计7个种源13个家系,分别占参试种源和家系总数的389%和140%。     

不同种源马尾松优树家系在城步的生长表现

以来自湖南省城步、绥宁、通道、会同、安化、浏阳、南岳、慈利、资兴、临武、江永、衡南、茶陵、郴州等14个种源区的82个优树家系种子和城步试验区附近优良林分混合种子(对照)为试验材料,以容器苗造林于城步,对来自不同种源区的家系在城步的生长表现进行研究。结果表明:幼龄期城步本地马尾松优良林分子代表现较好,仅次于江永种源,而浏阳、通道种源幼龄期和中龄期平均胸径均显著小于城步马尾松优良林分子代的,但随着林龄的增长,资兴、会同、江永、临武种源的树高、胸径、材积的表现均逐渐超过了本地优良林分子代的表现。以11年生材积排名,表现最好的是来自于资兴的家系,排前5名的有4个(含前3名);来自于江永的家系表现较好,仅次于资兴的,排前5名的有1个。以11年生材积生长量为优良家系选择标准,按家系总数15%的入选率,江永家系的入选率最高,达50.0%;资兴的次之,为41.2%;临武的较小,为23.1%。马尾松家系的生长表现在幼龄期和中龄期有一定有差异,早晚表现一致的家系仅占50%。     

秃杉优良种源选择及种源区划

秃杉种源—家系联合试验表明,秃杉发芽、物候、苗期及幼林生长等11个性状中,真叶全现、一年生幼树抽高、一年生幼树全高种源间差异显著,发芽率、发芽势差异不显著;造林11年生时,种源间、家系/种源间生长性状差异显著,在遗传方差中,种源方差分量所占比例较大,种源效应最明显。选择秃杉优良种源有贵州交、贵州格、贵州昂、贵州丹、云南滕冲种源,优良种源平均单株材积遗传增益为29.68%,实际增益为34.60%。利用种源发芽、物候、苗期及幼林生长、11年生生长性状等11个性状,采用主成分分析方法,将秃杉区划为3个种源区,第1个种源区为湖北利川种源,第2个种源区包括云南昌宁、云南滕冲种源,第3个种源区包括云南龙陵、贵州丹、贵州格、贵州昂、贵州交种源,其中第3个种源区种源在广东生长表现良好,适宜在广东适生区域引种推广。     

不同营林措施对马尾松针叶养分的影响

对设置在贵州龙里、台江以及广西热带林业实验中心的不同施肥、不同密度、不同抚育措施、不同整地方式和不同种源马尾松人工林试验样地内针叶样品的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃa、Ｍg含量进行分析研究，结果表明，除广西施肥５年后，不同处理间针叶Ｎ、Ｍg两元素含量具有极显著差异外，其余措施对马尾松针叶养分含量的影响均未达到显著差异水平。因此，施肥具有调节马尾松针叶养分含量的作用；而不同造林密度林地内马尾松个体吸收养分的能力相同，则高密度易造成地力的快速衰退，对长期高密度造林的林地，应加以施肥，以维护土壤的持续利用；抚育措施并不影响林木养分的吸收；整地也未对马尾松吸收养分有多大影响；不同种源吸收养分的特点差异不大，因而优良种源加速林地地力的衰退。     

Testing species of genus Abies for Christmas tree production in Norway

Ten exotic Abies species were tested in two field trials, where the aim was to find suitable species and provenances for Christmas tree production in coastal and fjord areas in Norway. The material included 14 provenances of Abies nordmanniana, 3 provenances of Abies bornmuelleriana, 3 provenances of Abies koreana, 2 provenances of Abies amabilis, and 1 provenance each of Abies equi-trojani, Abies alba, Abies procera, Abies homolepis, Abies nephrolepis, and Abies forrestii. Field trials were established at Gulen in Sogn og Fjordane County and at Verdal in Nord-Trøndelag County. Christmas tree classification was done seven and eight growing seasons after establishment. The Christmas tree yield was higher in Gulen (64%) than in Verdal (45%), which is situated further north. Also, the survival and the height growth were higher in Gulen than in Verdal. A more humid climate and a longer growth season in Gulen may explain some of the differences. Of the 10 species, A. nordmanniana, A. homolepis, and A. bornmuelleriana produced the highest Christmas tree yield at Gulen, while A. homolepis and A. koreana had the highest yield at Verdal. Due to early bud burst, A. equi-trojani and A. bornmuelleriana are only suited for Christmas tree growing in the best climatic areas.     

Three year performance of international provenance trials of Acacia auriculiformis

The performance of 25 provenances in international trials on seven sites in four countries was assessed for survival and growth at 3 years. Of these provenances, seven were from Queensland, 12 from Northern Territory, Australia, and six from Papua New Guinea. Significant growth differences were found: (a) among provenances at four sites, (b) among the sites, and (c) between provenance regions. The interaction between sites and provenances as well as between sites and provenance regions was also significant. The poorest growth was recorded in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, while the best growth was in Banjarbaru, Indonesia. Stability analyses of the provenance x site interaction revealed eight provenances with high vigour and good tree form that were relatively stable across sites. These included Archer River, South Coen, Coen River and Wenlock River provenances from Queensland; Noogoo Swamp and Mann River provenances from Northern Territory; and North Bensbach and Old Tonda Village provenances from Papua New Guinea.     

Chemical and physiological responses of four Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) provenances to cold temperature treatments

Determining the adaptability to abiotic conditions and potential establishment success of tree species needs to be conducted before attempting to use a species in large-scale afforestation programs. In this study, the chemical and physiological performance of four Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) provenances was investigated after exposure to artificial cold temperature treatments to determine their adaptability to cold environment for potential use in afforestation programs. Seeds were sown and raised for 24, 28, and 32 weeks and exposed to decreasing temperatures in an artificial freezer. Relative electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll fluorescence, and carbohydrate concentrations were measured to determine the variability between provenances. Results showed that diameter and height growth did not vary with origin for each of the three growth stages measured. Root electrolyte leakage values differed between provenances, confirming that cold stress was effectively causing physiological damages when plants were exposed to temperature at ?15 °C and below. The variability observed in the relationship between provenances and cold hardiness responses can be attributed to tree-to-tree variability within provenances and microsites conditions. There was generally no significant difference in chlorophyll fluorescence between provenances, also attributed to low genetic variation between provenances. Carbohydrate concentrations were also very variable and varied significantly among growth stages and provenances. High-altitude provenances had higher soluble carbohydrates concentrations in several cases, suggesting a relationship between altitude, soluble sugars, and cold hardiness. However, these trends were not consistent; therefore, we suggest that such hypotheses be confirmed through more comprehensive further studies.     

马尾松种源试验研究

马尾松是我国亚热带地区分布最广、资源最多的特有乡土树种.对参试的44个马尾松种源的树高、胸径、材积、枝下高和冠幅等生长指标进行了系统分析.结果表明:8年生马尾松种源试验林树高、胸径和材积生长差异显著,枝下高和冠幅生长无明显差异;树高、胸径和材积遗传力较高,分别为40.61%、39.53%和32.79%,枝下高和冠幅较低;聚类分析研究将马尾松种源分为极速生、速生和中等3种类型;综合评定的结果与聚类分析结果相符,确定了40号种源为最佳种源和33个可供采用的优良种源.     

恩施山地扭叶松的幼树期引种成效

用产于加拿大9个种源的扭叶松种子育苗,在湖北恩施的建始县国有高岩子林场的十字坪、姚家坡进行了扭叶松不同种源地、不同种源的植苗造林试验。其幼树期的试验结果表明:扭叶松能适应两地的环境条件,植苗造林成活率及保存率达91.3%~100%;对14年生的试验林进行高、径生长分析,扭叶松的树高生长和胸径生长受种源、造林地点的影响极显著;种源与造林地点对树高生长的交互作用极显著。进一步对树高进行单点分析,参试的9个种源,在十字坪试点,10577、26230、25730、27084、28476、14726、26153七个种源的树高生长极显著高于25801、25803两个种源,且7个种源两两间差异不显著;姚家坡试点10577种源的树高生长极显著高于其他种源,其下依次是28476、26153、26730、27084、14726五个种源。胸径生长在种源间的极显著差异缘于10577种源与25803、25801种源间的差异,其他任意两种源间的胸径生长差异不显著。     

Identification and genetic analysis of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus from Pinus yunnanensis

In China, pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was first discovered from Pinus thunbergii in 1982. Thus far, 14 species in the genus Pinus have been reported to be infected by PWN under natural conditions. Pinus yunnanensis, a pine species native to south‐western China, is considered a pioneer tree for barren hill afforestation in areas undergoing rocky desertification. In this study, we detected PWN in dead P. yunnanensis trees in Anlong County, Guizhou Province, China, using both morphological and molecular methods. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PWN from P. yunnanensis in China. To investigate the possible origin of this new outbreak, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene subunit I and cellulase gene sequences were used to evaluate genetic relationships among worldwide PWN isolates. Phylogenetic tree and haplotype networks revealed that the Anlong isolate (BxChQAL008) sequence was identical to those of seven Chinese isolates collected from Sichuan, Chongqing, Zhejiang, Anhui and Shandong (372–1500 km from Anlong County), but different from the isolate BxChQZY030 collected from the same province (330 km from Anlong County). It is suggested, therefore, that more than one introduction of PWN into Guizhou Province has taken place. The Anlong isolate was likely introduced from neighbouring or more distant provinces rather than from outside China. Moreover, the absence of a correlation between geographic and genetic distance was observed using Mantel test analysis, providing evidence that human‐induced dispersal plays a fundamental role in the spread of the PWN in this region.