国外种质×国内种质玉米单交种产量构成性状的遗传分析

应用莫惠栋最新提出的p q 2pq交配设计及其分析方法,研究84个玉米杂交组合及其13个亲本的株型、穗型、粒型等14个性状的遗传机制。结果表明:株高、叶夹角、穗长、穗粗、秃尖、结实长、穗行数、行粒数、容重、子粒长、子粒厚11个性状的遗传符合加性-显性模型,穗粗、穗行数、容重、子粒长、子粒厚以加性效应为主;穗位、百粒重、子粒宽的遗传符合加性-显性-上位性模型,其中子粒宽以上位性效应为主;除容重、子粒厚外,各性状的显性方向为正向显性;除子粒宽、子粒厚外,各性状还受到细胞质效应的影响;狭义遗传力排序为子粒长>子粒宽>容重>穗行数>穗粗>子粒厚>百粒重>株高>穗位>叶夹角>穗长>秃尖>结实长>行粒数。     

云南省黑甜玉米种质鲜果穗主要产量因子的遗传效应分析

以云南黑甜玉米种质材料20份,按Griffing(4)双列杂交法配制的90个测交种或组合为材料,采用朱军QGA软件及加性-显性模型(AD模型)分析被测试材料的鲜果穗重、穗长、秃尖长、穗粗、穗行数和行粒数6个性状的加性和显性遗传效应。结果表明,鲜果穗重和穗粗主要受基因加性效应控制,穗长和穗行数受加性-显性效应制约,秃尖长和行粒数的加性与显性作用不明显,6个性状遗传力均偏低。综合被测试材料6个性状的加性效应值(一般配合力)和组合或测交种显性效应值(特殊配合力),筛选出2、7、8和11号4个优良材料及2×8、8×10、8×9、4×5和4×8共5个优良组合或测交种。     

玉米4个穗部性状的遗传及相关分析

选用10个优良玉米自交系配成不完全双列杂交组合,研究玉米穗长、穗粗、穗行数、百粒重4个穗部性状的遗传效应及其相关性。结果表明,穗长、穗粗、百粒重主要受遗传主效应控制,穗行数受基因型×环境互作效应的影响。穗长和穗粗主要受胚加性效应的影响,其胚加性方差(VAo)分别占遗传主效应方差(VG)的92.56%、95.80%;穗行数的遗传受母体加性互作、胚加性互作的共同影响,两种效应依次占环境互作效应的50.31%、49.60%;百粒重受胚乳加性和母体加性效应的共同控制,两种效应分别占遗传主效应的50.73%、47.12%。穗长和穗粗以胚普通遗传率为主,穗行数以胚乳和母体互作遗传率为主,百粒重以胚乳普通遗传率和母体普通遗传率为主。穗长与穗粗、穗行数,穗粗与穗行数的胚加性(rAo)、细胞质(rC)均呈极显著高度正相关,穗长与百粒重的细胞质(rC)呈极显著正相关,穗粗与百粒重的细胞质(rC)、母体显性(rDm)、胚加性互作(rAoE)、细胞质互作(rCE)均呈极显著正相关,穗长与穗粗、穗长与穗行数、穗长与百粒重、穗粗与穗行数、穗粗与百粒重5对性状可以同步改良。     

常用玉米自交系数量性状配合力分析

按 (P1×P2 )不完全双列杂交设计 ,分析了 1 6个玉米自交系的株高、穗位、穗长、穗粗、行数、行粒数、百粒重、单穗重 8个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力。结果表明 :株高、穗位、穗行数、单穗重主要受加性基因控制 ,而穗长、行粒数、百粒重主要受非加性基因控制。株高、穗位、行数、百粒重、单穗重应注重早代选择 ;穗长、行粒数应注重晚代选择     

云南地方糯玉米自交系产量性状的遗传效应分析

采用NCⅡ遗传设计和朱军QGA加性-显性模型(AD模型)软件,分析来自云南省18个地方品种糯玉米、2个普通玉米和4个引进的自交系,研究了穗粗、单株粒重、千粒重、穗行数和穗重等9个性状的加性和显性遗传效应。结果表明,单株粒重、穗重和穗行数受基因加性效应控制,加性效应方差对表型方差的贡献率分别为33.7%、33%和29%;千粒重、穗长和穗粗受基因加性效应-显性效应控制,加性和显性效应方差对表型方差贡献率分别为千粒重33%和21%、穗粗39%和13%、穗长17%和10%;其它3个性状受环境影响较大,遗传模式也较为复杂。遗传力分析揭示了对单株粒重、穗重、穗行数、千粒重和穗粗选择效果明显;以性状加性效应值及显著性,筛选出3、10、15、16和18号5个糯玉米优异自交系,其所有观察性状的加性效应值均优于对照CK1(忻州黑糯)和CK3(中糯246)自交系,部分性状优于CK2(N9605)和CK4(自330)。     

引进玉米自交系穗部性状的配合力和遗传力研究

选用6个引进的玉米自交系,按照NCⅡ遗传交配设计配制了9个杂交组合（3×3）,研究了8个穗部性状的配合力和遗传力。结果表明：（1）同一自交系不同性状的一般配合力效应值不同,不同自交系同一性状的一般配合力效应值表现也不相同。穗行数、行粒数、轴粗受母本一般配合力效应均达到极显著水平。穗行、秃尖长、穗粗、轴粗受组合特殊配合力效应也都达到了显著或极显著水平。（2）不同组合同一性状和同一组合不同性状的特殊配合力效应值也不尽相同。一般配合力不能够完全决定组合的特殊配合力,一般配合力都高的双亲配组,得到高特殊配合力组合的概率较大：（3）所研究的8个穗部性状的广义遗传力由大到小顺序是：行粒数、穗行数、千粒重、轴粗、秃尖长、穗长、穗粗、穗粒重。狭义遗传力由大到小的顺序是：穗行数、轴粗、穗粒重、秃尖长、穗长、千粒重、穗粗、行粒数。其中,广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都较高的性状有穗行数和轴粗,均在75％以上,它们可以作为进行早代选择的指标。     

玉米穗部产量性状杂种优势分析

研究了玉米穗部性状的杂种优势,双亲生育期间隔长短与F1穗粒重的关系以及穗部性状亲子相关.结果表明:穗粒重、穗重的杂种优势最大,其次为穗粒数、千粒重、穗长、穗粗,穗行数为最小.F1穗粒重杂种优势与双亲生育期间隔长短无关.杂交种穗粗、穗行数与母本穗粗、穗行数以及中亲值呈正相关,杂交种千粒重与中亲值呈正相关。     

含非洲血缘玉米杂交种主要穗部性状与单株产量的相关及通径分析

主要对8个含非洲血缘的玉米杂交种主要穗部性状与其单株产量之间了进行相关和通径分析。相关分析表明,各穗部性状与单株产量之间均呈显著正相关,相关关系由大到小依次为百粒重、行粒数、穗长、穗行数、穗粗。通径分析结果表明:各穗部性状对单株产量的相对重要性依次为百粒重、穗长、穗行数、穗粗、行粒数。因此,为了获得含非洲血缘的高产玉米杂交种,应着重选择百粒重较大、穗长较长和穗行数较多的基因型,而对于穗粗和行粒数的选择标准可以放宽。     

夏玉米穗部性状的遗传相关与通径分析

通过对44个夏玉米杂交种穗部6个主要性状与单株粒重遗传相关与通径分析表明：穗长与穗粗在影响单株子粒产量诸因素中占据主导地位,在对穗长、穗粗重点选择的基础上,考虑对穗行数、行粒数、出子率的选择,容重可独立进行选择。穗部性状的选择必须考虑性状间的相互制约关系,综合利用某一穗部性状对单株粒重的直接效应和通过其他性状的间接效应。     

玉米穗部性状的遗传相关分析

通过对穗部性状与单株粒重遗传相关通径分析及有关遗传参数的估计分析表明,穗部性状对单株粒重的贡献是由本身的直接效应和通过其它性状间接效应来实现的,是综合利用的结果。在选择这些性状时必须考虑性状间的相互关系。出籽率在影响单株籽粒产量诸因素中占主导地位,在此基础上增加穗长、穗粗、提高穗重,并且协调好穗长与行数、穗粗,行数与行粒数、出籽率,出籽率与轴粗、轴重等相互制约关系,可望选出单株籽粒产量高的杂交种。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.