云南水稻氮肥减量后移增效技术研究

为了探索减量增效施肥技术,减少氮肥施用量,提高肥料利用效率,在云南省不同生态稻作区进行了氮肥减量增效试验。结果表明,随着氮肥用量的降低和氮肥后移比例的增加,籼稻产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,而粳稻产量均比对照增产3.0%左右;籼稻的氮肥农学利用效率由7.11 kg/kg提高到11.35 kg/kg,粳稻由10.10 kg/kg提高到19.59 kg/kg;有效穗数和群体颖花量随着氮肥用量和基蘖肥比例的降低呈下降趋势,而穗总粒数、实粒数、结实率和千粒重均有所增加;总之,采用氮肥减量后移技术可以实现水稻减肥增效的目标。     

不同施氮量对麦茬夏花生氮素吸收分配及产量的影响

大田栽培条件下,研究不同氮肥施用量对麦茬夏花生植株生长、氮素吸收、土壤养分及产量构成的影响。结果表明:不同施氮量对土壤硝态氮含量的影响主要以表层(0~20cm)较为显著,且硝态氮存在向下层土壤迁移的趋势;各处理不同土层间土壤铵态氮含量均无显著差异。0~225kg/hm~2范围内,随着施氮量的增加,夏花生产量逐渐提高。氮肥施用量在225kg/hm~2条件下,花生产量最高,为6603.26kg/hm~2,比不施用氮肥增产19.96%;达到300kg/hm~2氮肥施用量时,会促进花生茎叶部的氮素积累,但同时会抑制花生根部和荚果的氮素积累,产量反而会降低。总体而言,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥利用率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,氮肥偏生产力则呈显著下降趋势,本试验条件下N最佳施用量为244.70kg/hm~2。     

施氮量对稻田CH_4排放的影响

通过温室土培试验,采用密闭箱——气相色谱法测定了不同施氮量对水稻土CH4排放通量的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥水平之间CH4排放均有差异,具体表现在,随着氮肥施用量的增加,水稻的分蘖期延长,分蘖数增多,稻田CH4排放通量增加。     

不同施氮量对高沙土地区机插水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响

研究了不同施氮量对江苏高沙土地区机插水稻产量及肥料利用的影响。结果表明,适量增施氮肥能显著提高该地区机插水稻产量,施氮量为330 kg/hm2时,产量最高,达9 664.5 kg/hm2;随着施氮量的增加,氮素收获指数、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥偏生产力、土壤氮素依存率呈显著下降趋势,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农艺利用率随施氮水平提高呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

保亭县水稻氮磷钾配方施肥研究

[目的]确定海南省保亭县水稻的最佳氮、磷、钾施肥配比,为水稻配方施肥提供科学依据。[方法]以神农326为供试品种,采用＂3414＂最优回归设计研究不同施肥方案对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响,并通过拟合三元二次和一元二次肥效模型,确定水稻的推荐施肥量。[结果]水稻有效穗和穗粒数随氮、磷、钾肥施用量的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势;结实率随氮、磷肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势;氮、磷、钾肥对千粒重没有明显的影响。多元回归方程分析表明,氮、磷、钾肥料施用量分别为211.20、69.90、183.60 kg/hm2时水稻产量最高,为7 977.75 kg/hm2。[结论]氮、磷、钾三要素中,氮肥对水稻产量影响最大,依次是磷肥、钾肥。结合海南保亭县水稻生产实际,建议氮、磷、钾肥施用量分别为150～180、60～75、105～135 kg/hm2,此时氮、磷、钾肥配比以1（∶0.40～0.50）（∶0.70～0.90）较合适。     

氮素和基本苗对宁盐一号小麦籽粒产量、群体质量与蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

为给宁盐一号小麦品种的高产优质栽培提供依据,2003～2004年在江苏沿海地区农科所试验场,研究了不同氮肥施用量和基本苗对该品种籽粒产量与蛋白质及其组分含量的影响.结果表明,在基本苗相同时,增加氮肥施用量,每穗粒数、蛋白质及其组分含量提高,而千粒重降低.在基本苗90×104～180×104/ha范围内提高氮肥施用量,可增加穗数、花后干物质积累量、抽穗期群体LAI和产量,基本苗超过270×104/ha则表现为负效应.在氮肥施用量相同时,基本苗增加,每穗粒数、蛋白质及其组分含量均呈下降趋势.在施氮量180 kg/ha条件下,增加基本苗,穗数相应增加.综合来看,宁盐一号高产优质栽培的适宜氮肥和密度组合为施氮量180 kg/ha、基本苗270×104/ha或施氮量240 kg/ha、基本苗180×104/ha.     

寒地覆膜水稻栽培技术初探

在不同氮肥水平下,对寒地覆膜水稻栽培技术进行了研究。结果表明,在常规栽培和覆膜栽培体系下,水稻的分蘖数、干物质积累量和产量随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。在相同施氮量下,水稻覆膜栽培体系的分蘖数、干物质积累量和产量显著高于水稻常规栽培体系的分蘖数、干物质积累量和产量。     

钾肥对寒地水稻产量及抗病性的影响

对不同钾肥用量在虎林地区水稻上的应用进行试验研究,结果表明:在相同氮肥、磷肥用量的条件下,随着钾肥施用量的增加,水稻稻瘟病、褐变穗的病穗率有所下降。与K0处理相比,稻瘟病发病率下降2%~10%,褐变穗发病率下降6%~14%。随着钾肥用量的增加,水稻干物质积累及产量有增加的趋势。与K0处理相比,处理K3增产91.9 kg/667 m2,增产15.7%。     

不同施氮量对免耕抛秧稻产量的影响

为了探讨水稻免耕抛秧配套技术，在广西针对不同栽培因素进行了一系列试验研究。不同氮肥用量试验结果表明，在磷钾肥施用量相同的情况下，适当增加氮肥施用量有利于免耕抛秧稻早生快发，早够苗，增加粒数和有效穗以及总颖花量，提高产量。一般氮肥施用量比常耕抛秧增加10％－20％有利于免耕抛秧稻高产稳产。     

新型调节剂碳超能对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响初探

以常规稻湘晚籼13号为材料,研究了5种不同碳超能（CP40）用量对水稻生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,碳超能（CP40）能促进水稻早生快发,增加有效穗数;碳超能（CP40）在0～2.0 L/hm2范围内随着用量增加,水稻产量呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,以施1.0 L/hm2处理产量最高;碳超能还能明显提高氮肥利用效率,其中氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用效率的提高达极显著水平,5种氮肥利用效率均以1.0 L/hm2处理的最高。结合水稻分蘖发生和产量水平等综合因素,提出碳超能（CP40）最佳施用量为1.0～1.5 L/hm2。     

寒地水稻不同基蘖穗肥比例对产量的影响

通过对水稻不同基蘖穗肥比例及施氮量的研究,探讨了施用氮肥对水稻产量的影响。试验结果表明:在施氮量为120 kg/hm2,基蘖穗肥比例为6∶4时,产量高达8 589.0 kg/hm2,说明在该施肥量和施肥比例下比较合理。     

不同氮肥施用量对水稻产量及品质的影响

以三江2号为供试材料,研究不同氮肥施用量对水稻植株生长、抗病性、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:植株的叶片、茎鞘和穗的干物重大致上随着施氮量的增加而不断增多,当达到14 kg/667 m2时,干物质积累量略有下降。瘪粒数随施氮量的增加而增多,结实率和实测产量以中氮水平为高。糙米率、精米率和整精米率都不是以最低氮和最高氮水平为最高,而是中氮水平处理最高,水稻外观品质垩白率和垩白度都是低氮水平较低。     

A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN ON THE ROOT WEIGHT AND NODULATION OF WHITE CLOVER IN A MIXED SWARD

Experiments are described in which a study was made of the top growth, root weight, nodule number, and type of nodules of white clover growing in a grass sward in the field. Soil cores were taken and the clover root-system examined after removal of soil by washing.
The most important factor governing the total number of nodules and the number of large (2 mm. or more in length) nodules under the sward was the amount of clover root-material present.
Nitrogenous fertilisers and the return of dung and urine by grazing sheep reduced the amount of clover root-weight and consequently the number of nodules found under the pasture. 36 1b. of nitrogen applied in the early spring of 1956 had a beneficial effect on both clover top-growth and nodulation. 80–100 1b. of nitrogen per acre had no effect on the number of nodules per gram of root. However, the application of 200 1b. of nitrogen per acre caused a significant decrease in the number of large nodules per gram of root.
The numbers of large nodules present reached a midsummer peak where nitrogen was not applied.
During the autumn many nodules showed part green and part pink colouration or were completely green or brown, an indication of a decline in nitrogen-fixing ability. Decaying nodules increased considerably in number when the legume was being suppressed by nitrogen application and top growth was poor. The practical application of these results is discussed and methods of maximising the benefit from clover and fertiliser nitrogen are suggested.     

不同氮肥施用水平对春玉米光合特性及产量构成的影响

试验设不施氮(N1)、70%推荐施氮量(70%Opt,N2)、推荐施氮(Opt,N3)、130%推荐施氮量(130%Opt,N4)、高量施氮(N5)5个处理,通过两年田间试验,探讨不同氮肥施用水平对春玉米光合特性、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,合理增施氮肥可显著提高玉米子粒产量。与不施氮相比较,施氮后玉米株高平均增幅8.5%,茎粗平均增幅8.5%,生物量增幅为16.8%～29.1%。N3处理下,叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值在处理间均最高。施氮显著提高花后叶片净光合速率,施氮量和叶片净光合速率之间并不呈正比关系,当施氮量增加至330 kg/hm2后,叶片净光合速率降低。相关分析表明,玉米产量、叶面积指数、SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率间均呈正相关。     

Effects of fertiliser applications on survival and recruitment of the apple snail,Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck)

Since its introduction to Asia in the 1980s, the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck), has represented a major constraint to the profitability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) farming by damaging rice seedlings during crop establishment. This study describes a series of experiments designed to determine the effects of nitrogenous fertilisers on snail fitness. We examined the possibility of a two-phase model of snail response to nitrogen, whereby fertilisers initially increase snail mortality through toxicity, but once assimilated into the rice ecosystem, eventually favour snail reproduction and survival. In experimental arenas, fertiliser had lethal effects: Complete fertiliser (14:14:14), urea, ammonium sulphate and organic fertilisers were associated with snail mortality, generally affecting adult snails more than juvenile snails, and with greater effects when applied to saturated soil that was subsequently flooded (as opposed to direct application to flooded soil). Snail mortality was found to decline considerably when snails were added to arenas one day after fertiliser application – this occurred in arenas with soil and water, but not in arenas with water only, suggesting that soil can reduce the toxic effects of fertilisers. In a field experiment, snail numbers declined in both fertilised and non-fertilised plots at the time of crop establishment. Numbers increased in all plots after rice tillering, with significantly more recruitment in plots with high nitrogen. Although the responses were generally weak in the field experiment, they did support the two-phase model. The consequences of fertiliser applications for snail management and ecosystem health are discussed.     

不同氮磷钾施用量对杂交粳稻产量的影响

通过进行不同氮磷钾肥施用量对杂交粳稻产量及其构成因素影响的研究,结果表明:辽优5218和辽优5238在高氮量处理区能明显提高成穗率,中氮量和高氮量之间对辽优5238成穗数影响差异不大;辽优5238分蘖速率对于磷肥用量的增加并不敏感;辽优5218在高磷量下前期分蘖加快,有效分蘖率下降;过高或过低钾肥用量对辽优5218分蘖没有明显促进作用;辽优5218在高氮高磷和中钾肥量的条件下,产量明显高于其他处理,而辽优5238则可以在低氮、低磷、低钾条件下获得较高产量。     

播后镇压和冬前灌溉对冬小麦干物质转移和氮素利用效率的影响

为明确播后镇压和冬前灌溉对高产冬小麦干物质和氮素转移及氮素利用效率的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828和石麦12为材料,采用裂区田间试验,于开花期和成熟期,测定不同器官的干物质和氮积累量和转移量、籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、氮吸收效率和氮肥生产效率。结果表明,冬灌和镇压处理下,2个品种开花期和成熟期的干物质积累量下降,开花前各营养器官干物质的转移量、转移率及对籽粒的贡献率均降低,但开花后籽粒中的干物质积累量增加。冬灌处理小麦成熟期的总干物质积累量和产量下降。冬灌处理下,石新828开花后籽粒中的氮积累量增加,开花后氮素对籽粒的贡献率提高,但各器官的氮转移量显著降低,籽粒氮积累总量显著减少,氮吸收效率下降;冬灌对石麦12成熟期籽粒氮素积累量影响不显著。与不镇压相比,镇压处理下,2个品种开花期的氮积累总量和不同器官中的氮积累量均降低,而成熟期各器官氮积累量及分配比例的差异均不显著。镇压处理与不镇压处理相比,2个品种开花前营养器官中的氮转移量、转移率和贡献率均降低,但是开花后的氮积累量及其对籽粒氮的贡献率提高,其中,镇压的石麦12开花前氮转移量、贡献率和开花后氮积累量、贡献率与不镇压的差异达显著水平;成熟期籽粒氮素积累量的差异不显著。建议在足墒播种条件下不必进行冬灌,应根据播种前后土壤和水分条件确定是否需要镇压。     

施氮量对小麦穗花发育及穗粒数的影响

为了解小麦穗发育与氮素营养的关系,通过田间试验,设置90、180、270kg·hm-2三个施氮量水平(分别用N1、N2和N3表示),选用半冬性小麦品种豫麦49和弱春性品种太空6号为材料,研究了施氮量对小麦主茎幼穗长度、第九小穗小花发育进程、每穗总小穗数、不孕小穗数、小穗结实率、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,随着时间的推移,小麦主茎幼穗长度对施氮量响应逐渐明显,豫麦49和太空6号分别表现为N3N2N1和N2N3N1。豫麦49第九小穗第4~6朵小花发育进程对施氮量响应差异显著,且分化程度随施氮水平的提高而增加;太空6号第3~6朵小花进程对施氮量响应差异显著,其中第3朵小花在发育进程前期N2处理快于N1、N3处理,中期和后期N2、N3处理快于N1处理,第4~6朵小花分化程度则一直表现为N2N3N1。不同施氮处理间总小穗数、不孕小穗数、小穗结实率、产量、穗粒数等指标差异亦显著,且品种之间对施氮反应存在差异,其中豫麦49的总小穗数、小穗结实率、产量、穗粒数呈N3N2N1,而太空6号呈N2N3N1;豫麦49小穗结实率呈N3N2N1,而太空6号呈N2N3N1。由此可见,施氮量对小麦产量的影响与其对小穗中部小花发育、每穗总小穗数、不孕小穗数和单穗结实率的影响相一致。     

施氮量对花生养分吸收及产量品质的影响

田间试验研究不同氮用量对花生生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响。结果表明：在O～120kg／hm^2范围内,随着施氮量增加,花生荚果数增加,产量提高。120kg／hm^2用量下,花生产量最高3639．88kg／hm^2,比不施氮肥增产18．61％。0～150kg／hm^2范围内,施氮量提高促进氮磷钾吸收和植株生长及粗蛋白...     

Dependence of Wheat Dough Extensibility on Flour Sulphur and Nitrogen Concentrations and the Influence of Foliar-Applied Sulphur and Nitrogen Fertilisers

Three field experiments on winter wheat from 1986 to 1988 tested the effect of late-season foliar-applied sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) fertilisers on baking quality. Only the experiment in 1988 produced grain with an S concentration and N:S ratio that could be classified as deficient by the accepted thresholds. Grain or flour S concentration was increased slightly in 1986 and 1988 by foliar-applied S. Dough resistance was reduced slightly by applied S in 1986, but this effect was dependent on cultivar and whether foliar N was applied. There were no effects of the fertilisers on baking quality in 1987 or 1988. When data from all three experiments were combined and corrected for mean effects of year and cultivar, multiple regression showed that dough extensibility increased with both increasing flour S and N concentrations. This is the first report in the U.K. that dough extensibility is limited by flour S status of field-grown wheat, and these crops provide the earliest evidence in the U.K. of a relationship between a measure of baking quality and S status of flour.