云南热区4种林分土壤有机碳的比较研究

以普洱市思茅区清水河13年生西南桦人工林、高阿丁枫人工林、思茅松人工林及思茅松天然林为研究对象,对林分土层0～50 cm土壤有机碳含量及密度进行调查分析。结果表明:(1)土壤有机碳含量、可溶性有机碳含量和土壤微生物量碳含量在4种林分中均呈随土层深度增加而递减的变化趋势,0～50 cm土层土壤有机碳含量为高阿丁枫人工林>西南桦人工林>思茅松人工林>思茅松天然林,土壤可溶性碳含量为高阿丁枫人工林最大,西南桦人工林最小;土壤微生物量碳主要集中于土壤表层,西南桦人工林土壤微生物量碳含量最高。(2)土壤可溶性碳占土壤有机碳的比值范围为0.32%～1.25%,3种人工林土壤表层微生物量碳占土壤有机碳的比值均大于思茅松天然林,3种人工林均处于碳的积累阶段。(3)0～50 cm土层土壤有机碳密度以思茅松人工林最大,达到85.79 t/hm2;其次为西南桦人工林、高阿丁枫人工林,思茅松天然林最低,为61.36 t/hm2。(4)土壤可溶性碳、土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳含量成显著的正相关关系,土壤有机碳和可溶性碳与土壤容重成显著的负相关关系。     

桂北桉树生长与材性的比较研究

以广西黄冕林场的几个桉树树种为研究对象,对比分析不同树种生长、立木材性以及林分密度对其影响。结果表明：各树种的生长（树高、胸径、单株材积、冠幅、树皮厚度）和材性（立木Pilodyn值、应力波波速、基本密度）性状均差异显著。比较3种不同林分密度的邓恩桉发现,林分密度对其生长、材质形成等产生显著影响,适宜的林分密度有利于林木生长和材性形成。对各性状采用主成分分析法进行了树种评价,结果表明：巨桉林木生长量大,大花序桉和本沁桉生长量相对较少,但木材材质相近,表现为坚硬,而粗皮桉、柳桉、邓恩桉均低于对照尾巨桉。从林木生长、立木材性方面看,适合于该地区发展的树种有巨桉、大花序桉和本沁桉,其中巨桉最适宜。     

不同水性高分子异氰酸酯胶对人工林木材胶合性能的影响

采用同一类型的高分子化合物、填料和乳胶按不同配比组成2种主剂,然后与贮存期不等的交联剂组成不同的水性高分子异氰酸酯胶黏剂(API),用来黏接杉木、杨木、巨桉、尾巨桉、柠檬桉和窿缘桉等6种人工林木材试样以研究 API主剂特征和交联剂贮存时间对人工林木材胶合性能的影响。试验结果表明:1)API主剂特征显著影响6种人工林木材的胶合性能。2)随着交联剂贮存期的增长,人工林试材的胶合性能有降低趋势,但胶合杉木、杨树、巨桉和尾巨桉4 种人工林木材时仍能达到标准要求。     

桉树纸浆用材树种良种选育及培育技术研究

1 攻关的任务、考核目标及主要技术经济指标1.1 攻关任务(1)提高桉树纸浆材人工林产量和质量。(2)提高优良品种的抗逆性。(3)完善栽培配套技术,缩短轮伐期,提高桉树纸浆材人工林的经济效益和社会效益,满足国内市场对纸浆材的需求。1.2 主要研究内容(1)以生长量、木材密度、纤维性能等性状为选择指标,在尾叶桉、细叶桉、兰桉和巨尾桉中选育纸浆材优良品种。(2)桉树抗风、抗寒、抗青枯病品种选育研究。首先收集国内现有生长量高的遗传材     

施肥处理对巨尾桉人工林材性的影响

通过对不同施肥处理巨尾桉人工林材性的比较分析,结果表明：巨尾桉人工林木材密度、硬度、横弯强度、抗劈力均表现为初期施肥＞初期施肥 中期施复合肥＞初期施肥 中期施磷酸二铵；仅初期施肥巨尾桉人工林木材品质最有利于作为胶合板原料,其次为初期施肥 中期施复合肥。三种不同施肥处理除初期施肥与初期施肥 中期施磷酸二铵间巨尾桉人工林木材抗劈力差异极显著或显著、初期施肥与初期施肥 中期施复合肥间巨尾桉人工林木材径向抗劈力差异显著外,其余两者间其它指标均差异不显著。     

尾叶桉,巨尾桉木材密度及木材抽提物含量的研究

对广西东门林场的２．５年生尾叶桉和巨尾桉的候选优树取样测定分析发现，两个树种和树间的木材密度及木材抽提物含量均存在显著差异。材南均匀度方面，来自巴西阿拉克鲁兹公司的高度选择改良的无性系杂交种子园的巨尾桉的材质均匀度远锭高于未经选择改良的尾叶桉，说明亲本的材质选育是成功有效的，尾叶桉不同单优树之间材性差异巨大，具有很大的改良潜力，相关回归分析还发现木材密度、木材抽提物含量及树木生长率间缺乏相关关系，     

红锥和西南桦人工林木材应用于家具装饰材的初步研究

为了更好地合理开发和高效利用我国南方珍贵人工林木材资源,作者对西南桦(Betula alnoides)和红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)人工林木材的木材性质及其加工特性开展了系统研究,已经获得2种珍贵阔叶树木材的基础材性指标(吕建雄等,2005;2006).     

尾巨桉人工林栽培密度研究

合理的栽培密度是桉树人工林速生丰产的重要基础。从尾巨桉(E.urophylla×E.grandis)的不同栽培密度对其生长量的影响来看:密度对尾巨桉高生长的影响表现在生长后期,密度对尾巨桉的胸径生长在各个林龄都存在显著差异,密度与胸径生长呈负相关。如果要培育大中径材,种植密度应小于1000株/hm2,结合目前桉树人工林的经营目的及经济效益的综合分析,尾巨桉种植密度在1250～1667株/hm2。     

尾叶桉×巨桉F1子代生长和材质性状遗传变异性研究

本文以尾叶桉×巨桉 (Eucalyptusurophylla×E .grandis)F1 子代林为材料 ,研究了主要生长和材质性状的变异规律 ,并对它们的遗传参数进行了估计。结果表明 ,尾叶桉×巨桉F1 子代 :(1)树高、胸径和绝干材重主要受到父本的遗传控制 ;(2 )木材密度同时受到父本、母本和父母交互作用的不同程度遗传控制 ;(3)纤维长度和微纤丝角受到很强的母本遗传作用 ,管孔弦径、木材胞壁率、木纤维比量和 1%NaOH抽提物含量受到很强的父本遗传作用 ,纤维长宽比仅受到一般程度的父本遗传作用 ,导管比量同时受到父本和母本很强的遗传作用 ;(4)纤维壁腔比主要是受到环境因素的影响 ,父本、母本和父母交互对其均无明显的遗传作用。     

美国进行人工阔叶树林木材性质的研究

木材性质的变异可使木材在加工过程中产生一系列问题,尤其是速生的人工林。围绕这一主题,美国中北部林业试验站的专家们开始了树龄和环境条件对木材性质影响的研究。初期工作主要是对针叶树材强度、加工性能受营林作业影响的研究,然后是评价营林作业对阔叶树材材质影响的研究,其中一个主要内容是造林作业对阔叶树材密度的影响,木材密度是木材加工的一个主要特性标志。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。